Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract Research Articles

Enhanced sun protection factor of octocrylene with green tea and bhringraj extracts

Objectives The aim of this study of sun protection factor boosting effect sunscreen compositions with herbal extract and combination with octocrylene. Materials and Methods The standardized herbal extracts procured and studied their sun protection Factors. Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) leaf Extract, Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract are selected for the development of the herbal sunscreen composition along with octocrylene as synthetic sunscreen. The developed sunscreen composition contains defined concentration of herbal extracts and octocrylene were evaluated for their different physicochemical properties and stability. Sun protection factor boosting effect of herbal extracts is studied combination with octocrylene. Results Invitro SPF studied for herbal extract individually and combination with octocrylene. The results of Invitro SPF study revealed the presence of green tea extract and, Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract shows excellent sun protection factor (SPF) boosting value of sunscreen composition containing 5% concentration of herbal extract and octocrylene. The sunscreen formulation containing 5% herbal extracts are stable for 12 weeks in an oven (45 °C). Conclusion The findings of this in-vitro SPF study revealed a sun protection boosting capacity of green tea extract and bhringraj extract confirmed. Summary The over exposure of human skin to Ultra-Violet Radiation (UVR) can trigger photodamage, UV burn, pigmentation, erythema, and enhance the chance of dermal carcinoma. UVR causes DNA damage, which leads to dermal cancer. Daily sunscreens protect the skin from the adverse effects of sun rays, especially UVB (290-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm). The ozone layer filters UVC (200-290 nm) radiation when it enters into atmosphere of the earth. UVB causes sunburn, photo damage and cause mutagenic changes in nucleic acids. UVA increases ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) accumulation. ROS is responsible for cell repair which leads to carcinogenesis, and the cause of photodamage. Herbal extracts contain polyphenols, and flavonoids act as a natural sunscreen that will filter Ultra-Violet (UVB) light and contain antioxidant characteristics to modulate the photo-oxidative damage that results from UV-induced Reactive Oxygen Species production. The UVR protection of most herbal extracts are required to attain the higher UV protection in the sun care products. The approaches for preparing sun care products with higher Sun Protection Factor (SPF) possible through Oil in water formulation with herbal extract combinations of octocrylene. The developed sunscreen composition containing different concentration of herbal extracts were evaluated for their other physicochemical properties and stability. Invitro SPF was studied for Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) Leaf Extract and Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract individually and in combination with octocrylene. The results of the Invitro SPF study revealed the Camellia Sinensis (Green tea) Leaf Extract with octocrylene shows better Sun protection factor than Eclipta prostrata (bhringraj) leaf extract with octocrylene. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) enhancement value of sunscreen compositions was compared to both sunscreen macroemulsion and nanoemulsion.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Camellia sinensis Leaf Extract: Promising Particles for the Treatment of Cancer and Diabetes.

Both diabetes and cancer pose significant threats to public health. To overcome these challenges, nanobiotechnology offers innovative solutions for the treatment of these diseases. However, the synthesis of nanoparticles can be complex, costly and environmentally toxic. Therefore, in this study, we successfully synthesized Camellia sinensis silver nanoparticles (CS-AgNPs) biologically from methanolic leaf extract of C. sinensis and as confirmed by the visual appearance which exhibited strong absorption at 456 nm in UV-visible spectroscopy. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that phytochemicals of C. sinensis were coated with AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the spherical shape of CS-AgNPs, with a size of 15.954 nm, while X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD) analysis detected a size of 20.32 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated the thermal stability of CS-AgNPs. The synthesized CS-AgNPs significantly inhibited the ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell growth with 53.42±1.101 %. The EAC cell line induced mice exhibited increased level of the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), however this elevated serum parameter significantly reduced and controlled by the treatment with CS-AgNPs. Moreover, in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice model, CS-AgNPs greatly reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and creatinine levels. These findings highlight that the synthesized CS-AgNPs have significant anticancer and antidiabetic activities that could be used as promising particles for the treatment of these major diseases. However, pre-clinical and clinical trial should be addressed before use this particles as therapeutics agents.

Impact of green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract in skim milk-goose egg yolk semen extender on the quality of Sapudi ram spermatozoa stored at 5°C

Livestock production requires Sapudi rams, a breed native to Indonesia, to meet meat demand and food security. In artificial high-quality frozen semen is needed to spread Sapudi rams. To maximize the survival of spermatozoa during cryopreservation, semen should be stored in an extender. Green tea leaf extract (GTLE) and skim milk-goat egg yolk (SM-GEY) may be a good cryoprotectants due to their antioxidant properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding GTLE to the SM-GEY extender on the quality of Sapudi ram spermatozoa stored at 5°C. The fresh semen sample was divided into four different GTLE treatment groups, which each contained a 0.1 mL semen sample and a 25-mL extender of SM-GEY. Group T0: no GTLE added to SM-GEY; Groups T1, T2, and T3: 0.1 mL semen diluted in 25 mL SM-GEY with 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mg GTLE. Extended semen was then stored at 5°C, and its quality was evaluated daily for five days. The variables observed included spermatozoa motility, viability, and membrane integrity. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's test using Statistical Program and Service Solution version 23. The result of this study was that adding 0.05 mg GTLE to 25 mL of SM-GEY extender significantly maintained the spermatozoa motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity of Sapudi ram spermatozoa for three days at 5°C (p <0.05). Therefore, it could be concluded that adding 0.05 mg of GTLE to the SM-GEY extender preserved Sapudi ram spermatozoa's motility, viability, and membrane integrity for three days at 5°C.

Impact of green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract in skim milk-goose egg yolk semen extender on the quality of Sapudi ram spermatozoa stored at 5°C

Livestock production requires Sapudi rams, a breed native to Indonesia, to meet meat demand and food security. In artificial high-quality frozen semen is needed to spread Sapudi rams. To maximize the survival of spermatozoa during cryopreservation, semen should be stored in an extender. Green tea leaf extract (GTLE) and skim milk-goat egg yolk (SM-GEY) may be a good cryoprotectants due to their antioxidant properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding GTLE to the SM-GEY extender on the quality of Sapudi ram spermatozoa stored at 5°C. The fresh semen sample was divided into four different GTLE treatment groups, which each contained a 0.1 mL semen sample and a 25-mL extender of SM-GEY. Group T0: no GTLE added to SM-GEY; Groups T1, T2, and T3: 0.1 mL semen diluted in 25 mL SM-GEY with 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mg GTLE. Extended semen was then stored at 5°C, and its quality was evaluated daily for five days. The variables observed included spermatozoa motility, viability, and membrane integrity. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's test using Statistical Program and Service Solution version 23. The result of this study was that adding 0.05 mg GTLE to 25 mL of SM-GEY extender significantly maintained the spermatozoa motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity of Sapudi ram spermatozoa for three days at 5°C (p <0.05). Therefore, it could be concluded that adding 0.05 mg of GTLE to the SM-GEY extender preserved Sapudi ram spermatozoa's motility, viability, and membrane integrity for three days at 5°C.

Chitosan-based topical formulation integrated with green-synthesized silver nanoparticles utilizing Camellia sinensis leaf extracts: A promising approach for managing infected wounds

This study explores the eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing Camellia sinensis leaf extract. We assess their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Furthermore, we impregnated AgNPs into 2 % chitosan (CHS) gel and assessed their wound-healing potential in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus infected wounds. Optimized AgNPs demonstrated a mean particle size of 36.90 ± 1.22 nm and a PDI of 0.049 ± 0.001. Green-synthesized AgNPs exhibited enhanced free radical inhibition (IC50: 31.45 μg/mL, 34.01 μg/mL, 27.40 μg/mL) compared to leaf extract (IC50: 52.67 μg/mL, 59.64 μg/mL, 97.50 μg/mL) in DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide free radical scavenging assays, respectively. The MIC/MBC values of AgNPs against E. coli and S. aureus were 5 ppm/ 7.5 ppm and 10 ppm/ 15 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, our study showed that green-synthesized AgNPs at MIC significantly reduced the biofilm production of E. coli (70.37 %) and S. aureus (67.40 %). The CHS/AgNPs gel exhibited potent wound healing activities, comparable to a commercial cream with the re-epithelialization period of 8.16 ± 0.75. Histological analysis demonstrated enhanced skin regeneration with a thicker epidermal layer, well-defined papillary dermal structure, and organized collagen fibers. In summary, these findings hold promise for addressing bacterial infections, particularly those associated with biofilms-related wound infections.

The effects of Ascophyllum nodosum, Camellia sinensis-leaf extract, and their joint interventions on glycolipid and energy metabolism in obese mice.

Obesity is often associated with glucolipid and/or energy metabolism disorders. Ascophyllum nodosum extract (seaweed extract, SE) and Camellia sinensis-leaf extract (tea extract, TE) have been reported to promote positive metabolic effects through different mechanisms. We investigated the effects of SE and TE on metabolic homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice and discussed their functional characteristics. Male C57BL/6J mice fed with high-fat diets for 8 weeks were established as obese models and subsequently divided into different intervention groups, followed by SE, TE, and their joint interventions for 10 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored. Fasting glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests were interspersed during the experiment. After the intervention, the effects on obesity control were assessed based on body composition, liver pathology section, blood lipids and glucose, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), energy expenditure (EE1, EE2, and EE3), inflammatory factors, lipid anabolism enzymes, and gut flora of the obese mice. After continuous gavage intervention, the mice in the intervention groups exhibited lower body weight (lower ~4.93 g, vs. HFD 38.02 g), peri-testicular fat masses (lower ~0.61 g, vs. HFD 1.92 g), and perirenal fat masses (lower ~0.21 g, vs. HFD mice 0.70 g). All interventions prevented diet-induced increases in plasma levels of glucose, adiponectin, leptin, and the inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α. The RER was modified by the interventions, while the rhythm of the RER was not. Blood lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL) decreased and were associated with lower lipid anabolism enzymes. In addition, the SE and TE interventions altered the structure and abundance of specific flora. Different interventions inhibited the growth of different genera positively associated with obesity (Escherichia-Shigella, Helicobacter, etc.) and promoted the growth of Akkermansia and Bacteroides, thus affecting the chronic inflammatory state. SE and TE both have synergistic effects on weight control and glucolipid metabolism regulation by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing lipid synthesis-related enzyme expression, whereas the combination of SE and TE (3:1) has a better effect on regulating energy metabolism and inhibiting chronic inflammation.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Camellia sinensis leaf extract

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has attracted substantial interest and achievement due to their environmental friendliness, ease of manipulation, and potential for large-scale production. By using aqueous Camellia sinensis leaf extract, suspensions of AgNPs, which possess photocatalytic and biological activity, were successfully synthesized in this study. The reduction of silver ions to AgNPs was visually inspected via the colour of the reaction mixture, which was altered from pale yellow to reddish brown. The methods of characterization of the as-synthesized AgNPs were performed using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering technique (DLS), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The surface plasmon resonance bands of AgNPs at 420-430 nm in UV-Vis spectra indicated the presence of silver particles at the nanoscale. The size of AgNPs was determined by DLS, ranging from 25 nm to 40 nm. XRD analysis showed that AgNPs were highly pure and crystalline. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively, was demonstrated by the disc diffusion method. The examination of the photocatalytic activity of AgNPs was conducted through methylene blue (MB) degrading experiments, and the MB degrading performance was approximately 95% within 72 h under sunlight.

Antibacterial Activities of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Silver-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites using Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract

Green route of nanomaterials synthesis is increasing in demand due to ecofriendly to the environment. In this research, objective is to biosynthesize and evaluate the antibacterial performance of pure ZnO and Ag/ZnO nanocomposites using Camellia sinensis leaf extracts. Pure ZnO nanoparticles and Ag/ZnO nanocomposites were synthesized using Camellia sinensis leaf extract. The antibacterial effectiveness against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria were examined and compared with 1 % Chlorox as a commercial disinfectant by well diffusion method based on the zone of inhibition. Pure ZnO nanoparticles and Ag/ZnO nanocomposites had hexagonal shape ZnO nanoparticles and rectangular shape Ag nanoparticles in Ag/ZnO nanocomposites with a particle crystal size between 20 - 30 nm with carboxylic and phenolic functional group attached on it. Ag/ZnO nanocomposites exhibited antibacterial effectiveness against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, while pure ZnO nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial effectiveness against only gram-positive bacteria. Conversely, 1 % Chlorox and 1 % DMSO showed no significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Camellia sinensis mediated ZnO and Ag/ZnO nanoparticles showed antibacterial potential against S. aureus and E. coli suggesting that green route to synthesis of antibacterial nanoparticles can be an excellent strategy to develop eco-friendly disinfectant products HIGHLIGHTS Zinc oxide nanocomposites biosynthesis by Camellia sinensis at low pH, Antibacterial properties of ZnO nanoparticles and Ag/ZnO nanocomposites on Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P strains, Disinfection application. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Synergistic Anticandidal Activities of Greenly Synthesized ZnO Nanomaterials with Commercial Antifungal Agents against Candidal Infections.

The high occurrence of mycological resistance to conventional antifungal agents results in significant illness and death rates among immunodeficient patients. In addition, the underprivileged therapeutic results of conventional antifungal agents, besides the potential toxicity resulting from long term therapy necessitate the fabrication of efficient antimicrobial combinations. Hence, the objective of the present investigation is to synthesize, characterize and investigate the anticandidal action of green zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) formulated using Camellia sinensis leaf extract against three candidal pathogens. The eco-friendly synthesized ZnO-NPs were characterized utilizing different physicochemical methods and their anticandidal potency was tested utilizing a disk diffusion assay. In this setting, the size of the biofabricated ZnO-NPs was detected using transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs, recording an average particle size of 19.380 ± 2.14 nm. In addition, zeta potential analysis revealed that the ZnO-NPs surface charge was -4.72 mV. The biogenic ZnO-NPs reveal the highest anticandidal activity against the C. tropicalis strain, demonstrating relative suppressive zones measured at 35.16 ± 0.13 and 37.87 ± 0.24 mm in diameter for ZnO-NPs concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/disk, respectively. Excitingly, Candida glabrata showed a high susceptibility to the biofabricated ZnO nanomaterials at both ZnO-NPs' concentrations (50 and 100 μg/disk) compared to the control. Moreover, the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs revealed potential synergistic effectiveness with nystatin and terbinafine antifungal agents against the concerned strains. The maximum synergistic efficiency was noticed against the C. glabrata strain, demonstrating relative synergistic percentages of 23.02 and 45.9%, respectively. The biogenic ZnO-NPs revealed no hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes revealing their biosafety and hemocompatibility. Finally, the high anticandidal effectiveness of biogenic ZnO-NPs against the concerned candidal pathogens, as well as potential synergistic patterns with conventional antifungal agents such as nystatin and terbinafine, emphasize the prospective application of these combinations for the fabrication of biocompatible and highly efficient antifungal agents.

Effect of white tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract on cigarette smoke and high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in Wistar rats

Atherosclerosis is a complex pathological process begins with endothelial dysfunction, one of which is triggered by an inflammatory process due to increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and exposure to cigarette smoke. White tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) shows an anti-inflammatory effect which has not been known for its effect on the atherosclerotic process. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of Camellia sinensis leaf extract on IL-6 levels, foam cell count, and the ratio of intima-media thickness of cigarette smoke and high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups namely HC (healthy control), NC (negative control), WT100, WT200, and WT400 (treated with white tea leaf extract 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW/day, respectively). IL-6 levels were measured by the ELISA method. At 400x microscope magnification, foam cell count and intima-media thickness ratio were seen in aortic tissue. Administration of graded doses of white tea leaf extract in groups WT100, WT200, WT400 significantly reduced IL-6 levels, foam cell count, and intima-media thickness ratio of abdominal aorta compared to the NC group. These results suggest that white tea leaf extract may decrease levels of IL-6, foam cell count, and intima-media thickness ratio in atherosclerosis-induced Wistar rats.

Green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract maintained spermatozoa plasma membrane integrity, viability, and motility of mice (Mus musculus) exposed to cigarette smoke

Cigarette smoke chemicals caused oxidative stress by increasing Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS exposure could be neutralized by antioxidants, such as green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract. This study aimed to determine the effect of green tea extract (GTE) on spermatozoa plasma membrane integrity, spermatozoa viability, and spermatozoa motility of mice (Mus musculus) exposed to cigarette smoke. Twenty-five mice were randomly divided into five groups. Group C- mice were given a placebo (1% Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Na-CMC). Group C+, T1, T2, and T3 mice were exposed to cigarette smoke and given 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg BW GTE respectively. Cigarette smoke exposure used a clove cigarette per day. GTE in 1% Na-CMC solution was administered at 0.5 mL orally using a gastric probe. The treatment was conducted daily for 36 days, and on day 37, all mice were euthanized for spermatozoa evaluation. The results showed that all parameters evaluated in the C+ group were lower (p <0.05) than in C- group. Administration of GTE in the T2 group increased (p <0.05) all parameters compared to mice in the C+ group. However, administration of GTE to mice in the T3 group caused a decrease (p <0.05) in all parameters than those of the T2 group and was not significantly different (p >0.05) compared to those of the C+ group. It could be concluded that the administration of GTE at 40 mg/kg BW has maintained the spermatozoa plasma membrane integrity, spermatozoa viability, and spermatozoa motility of mice exposed to cigarette smoke.

Green synthesis of nano-CuFe2O4/clinoptilolite and its use in benzodiazepine synthesis

In this research, a copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanocatalyst stabilized on clinoptilolite (CP) was prepared using green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract. Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis were used to characterize copper ferrite/CP. After fixation on CP, the crystallite size of copper ferrite was determined to be 48.7 nm using an XRD pattern and the Debye–Scherrer equation. Copper ferrite nanoparticles were successfully placed on CP as evidenced by FESEM and TEM images. Using the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda method, the average diameter of the catalyst pores was found to be 22.2 nm. Using the BET method, the catalyst surface area was estimated to be 43.7 m2/g. The catalytic activity of copper ferrite/CP in the production of benzodiazepine (the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with ketones) was examined. The experimental results showed that this catalyst performs well under mild reaction conditions. Using an external magnetic field, copper ferrite/CP was easily separated from the reaction product and can be reused without appreciably decreasing its catalytic activity.

Efficient biogenesis of Cu2O nanoparticles using extract of Camellia sinensis leaf: Evaluation of catalytic, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-human ovarian cancer properties

At the moment, metallic nanoparticles especially copper nanoparticles are administrated for the cure of different disorders, such as tumor and cancer. In recent years, many chemotherapeutic supplements have been formulated by copper nanoparticles. In the present study, copper nanoparticles were prepared and synthesized in aqueous medium using Camellia sinensis leaf extract. The as-prepared Cu2O nanoparticles was thoroughly characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, EDX, TEM and X-ray elemental mapping techniques. The as-synthesized Cu2O/C. sinensis NPs applied as novel nanocatalyst for the synthesis of annulated fused pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidinones via a one-pot, three-component condensation of a barbituric acid, aromatic aldehydes, and malonitrile or ethylcyanoacetate under mild condition at 25 °C. Main properties of this facile method are the involves an easy work-up procedure, avoidance of hazardous or polluting chemicals, significant yields under mild conditions, and one-pot reaction. We assessed the anti-human ovarian cancer potentials of these nanoparticles against Caov-3, SW-626, and SK-OV-3 cell lines. For investigating the antioxidant activities of CuCl2⋅2H2O, C. sinensis, and copper nanoparticles, the DPPH free radical test was used. For the determining of anti-human ovarian cancer properties of CuCl2⋅2H2O, Camellia sinensis leaf aqueous extract, copper nanoparticles, and Carboplatin (Standard positive control), MTT assay was used on normal (HUVECs) and human ovarian cancer (Caov-3, SW-626, and SK-OV-3) cell lines. Copper nanoparticles had high cell death and anti-human ovarian cancer properties against Caov-3, SW-626, and SK-OV-3 cell lines. Among the above cell lines, the best result was gained in the cell line of SW-626. According to the above findings, it looks copper nanoparticles green-synthesized by Camellia sinensis leaf aqueous extract have the potential to be used as a chemotherapeutic material for human ovarian cancers.

Highly dispersible Fe3O4‐Ag@OPO(OH)2 nanocomposites as a novel eco‐friendly magnetic retrievable catalyst for the reduction of p‐nitrophenol

AbstractIn this study, Fe3O4‐Ag@OPO(OH)2 nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized using Camellia sinensis leaf extract. This herbal extract was utilized to reduce silver(I) ions to silver nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of magnetite. The solution color changes from bright to dark, along with the new absorption band at λmax 410 nm confirms the deposition of nanosilver on the magnetite surface. The X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to characterize the diffraction patterns of silver and magnetite phases and to calculate the average size of the crystallites being 21 nm. The fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra of green prepared of Fe3O4‐Ag@OPO(OH)2 NCs illustrated the functional group peaks of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. The energy dispersive X‐ray (EDS) spectra of Fe3O4‐Ag@OPO(OH)2 NCs proved the presence of localized elements, which are incorporated into prepared NCs containing Ag, Fe, O, and P. The vibrating‐sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis indicated that the magnetic nature of Fe3O4‐Ag@OPO(OH)2 NCs is less than Fe3O4 NPs, which is attributed to nonmagnetic nature of Ag NPs and covering the magnetite surface by layers of silver and phosphate. The eco‐friendly synthesized Fe3O4‐Ag@OPO(OH)2 NCs exhibited high catalytic activity toward reducing p‐nitrophenol.

Influence of botanical extracts in the texture profile of shampoo formulations

Introduction: Each day, even more consumers are concerned about hair care, once its appearance influences the self-perception and, consequently, the quality of life. Nowadays, another preoccupation is the search for cosmetic products with natural raw materials. In this context, botanical extracts have been used as a natural active ingredient in cosmetic formulations to attend the demand of the consumer. The texture profile evaluation helps to find the best formulation that will have more acceptance in the market. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of three botanical extracts on the texture profile of shampoo formulations.Methods: A shampoo formulation was developed and added or not (Vehicle –V) with Hamamelis virginiana leaf extract (F1), Camellia sinensis leaf extract (F2) and Paullinia cupana extract – Guarana extract (F3). The analysis of the texture profile was performed using a TA.XT Plus Texture Analyzer (Stable Microsystems, Surrey UK). The formulations were evaluated in terms of hardness and spreadability, and the parameters calculated were hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, elasticity, gumminess, compressibility, firmness and work of shear.Results: The obtained results showed that the botanical extracts decreased the hardness, firmness, and work of shear of the shampoo formulations, it was also observed an increase of elasticity. Comparing with the vehicle, the reduction of values of hardness and work of shear are desirable parameters, such as the increase of benefits of elasticity, once they are related to the formulation spreadability and softness. When comparing the botanical extracts, the Paullinia cupana extract promoted a decrease in the adhesiveness, while Camellia sinensis and Hamamelis virginiana increased this parameter. It was also observed smaller values of hardness and high elasticity, even though the firmness and work of shear did not present significant differences among them.Conclusion: In conclusion, even with the decrease of the firmness, the formulations with the extracts showed a good performance in other parameters, such as hardness, elasticity, and work of shear. Therefore, the formulation with guarana extract can be considered the best formulation due to the smaller values of hardness, and higher values of adhesiveness and elasticity.

Antiacne and antiblotch activities of a formulated combination of Aloe barbadensis leaf powder, Garcinia mangostana peel extract, and Camellia sinensis leaf extract.

Objective: We compared the efficacy of an antiacne hydrogel formulated with a combination of Aloe barbadensis leaf extract, Garcinia mangostana peel extract, and Camellia sinensis leaf extract (AGC) at a ratio of 50:25:1 with a marketed 1% clindamycin gel (CG) formulation on antiacne and antiblotch activities.Methods: A single-center, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial was performed from November 2017 to April 2018. Sixty subjects with mild–moderate acne severity according to the the American Academy of Dermatology were enrolled for the study. Outcome end points were total acne lesions (TALs) and acne-severity index (ASI) by counting the inflamed lesions and comedones and skin colors using erythema and melanin values.Results: For TALss, a decrease (P<0.0001) in the number of total inflamed lesions from baseline was evidenced in AGC group, but not in the CG group. Higher reduction in mean ASI in the AGC group was seen than in the CG group. However, there was no statistically significant difference regarding reduction in ASI between the AGC and CG groups. For erythema, a remarked reduction in skin redness from baseline was clearly seen at day 3 (P<0.05) in the AGC group. No significant decrease in erythema values from baseline was seen in the CG group. A significant decrease (P=0.037) in mean melanin value from baseline was seen in the AGC group after 14 days of twice-daily use, but not in the CG group. Both products were well tolerated, with no reports of severe adverse events.Conclusion: An anti-acne hydrogel containing a combination of mangosteen rinds, aloe vera gel, and green tea–leaf extracts was superior to 1% clindamycin gel in antiacne and antiblotch activities when measured by TALs and erythema and melanin values.

Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract Mediated Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanostructures for Potential Biomedical Applications

Despite the great progress in nanotechnologies, to date, there is still a lack of definite knowledge on the effects of CuO nanoparticles on cancer cell lines. In this present work, CuO nanoparticles were synthesized using Tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract. The devised method provides a simple, cost-effective aqueous means of producing spherical copper oxide nanoparticles. Preliminary characterization of green synthesized CuO NPs was carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR, Zeta Potential, TEM and SAED analysis. The average crystallite size of the CuO nanoparticles is estimated to be 22.44 nm and the band gap for CuO nanoparticles was found to be 1.54 eV which are higher than bulk CuO. TEM images of CuO NPs shows a spherical morphology with moderate size distribution of larger nanoparticles due to agglomeration. The average particle size obtained from TEM is in the range of 25-32 nm which agrees well with the crystallite size calculated from XRD. CuO NPs has negative zeta potential of -70.2 mV which could keep it suspension stability for longer period of time. The antibacterial activity test results revealed a highest inhibition zone of 21 mm for gram positive S.aureus. Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative Klebsiella pneumonia depicted highest sensitivity to nanoparticles compared to other strains and was more adversely affected by the copper oxide nanoparticles. CuO NPs have been tested for their potent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (breast cancer cells) using MTT assay. CuO NPs at the concentration of 50 μg/ml decreased the viability of MCF-7 cells by 50%.The quantification of cellular CuO NPs uptake using the imaging revealed a clear dose dependent toxic activity

Interconnected PolymerS TeChnology (IPSTiC): An Effective Approach for the Modulation of 5α-Reductase Activity in Hair Loss Conditions

Hair loss represents a condition that adversely affects the social life of patients. The most common cause is androgenetic alopecia (AGA), which is a genetically determined progressive hair-loss condition involving 5α-reductase. In this study, a novel anti-baldness agent based on Interconnected PolymerS TeChnology (IPSTiC), which is an effective strategy for the delivery of bioactive molecules, was developed. This product (IPSTiC patch hair) is based on a polymeric blend consisting of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid and soybean proteins and is able to improve efficacy and stability of bioactive ingredients such as Origanum vulgare leaf extract, Camellia Sinensis leaf extract, and Capsicum Annuum fruit extract. The efficacy of the developed anti-baldness agent was investigated by performing several tests including NO radical and 5α-reductase inhibition assays, stability studies under different conditions, and in vitro diffusion studies using Franz cells. The biocompatibility of IPSTiC patch hair was also evaluated by in vitro analysis of the pro-sensitising potential and EPISKIN model. The obtained results confirmed both the efficacy and safety of IPSTiC patch hair supporting the potential use of this product in the topical treatment of AGA.

Spectroscopic Study of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves Extraction

This paper reports the analysis of UV-VIS-NIR absorption spectra of different concentrations of green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract in two different solvent systems (chloroform and ethyl acetate). In those solvents, two different peaks characterizing green tea are observed at different wavelengths, namely 296 nm and 329 nm (extracted in chloroform) and 391 nm and 534 nm (extracted in ethyl acetate). We then investigated the absorption spectra change as function of green tea concentration in both solvents. We found that light absorption increases linearly with the increase of green tea concentration. Different wavelengths, however, respond this change differently. However, the way it changes is wavelength dependence.

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles Using Green Tea leaves Extract

The interest in synthesizing Nanoparticles in an easy and environmental friendly way has been increasing in the recent years. Physical and Chemical methods are conventionally used for synthesis of Nanoparticles, however due to limitations of these methods, the focus of research has been recently shifted towards the development of clean and eco-friendly synthesis protocols. The green synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles has been achieved using environmental acceptable plant extract. It was observed that Camellia sinensis leaf extract can reduce Iron ions into Iron Nanoparticles at room temperature. The aim of this study is to synthesize Iron Nanoparticles using Camellia sinensis extract in an environmental and sustainable way. The synthesized Iron Nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. This study shows that the Iron Nanoparticles can be synthesized using Camellia sinensis leaf extract as a reducing agent.