Video Camera Research Articles

Improve Multi-Object Detection and Tracking for an Automated Traffic Surveillance System

Multi-Object Detection and Tracking (MODT) are essential in many application fields. Still, many enhancements in the speed of detection and tracking were required to overcome the challenges during implementation. This paper presents a new algorithm system for (MODT) to improve the execution time to be robust in real-time applications. A background subtraction detection algorithm with a Kalman filter was used to track and predict the object position and speed parameters. To improve the processing time, its needs to reduce some frames in a way that does not affect the detection accuracy too much and instead use the prediction and the estimated value obtained based on the Kalman filter for the tracked object. This work uses a single video camera to show how effectively to compute and detect multiple objects concurrently; it is applied for daytime preprocessing in an automated traffic surveillance system. Preliminary testing findings show that the suggested algorithm for this vehicle monitoring system is feasible and effective. It illustrates that using the suggested algorithm with a single video camera can simultaneously watch, detect, and track several vehicles and improve execution time. Simulation results on the built system demonstrate that the proposed system reduced the execution time to approximately 41.5% compared to the standard background subtraction algorithm. Results indicate the proposed algorithm has an approximate error for the position and speed of detected and tracked objects compared with the standard background subtraction algorithm. Index Terms— multi-object detection, tracking, background subtraction, Kalman filter, morphological.

The effect of evaluation and feedback in 360-degree video-based VR environments on language learning outcomes

Recently, 360-degree video technology (360VT) received considerable attention in the field of computer-assisted language learning as it creates authentic and immersive virtual reality environments to assist the language learning process. However, not many studies focused on applications of 360VT to assist the evaluation of learner’ performance and providing them with relevant feedback. Therefore, the present study was set to shed light on this aspect. We carried out an experiment to explore the effects of evaluation and feedback in two different video learning environments, i.e. a traditional video technology-based (TVT) and 360VT-based, on learning outcomes. In the context of the present study, evaluation referred to evaluating the content of videos created by students, and feedback referred to providing students with relevant feedback for further improvement of their videos. English as a foreign language (EFL) course was administered for 52 university students. The participants were equally divided into TVT and 360VT groups. They attended EFL classes, and after classes, they created videos using either a traditional video camera (TVT group) or a 360-degree video camera (360VT group) on four learning topics. The evaluators watched videos, evaluated them, and then provided feedback to students. Students then revised their works based on received feedback. The results showed an insignificant difference between the two groups in their pre-test scores when measuring prior knowledge. However, when measuring knowledge after the study, 360VT group students outperformed their counterparts in the post-test. According to the results, students in the 360VT group received significantly more feedback, and it was more detailed compared to that of their counterparts. In addition, the evaluators scored affordances of 360VT higher than those of TVT. The results showed many advantages of 360VT such as it was useful and easy to use during the evaluation process, 360VT created immersive environments so that the evaluators had a realistic experience and a high level of vividness when watching and evaluating videos. The results suggest that evaluation and feedback in 360VT environments had better effects on learning outcomes, and the evaluators positively perceived their experiences in 360VT settings. Therefore, it is suggested that educators and researchers consider implementing 360VT in situations when language learners are tasked with creating their own content, which can subsequently be evaluated with relevant feedback provided.

The Utilization of Smartphone Technology as A Medium for Creating Audiovisual Content in SMA Trensains Muhammadiyah Sragen

ABSTRACT. Audiovisual learning has become an increasingly popular method in modern education. This method used audiovisual technology to produce more interactive, engaging, and effective learning. In addition to instructional materials, audiovisual content such as films, advertisements, and other videos can also be utilized as promotional tools for schools through social media platforms like YouTube and others.
 SMA Trensains Muhammadiyah Sragen is one of the best schools that has achieved numerous accomplishments. It is managed by the Muhammadiyah Regional Leadership (Pimpinan Daerah Muhammadiyah/PDM) in Sragen, Central Java. SMA Trensains Muhammadiyah Sragen also has a film production-focused community. The audiovisual content produced by SMA Trensains will help highlight school publications and student achievements. Despite having a community, there are still shortcomings regarding the depth of cinematography knowledge, lack of audio recording equipment, and underutilization of smartphones, which can also serve as video cameras. Therefore, dedication is made through training in utilizing smartphones as a means to create audiovisual content, aiming to enhance students' skills and abilities. The training also aims to boost students' creativity in creating and producing captivating and high-quality audiovisual works using simple equipment.
 The method used in this training, students are taught about the use of smartphone technology and the applications that can be used. Students will also be taught about the basic techniques in imaging, video, and audio editing, as well as processing content to look professional and engaging. In addition, students are also trained in terms of developing creative ideas and creating a content media production plan that is systematic and measured. In addition to training, the dedicated team also provides a set of production tools such as vlogging kits, lighting, and clips on Saramonic with the aim that in addition to focusing on imaging, students also understand the importance of audio in the creation of audiovisual content

A non‐verbal teaching behaviour analysis for improving pointing out gestures: The case of asynchronous video lecture analysis using deep learning

AbstractBackgroundResearch into enhancing the effectiveness of information delivery in asynchronous video lectures remains sparse. This study analyzes the nonverbal teaching behaviours in asynchronous online videos, drawing comparisons between pre‐service and in‐service teachers (ITs).ObjectivesThis research primarily aims to juxtapose the nonverbal teaching behaviours, such as arm extensions and body orientation, utilized by pre‐service teachers (PTs) and ITs within asynchronous online videos.MethodsAsynchronous video lectures from four pre‐service and four ITs across four diverse subject topics were scrutinized. Leveraging deep learning technology, teachers' poses during their instruction towards a video camera were quantified, with a particular focus on arm stretch range and body orientation in relation to the subject being taught.ResultsThe findings revealed that PTs were deficient in effectively employing pointing gestures. Their arm stretches and body orientation towards the board were not differentiated across subjects. Conversely, ITs demonstrated subject‐specific variations in their arm extension and body orientation, signalling their effective strategies for knowledge dissemination.Conclusions and DiscussionThis study emphasizes the importance of assessing nonverbal teaching behaviours in the development of effective instructional training. It accentuates the need for nonverbal communication and subject‐specific teaching strategy training in PTs. Future investigations could broaden their scope to include larger sample sizes and expanded subject areas to discern more comprehensive trends in nonverbal teaching behaviours.

The relationship between nest location selection of Barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) and human activity and residence

We found that barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) breeding occurs within close proximity to humans. An evaluation of barn swallow breeding frequency and the breeding success rate of swallows at research sites, which were buildings inhabited by humans and buildings where humans had previously resided, was conducted in order to establish a relationship between the location of barn swallow nests and human habitation and activity frequency. The results demonstrated that barn swallows often breed in human-inhabited buildings. No significant relationship was observed between the wall material and the direction of the wall and the type of building, whereas a much higher proportion of the nests were located near doors with a high level of human movement. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between the location of the nest and the distance from potential resources (food, water etc.), however, a statistically significant relationship was observed between the frequency of human activity measured through the video camera and the number of nests located at a certain distance. The average number of offspring and the reproductive success rate were higher in nests located within close proximity to human activity compared to nests not located within close proximity to human activity, suggesting that the presence of humans had a positive effect on reproduction. This study show that barn swallow nesting occurs in locations where there is a human influence and humans provide implicit protection of swallows from predation, which has a significant impact on breeding.

PENDEKATAN APLIKASI TIKTOK DALAM PENGAJARAN MENERUSI TEKNIK PERGERAKAN KAMERA DAN SYOT TERHADAP PELAJAR

The TikTok application has increasingly influenced the teaching and learning process. Thus, the difficulties in teaching caused by the Covid-19 pandemic have shifted the teaching process from face-to-face to online. This has impacted the teaching process that involves technical aspects because technical skills need to be transferred face-to-face with the involvement of the instructor. The self-learning process which only involve a student, leads to difficulties in executing video capturing for their assignments. Students could not fully comprehend the specific techniques in video filming, especially in the aspect of camera movements and how to choose the right shot. Therefore, the research objectives are to investigate the effectiveness of learning through the TikTok application in assisting students to understand the process of using a camera and to evaluate the effect of learning through the TikTok application to assist students in producing quality videos. This research utilizes action research methods using the Kurt Lewin Model with five steps to analyse research outcomes. Nevertheless, for this research the researchers will only focus on the first step which is to identify the problems and interventions. The result of the research shows that TikTok has successfully been utilized by the students and students have understood the ways in which camera movements and shots being made. However, elements of camera movements were minimally applied throughout the short film assignment given. Students understood the usage of shots, but the applications of the shots are limited because of the limited filming equipment.

A novel method of using sound waves and artificial intelligence for the detection of vehicle's proximity from cyclists and E-scooters

Outdoor air pollution has been found to have a significant adverse effect on health. When the authors attempted to monitor air quality that cyclists or e-scooter users’ breath during commuting in different locations for health and safety analysis, it was found that the existence of internal combustion engine (ICE) cars has a significant effect on the pollution levels and the monitoring process. To comprehensively study the effect of cars and traffic on air quality that cyclists and e-scooters users experience, a low-cost and reliable system was needed to detect the proximity of cars that have diesel or petrol engines. Video cameras can be used to visually detect vehicles, but in the modern age with the existence of many electric and hybrid vehicles and the need to reduce the cost of instrumentation, there was a need to determine the passing of vehicles near e-scooter and bike users from the combined engine and tires sounds.To address this issue, this study suggests a novel approach of using sound waves of internal combustion engines and tire sounds during the passing of cars, combined with AI techniques (neural networks), to detect the proximity of cars from cyclists and e-scooter users. Audio-visual data was collected using Go-Pro cameras in order to combine the data with GPS location and pollution levels. Geographical data maps were produced to demonstrate the density of cars that cyclists encounter when on or near the road. This method will enable air quality monitoring research to detect the existence of ICE cars for future correlation with measured pollution levels. The proposed method allows for:•The automated selection of sensitive features from sound waves to detect vehicles.•Low-cost hardware which is independent of orientation that can be integrated with other air quality and GPS sensors.•The successful application of sensor fusion and neural networks.

A method for estimating the vehicle impact speed in collision with stationary vehicle or barrier using camera video record

In Korea, most drivers equip their vehicles with a black box camera, used to estimate the speed of the vehicle in case of traffic accidents such as car-to-car collisions, single-car accidents, and car-to-pedestrian accidents. Traditionally, speed estimation using the camera video has been done by using the distance between the road lane, surrounding structures, etc.However, when the following vehicle collides with a stationary leading vehicle or barrier, and no road lanes or structures are visible around the driving path in the black box camera video of the following vehicle, the speed of the following vehicle could be just estimated according the deformations on the collided vehicles or objects.Therefore, in this study, when a vehicle collision occurs, a virtual parallel line is drawn between the leading vehicle and the following vehicle in the black box camera image of the following vehicle and analyzed geometrically to estimate the distance and the speed of the following vehicle.After the vehicle collision experiment, the speed was estimated using the method proposed in this study using the captured black box video. As a result, it was confirmed that the accuracy was high when the collision speed was low. So The method proposed in this study is expected to be used to estimate collision speed in the cases of low impact speed in the rear end collisions.

Polarization Behaviors and Morphology during Zinc Deposition and Dissolution in Zinc Flow Battery

A zinc flow battery is one of the candidates of secondary batteries for stationary energy storage system, and a zinc-air flow battery is the most promising device because of its high theoretical energy density, low cost of anode material, air-breathing cathode, and high safety of non-flammable aqueous electrolyte. The flow of the electrolyte, which is mostly KOH solutions, is believed to be effective to suppress the generation of zinc dendrite and non-uniform distribution of zinc and zinc oxide, while there has been little information on the effects of the charge-discharge conditions and the dimensions, design, and flow parameters of the cell on the polarization behaviors of the zinc anode and on the morphology during zinc deposition and dissolution in zinc flow secondary batteries.1,2 This paper reports the results on the potential measurements of the zinc anode at the current density up to 500 mA/cm2 and the observation of the morphology of zinc growth and dissolution during charge and discharge.The zinc anode was electrodeposited zinc alloy film supplied by Mitsui Mining & Smelting, Co., Ltd, which produces less than 1/100 of hydrogen compared to conventional rolled zinc film, indicating a high hydrogen overpotential and a quite low self-discharge rate. Two-electrode or three-electrode cells were equipped with the zinc film anode and a zinc wire reference electrode, of which the electrolyte was 6 mol/L KOH solutions saturated with ZnO. The electrolyte was pumped into the cell and the flow rate was changed. The potential of the zinc anode during charge and discharge was monitored while constant current electrolysis was performed at 100 mA/cm2 to 500 mA/cm2. The morphological change for zinc deposition and dissolution was observed by video camera during charge and discharge and by SEM after the operation.The results on the polarization of the zinc anode obtained at different current densities are shown in Fig. 1, in which the increase in polarization at the current density from 100 mA/m2 to 500 mA/cm2 was less than 50 mV for both of charge and discharge at 25 mL/min, suggesting that the electrolyte flow enhances the mass transport of zincate ions and suppresses the concentration overpotential. This is also supported by the fact that charge failed with no electrolyte flow. The dependence of the anode’s potential on the flow rate also indicated that the potential hardly increased when the flow rate changed from 250 mL/min to 25 mL/min. The observation of zinc deposition and dissolution was further carried out and some interesting features on the relationship between the morphology of zinc deposits and the operating conditions was found, implying the conditions to suppress zinc dendrite formation.This work was partly supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research No. 22H02187.References1) A. L. Zhu, D. P. Wilkinson, X. Zhang, Y. Xing, A. G. Rozhin, S. A. Kulinich, J. Energy Storage, 8, 35-50 (2016).2) A. Abbasi, S. Hosseini, A. Somwangthanaroj, R. Cheacharoen, S. Olaru, S. Kheawhom, Sci. Data, 7, 196 (2020). Figure 1

‘THEY ARE MY FRIENDS!’ FINDINGS FROM AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY ON YOUNG CHILDREN’S EXPERIENCES OF NURSERY PLAY AND LEARNING

Young children’s nursery play has been the focus of attention for years now focusing on the relationship between play and learning as well as the role of play in children’s overall development. In previous years most ‘play studies’ were concentrated on observing, recording, and analysing young children’s play from the adult’s perspective. However, recent studies aim to give young children voice and ownership on their play and learning experiences. In this respect, this paper is based on a small-scale ethnographic study and seeks to address the need for young children’s voices to be heard with regard to their nursery play experiences. A variety of audiovisual research methods (video camera, tape recorder, and still photographs) were employed for the collection and analysis of the data. The thematic analysis of the data suggests that young children’s play dialogues and comments on their nursery play can provide practitioners and other significant adults with rich and valuable insights into their views on play and learning within the early years’ settings. The themes that emerged included children’s experiences of play in terms of ownership, negotiation, learning, and preferences among others. In this respect, it is highlighted that young children’s voices added to the perspectives of their significant adults can help us form a complete picture of nursery play and learning with implications for the implementation of the early childhood curriculum.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0004/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Motorcyclists Preferred Lane Position on Federal Roads in Malaysia

Motorcycle fatalities comprised of 60% of the total fatalities in Malaysia. Weaving between traffic and speeding are among the contributors to the high motorcycle fatalities and there is not much understanding of the. This study was conducted with the objective to determine the lane preference of motorcyclists within various road cross-section and speed of motorcyclists when using the lanes. The lane usage was recorded with video camera and video was playback to count the count of motorcyclists using their respective lane. As for speed of motorcyclists, spot speed measurement was conducted covertly to avoid affecting motorcyclists’ behaviour. A total of 11 locations with different cross-section designs throughout the Malaysia was identified for observation. The empirical results show that more than 95% of the motorcyclists travelled on the non-exclusive motorcycle lane (NEML) when the NEML is presence at 2 lane single carriageway section. Meanwhile, paved shoulder about 2.2-2.3m wide was found to be used by majority of motorcyclists (75%). Apart from obtaining the lateral travel position of the motorcyclists, the spot speed data were also collected. The speed results revealed that motorcyclists travelled statistical significantly slower on NEML or Paved shoulder (PS) than on main travel lane. The findings of this study conclude that NEML and paved shoulder can affect motorcyclists to ride slower and thus enhance the safety of motorcyclists in term of speed exposure. In addition, the NEML and PS separate motorcyclists from other motorized vehicles which could reduce the risk of crashes of motorcyclists with another vehicle. Even though provision of NEML incurs high costs, however in long term, NEML would prove to be one of the most efficient allocation resources in reducing motorcycle crashes. However, further studies need to be carried out on the use of paved shoulder by motorcyclists.

Evaluating RGB channels in remote photoplethysmography: a comparative study with contact-based PPG.

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) provides a non-contact method for measuring blood volume changes. In this study, we compared rPPG signals obtained from video cameras with traditional contact-based photoplethysmography (cPPG) to assess the effectiveness of different RGB channels in cardiac signal extraction. Our objective was to determine the most effective RGB channel for detecting blood volume changes and estimating heart rate. We employed dynamic time warping, Pearson's correlation coefficient, root-mean-square error, and Beats-per-minute Difference to evaluate the performance of each RGB channel relative to cPPG. The results revealed that the green channel was superior, outperforming the blue and red channels in detecting volumetric changes and accurately estimating heart rate across various activities. We also observed that the reliability of RGB signals varied based on recording conditions and subject activity. This finding underscores the importance of understanding the performance nuances of RGB inputs, crucial for constructing rPPG signals in algorithms. Our study is significant in advancing rPPG research, offering insights that could benefit clinical applications by improving non-contact methods for blood volume assessment.

Relationship between Bubble Generation Behavior and Hydrogen Evolution Performance at High Current Densities during Alkaline Water Electrolysis

Introduction Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) has attracted considerable attention as a method to produce hydrogen. However, one of the problems with AWE is the increase in overpotential, which is attributed to bubbles covering the electrode surface at high current densities. Therefore, it is important to understand the bubble generation behavior to develop strategies for reducing the overpotential. In this study, we observed bubble generation behavior on Platinum (Pt) electrodes using a high-speed camera [1] and conducted electrochemical measurements to investigate the relationship between the current density/electrode potential and bubble generation behavior. Experiments Pt wires with diameters of 200 μm were used as the working electrodes. The reference and counter electrodes were a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and Ni rods with a diameter of 3 mm, respectively. All measurements were conducted using a three-electrode electrochemical cell with a 2 M KOH aqueous solution as the electrolyte at 303±1K. To minimize the solution resistance, the working and reference electrodes were positioned as close as possible to each other, with a separation distance of approximately 2 mm. To ensure a uniform current-density distribution, a Ni-rod counter electrode was inserted on both sides of the cell. Observation windows were installed on the sides of the cells. Only a 3-mm parallel section of the working-electrode wire was exposed to the electrolyte to observe the electrolytic reaction, while the rest of the wire was covered with PTFE heat-shrink tube and epoxy resin. After appropriate pretreatment, cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were performed at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1 to obtain the polarization curves. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were conducted at −0.2 to −0.8 V vs. RHE with a potential amplitude of 10 mV, over a frequency range of 3×105 to 1 Hz, where 60 repeated measurements were performed for each frequency. The solution resistance was obtained from Cole–Cole plots and corrected for potential losses. The current density (i geo / A cm-2) was normalized by the geometric surface area of the cylindrically shaped working electrode. Constant current electrolysis was performed under twelve conditions of i geo = −0.05 to −1.5 A cm-2. Under each condition, the formation behavior of hydrogen bubbles was photographed using a high-speed video camera. Results and discussion Figures 1 and 2 show the polarization curves at the cathode and anode, respectively [2]. The overvoltage increased with i geo, as evidenced by the shift of the polarization curves from Tafel slope, in the range of −i geo ＜ 0.9 A cm−2 at the cathode and in the range of i geo > 0.6 A cm−2 at the anode. Figure 3 shows Cole–Cole plots obtained at i geo = −1.0 A cm−2 at the cathode and Figure 4 shows Cole–Cole plots obtained at i geo = 1.0 A cm−2 at the anode [2]. Figure 5 shows the hydrogen bubble generation behavior obtained at i geo = −1.0 A cm−2 at the cathode, and Figure 6 shows oxygen bubble generation behavior obtained at i geo = 1.0 A cm−2 at the anode [2]. The Cole–Cole plots indicate the resistance component on the low-frequency side at high current densities in addition to the charge transfer resistance. Moreover, the arc shapes of the resistance components differ between the anode and cathode, suggesting that different mechanisms are responsible for the increase in the overvoltage at high current densities. We believe that these resistances arise from reactant transfer limitations due to the hydrogen and oxygen bubble layers covering the electrode surfaces. Moreover, it was also confirmed that the charge-transfer resistance is inversely proportional to the current density, indicating that the effective electrode surface area does not change over a wide range of current densities. By comparing Figures 5 and 6, it was observed that oxygen bubbles at the anode where a larger overvoltage increase than cathode was measured had larger diameters and were less likely to detach from the electrode. Furthermore, the bubble layer formed on the electrode surface was thicker on the anode than on the cathode. Acknowledgements Part of this study was based on results obtained from the Development of Fundamental Technology for Advancement of Water Electrolysis Hydrogen Production in the Advancement of Hydrogen Technologies and Utilization Project (JPNP14021), commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

Automatic recording of rare behaviors of wild animals using video bio-loggers with on-board light-weight outlier detector.

Rare behaviors displayed by wild animals can generate new hypotheses; however, observing such behaviors may be challenging. While recent technological advancements, such as bio-loggers, may assist in documenting rare behaviors, the limited running time of battery-powered bio-loggers is insufficient to record rare behaviors when employing high-cost sensors (e.g. video cameras). In this study, we propose an artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled bio-logger that automatically detects outlier readings from always-on low-cost sensors, e.g. accelerometers, indicative of rare behaviors in target animals, without supervision by researchers, subsequently activating high-cost sensors to record only these behaviors. We implemented an on-board outlier detector via knowledge distillation by building a lightweight outlier classifier supervised by a high-cost outlier behavior detector trained in an unsupervised manner. The efficacy of AI bio-loggers has been demonstrated on seabirds, where videos and sensor data captured by the bio-loggers have enabled the identification of some rare behaviors, facilitating analyses of their frequency, and potential factors underlying these behaviors. This approach offers a means of documenting previously overlooked rare behaviors, augmenting our understanding of animal behavior.

ANALYSIS OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY AMONG RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA

The study analyzed the training needs of extension agents on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Kaduna State Agricultural Development Programme (KADP), Nigeria. Seventy-five extension agents were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using frequencies, percentages, mean and multinomial regression. The results revealed that the majority of the extension agents had a great need for training in the use of ICT facilities such as multimedia (85%), remote sensing equipment (83.3), internet (83.3%), video camera (81.7%), audio recorder/player (76.7%), computer (73.3%) and audio-visual aids (66.7%). majority (83%) of the respondents had participated in one extension programme or the other while 20 % of the extension agents have never participated into any agricultural extension programme. Factors that influence the training needs of extension agents included training (-0.349 and 0.312), education level (-0.322 and 0.205), job experience (0.142) and age (-0.528) of the extension agents. The major constraints associated with the use of ICT tools by extension agents include lack of skills and knowledge, poor finance, the problem of internet coverage and connectivity, high cost of ICT tools, poor power supply and unavailability of ICT tools. The establishment of ICT units equipped with modern ICT facilities for extension services in all the KADA zones should be carried out. Training courses on the application ICT facilities in extension services should be planned and conducted for all extension agents in KADP for effective extension service delivery.

ASSESSMENT OF TRAINING NEEDS AMONG AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGENTS ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN KADUNA STATE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, NIGERIA

The study analyzed the training needs of extension agents on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Kaduna State Agricultural Development Programme (KADP), Nigeria. Seventy-five extension agents were randomly selected for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using frequencies, percentages, mean and multinomial regression. The results revealed that the majority of the extension agents had a great need for training in the use of ICT facilities such as multimedia (85%), remote sensing equipment (83.3), internet (83.3%), video camera (81.7%), audio recorder/player (76.7%), computer (73.3%) and audio-visual aids (66.7%). majority (83%) of the respondents had participated in one extension programme or the other while 20 % of the extension agents have never participated into any agricultural extension programme. Factors that influence the training needs of extension agents included training (-0.349 and 0.312), education level (-0.322 and 0.205), job experience (0.142) and age (-0.528) of the extension agents. The major constraints associated with the use of ICT tools by extension agents include lack of skills and knowledge, poor finance, the problem of internet coverage and connectivity, high cost of ICT tools, poor power supply and unavailability of ICT tools. The establishment of ICT units equipped with modern ICT facilities for extension services in all the KADA zones should be carried out. Training courses on the application ICT facilities in extension services should be planned and conducted for all extension agents in KADP for effective extension service delivery.

Modern techniques of teaching a foreign language in high school

This article is dedicated to modern technologies and their use in teaching languages to students of the digital generation. The authors point out the factors that contribute to the introduction of new technologies, consider the psychological characteristics of modern learners and suggest ways to take these characteristics into account when choosing types of technologies for teaching foreign languages. The authors emphasize that the quality of foreign language teaching in higher education at the current stage directly depends on the introduction of modern information and communication technologies and the use of their potential in the educational process, which is a trend in the development of society. Digital narratives, clips, podcasts, web quests, and trailers are created using the video camera of any mobile device with direct. Internet access and can be accessed by any student, anytime, anywhere convenient. It is presented a variety of exercises with mobile devices that provoke a great response from both teachers and students.

Evaluation of behavior in veal calves fed milk containing different levels of hempseed cake (Cannabis sativa L.).

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect on behavioral patterns of veal calves fed with increasing levels of hempseed cake (HSC) diluted in the milk replacer. In total, 48 Belgian Blue veal calves (12 females and 36 males), with a body weight (BW) of 62.0 kg and age of 42.6 days, were offered the same type and quantity of solid and liquid feed two times a day but randomly assigned to one of the three different HSC inclusion levels: 0% (CTR), 3% (T3), and 6% (T6). The study lasted for 6 months until slaughter. During this time, their behavior was recorded using video cameras provided with a surveillance system. The results indicated that HSC had negligible effect on calves' behavior and that calves, in general, spend most of their time resting and ruminating as they normally do with conventional diets. Hempseed cake inclusion (T3 and T6) increased (P < 0.05) the appetite for solid food and licking behavior during the late afternoon. T3 female calves increased (P < 0.05) their movement in the late afternoon. Male calves decreased (P < 0.05) their positive interaction, movement, and cross-sucking in the late afternoon as the inclusion of HSC increased. The inclusion of HSC into veal calves' diet did not negatively affect the animal's behavior; therefore, it can be suggested as a novel ingredient.

FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGN OF SECURITY SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING EXAMINEES AND PROCTORS DURING EXTERNAL OFFLINE EXAMINATIONS IN NIGERIA

This paper seeks to design a system for monitoring the compliance of external examination centers to set rules and regulations governing the conduct of an external offline examination. The system is designed to check impersonation of examinees, aiding and abetting by teachers and other proctors, importing and submitting answer scripts written outside the approved examination halls and finally monitoring the script submission process to prevent swapping of answer booklets after completion of the examination. The proposed system consist of biometric authentication system, automated attendance system, Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras for video recording, a script submission system (SSS), a drop box for temporal storage of scripts and human monitors to analyse the recorded videos at monitoring center of the examination board. The system is designed to work even in remote areas with unstable internet as is the case with most examination centers in rural areas in Nigeria. When implemented the system will help check illegal activities in miracle examination centers and reduce examination malpractices by both examinees and proctors drastically.

Penetrating two stab to the throat, survival time and physical mobility: a suicide case and literature review

BackgroundIt is difficult to pinpoint the manner of death in cases of death due to sharp force injuries where injury patterns resemble one another. Other issues that might arise include physical mobility and survival time after injury. Within the scope of this case, a 53-year-old male suicide with findings suggestive of homicide is presented, along with research on the nature of sharp neck injuries, survival time, and movement after injury.Case presentationThanks to the surveillance camera video that captured a significant portion of the occurrence, it was determined that the incident in the case that was presented, which had two perforations of the larynx, was suicide. At first appearance, this case could be assumed to be homicidal. Due to the injury, the victim could only walk around 300–350 m. The victim had a 4-h average survival time.ConclusionsIn general terms, the survival time according to the injury sites in the neck can be listed for a person (if the wound sizes are close to each other) as follows: injury causing vagal stimulation < arterial injury with severe blood loss < venous injury with blood loss < airway injury causing aspiration and respiratory failure.