Camel Research Articles

Protective effects of camel milk and vitamin E against monosodium glutamate induced biochemical and testicular dysfunctions

Objective: The current study was outlined to examine the protective effects of camel milk (CM) against the deleterious effects induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG). Methods: MSG was administered either alone or in combination with camel milk or vitamin E for 4 weeks. Serum and testicular tissues were examined using semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis. Results: CM normalized the decrease in serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), sperm profiles and testicular antioxidant activities that were decreased by MSG. At the molecular levels, MSG down-regulated the mRNA expression of steroidogenesis related genes and receptors of androgen, LH and follicle stimulating hormone. MSG induced testicular apoptosis. All altered genes were normalized and upregulated in presence of CM when compared to the effect of Vit. E. Conclusions: The usage of camel milk as a therapy against MSG used in food industry is very indicative and protective.

Effects of camel milk on intestinal mucosal immune function in mice

Objective To investigate the effects of camel milk on immune cells in lamina propria (LP) of intestinal mucosa in mice. Methods Six male C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks) were randomly divided into two groups as follows: camel milk treatment group and double distilled water (DDW) control group. Samples of cells in LP of intestinal mucosa were collected. Cell counts and percentages of immune cells in LP were analyzed by flow cytometry. Levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and IFN-γ in the supernatants of cell culture were measured by ELISA. Results Compared with the DDW control group, the camel milk treatment group showed increased percentage and absolute number of CD4+ T cells as well as IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells in LP of intestinal mucosa (P<0.05). Moreover, significantly enhanced expression of IFN-γ and suppressed secretion of IL-4 were found in the camel milk treatment group (P<0.05). Conclusion Camel milk can promote the proliferation of CD4+ T cells and enhance the secretion of IFN-γ, indicating that camel milk regulates the proliferation and cytokine secretion of immune cells in LP of intestinal mucosa in healthy mice. Key words: Camel milk; Lamina propria lymphocyte; Immunologic function

Functional Expression of an Anti-GFP Camel Heavy Chain Antibody Fused to Streptavidin

Functional Expression of an Anti-GFP Camel Heavy Chain Antibody Fused to Streptavidin

Бронзовая статуэтка с изображением верблюда из Кыргызстана

Бронзовая статуэтка с изображением верблюда из Кыргызстана

Genomic Analysis and Comparison of Pakistani Camels (Camelus dromedarius) by Prion Gene

Background: In many parts of the Old World, domesticated camels (genus - Camelus) are an essential resource, providing food, labor, commodities, and sport to millions of people Of the three extent species, two have been domesticated (singlehumped dromedarius, Camelus dromedarius, and two humped Bactrian camels Camelus bactrianus) and one remains wild (two-humped wild Bactrian camels Camelus ferus). All three species possess a variety adaptations to harsh desert conditions, including mechanisms to tolerate of extreme temperatures, dehydration, and sandy terrain. People residing in harsh climate zones of the world are being benefitted by raising camels in terms of draft, milk, meat, hides and wool from centuries. There are different breeds of dromedary camels distributed in various parts of Pakistan; however there have been scarcity of research work on camels in Pakistan. Identification of novel link between Camel breeders with fatal neurodegenerative disorders is presence or not can be detect by a Prion gene and it was not carried out in Pakistan soil to date. Prion diseases which are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders affect both animals and humans. It is believed that the prions are infectious agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In this study we report the first study on Prion protein gene in dromedary camels of Pakistan.Material, Methods &amp; Results: Genes are the blueprint of life and determine the functional aspects of cellular mechanisms. Genomic DNA of the enrolled blood samples was extracted using the Nucleospin® DNA extraction kit. Genomic DNA was run on Agarose gel electrophoresis, checked the Genomic DNA quality and amplified using prion region specific primer pair. Prion protein gene was amplified (770 bp) in 35 individuals of seven dromedary camel breeds from the province Balochistan and Punjab of Pakistan. Samples having required fragment size were selected and sent for sequencing through Sanger Sequencing. All the sequences were aligned through multiple sequence alignment and edited using Codon Code aligner and explored for phylogenetic analysis. A portion of 667 bp was finally selected for phylogenetic analysis of dromedary camels from Pakistan with 61 different mammalian species (drawn from GenBank) that revealed five different clades. We found 99.9% nucleotide sequence similarities among Dromedary camels (Germany), Dromedary camels (Iran), and Dromedary camels (Pakistan). We observed deletion in dromedary camels in codon region 66-69 except wild Bactrian camels that might be the causative factor for Prion protein gene resistance in camels. The Neighbor-Joining method with bootstrap analysis of 1000 replicates was used to draw phylogenetic tree.Discussion: This study documents the presence of 14 PrP polymorphisms and shows the relationship between different camel breeds. The deletion had not previously been examined PrP allelic variation, and was found to segregate in these breeds. However, additional data are necessary to demonstrate PrP and genetic approach will be ideal for the future studies and, more investigations are necessary to demonstrate PrP genetic resistance in camels. The utility of these techniques in identifying Prion genes and selecting superior animals and culling the weak animals and making them parents of the next generation that will lead to producing more meat and milk with fewer animals are well discussed and by slaughtering of high Prion incidence will eliminate human animal fatal neurodegenerative disorders.

Review on Epidemiology of Camel and Human Brucellosis in East Africa, Igad Member Countries

Camel production is expanding in pastoral areas of the Eat African region {IGAD member countries} as a result of recurrent drought and its less susceptibility to drought relative to other livestock. It is an important domestic animal and the source of milk during dry season. Camel brucellosis is prevalent in the region. From review high prevalence of human brucellosis is observed with prevalence ranging between 1 to 46.5%, 2.15 to 60%, 5.8 to 17% and 2.15 to 7.5% by ELISA, RBPT, SAT and CFT respectively; whereas 3.1 to 40.5%, 2 to 39.9% and 1.6 to 7.6% by ELISA, RBPT and CFT in camels respectively. It is transmissible from animal to humans, causing acute febrile illness, undulant fever (inter¬mittent or remittent fever) which may persist for weeks or months accompanied by malaise, anorexia and prostration. Brucella species can enter mammalian hosts through skin abrasions or cuts, the conjunctiva, the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract and through reproductive tracts. It has economic importance and public health hazard particularly to pastoralist community because of a widespread traditional habit of consumption of raw animal products and close contact with livestock including camels. Since brucellosis has no effective treatment both in human and livestock; vaccination, hygiene and awareness creation are the best control and prevention strategies in the region. Therefore, the objective of the seminar paper was to review-the epidemiology of brucellosis in camel and human in East Africa with emphasis on Ethiopia.

Transfer of double hump flap from the same finger for repair of distal finger degloving injury

Objective To investigate the surgical procedures and the clinical results of repairing degloving injury of the distal finger. Methods Between January 2010 and May 2014, 34 patients (34 fingers) with degloving injury of the distal finger were treated. There were 24 males and 10 females with ages ranging from 21 to 60 years (mean, 35 years). The time from injury to operation was 1 to 8 hours (mean, 4.5 hours). Affected fingers included index finger in 7 cases, middle finger in 15 cases, ring finger in 9 cases, and little finger in 3 cases. Twelve cases were complicated with fracture of the distal phalanx. The defect area ranged from 2.0 cm×1.8 cm to 3.0 cm×2.5 cm. Modified reverse island flap based on the dorsal branch of the digital artery was used to cover the defects of the distal finger caused by the degloving injury. The flap shaped like the humps of a camel (double hump flap). Full thickness skin graft from the forearm was used to cover the donor site. Results Blister and scabs occurred in 8 cases, and two of them were revised by second intention. The other flaps and skin grafts survived uneventfully. The patients were follow-up for 6 to 20 months (mean, 9.3 months). All the flaps presented satisfactory appearance and texture, and the flexion and extension function of affected fingers nearly returned to normal. Two-point discrimination ranged from 6.2 to 9.1 mm at the last follow-up. According to the functional assessment criteria of the upper limb formulated by the Hand Surgery Society of the Chinese Medical Association, the results were excellent in 24 cases, good in 8 cases, and fair in 2 cases, the excellent and good rate being 94.1%. Conclusion Modified reverse island flap based on the dorsal branch of the digital artery, namely the double-hump flap, is a simple and safe, easy-to-operate and effective method for treating degloving injury of the distal finger. Key words: Finger injuries; Surgical flaps; Degloving injury; Proper digital artery

Economic Use of Camels in Kazakhstan

Economic Use of Camels in Kazakhstan

Properties and Seasonal Variation of Milk Produced by One-humped Camels (Camelus dromedarius) and Two-humped camels (C. bactrianus) in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Properties and Seasonal Variation of Milk Produced by One-humped Camels (Camelus dromedarius) and Two-humped camels (C. bactrianus) in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Quantification of Fatty Acids in Human, Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Yak, and Camel Milk Using an Improved One-Step GC-FID Method

An efficient gas chromatographic method for the accurate analysis of fatty acid composition in milk was validated. This method provides an excellent resolution of almost 60 fatty acids from odd branched chain fatty acids (OBCFA), trans-monoenoic fatty acid to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) simultaneously. The quantitation limit was as low as 0.33~1.80 mg/100 g milk with a good intra-day (RSD 0.53~9.6%) and inter-day (RSD 1.25~9.1%) repeatability with an average recovery of 97.3%. This method was applied to determine the fatty acid composition in human, cow, buffalo, goat, yak, and camel milk. Human milk had the lowest amount of saturated fatty acids and highest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (31.7 ± 0.31 g/100 g total fatty acids). Yak milk contained the highest amount of C18:1 trans-11 (3.06 ± 0.03 g/100 g total fatty acids). Furthermore, the high proportion of butyric acid (12.2 ± 0.09 g/100 g total fatty acids), OBCFA (2.16 ± 0.02 g/100 g total fatty acids), α-linolenic acid (2.12 ± 0.02 g/100 g total fatty acids), and arachidonic acid (1.35 ± 0.02 g/100 g total fatty acids) were found in the milk from two-humped camel.

Isolation of Coprophilous Mycoflora from Different Dung Types in Some Local Government Areas of Niger State, Nigeria

This study investigated coprophilous mycoflora on different dung types in some Area of Niger State. Dung samples of four herbivorous animals (Camel, Cow, Donkey and Horse) were collected from three areas (Enagi, Lapai and New Bussa) in Niger State, Nigeria. The dungs were dried in the Department of Biological Sciences Laboratory, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Lapai. A total of six (6) species of macro fungi (Agaricus campestris, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Agaricus bisphorus, Protostropharia semiglobata, Deconica coprophila, Copelandia cyanescens) and six (6) species of micro fungi (Aspergilous. niger, A flavus, A. fumigates, Alternaria sp, Pencillium sp, and Rhizopus stolonifer) were isolated. A. campestris has the highest percentage (40%) of macro fungi (from cow dung), while the least was A. bisphorus with (0.02%). Alternaria sp has the highest (33.26%) among the micro fungi isolated. From horse dung, A. fumigates was isolated with the least percentage of occurrence of 0.10% among the micro fungi. On this note, the animal dung investigated consists of both edible and poisonous fungi. Public enlightenment is therefore recommended on the good and bad effects these fungi. They may also be harnessed for industrial use.

Indian Journals in JCR 2016

According to the Journal Citation Reports (JCR; 2016), there are 107 Indian journals indexed in both Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE; n = 100) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI; n = 7) of Thomson Reuters, with impact factor (IF; 2015) ranging between 0.027 ( Journal of Camel Practice and Research ) and 3.263 (Episodes). Among these journals, the following two are new to the 2016 edition: Journal of the Indian Institute of Science (IF 2015 = 0.857) and Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (IF 2015 = 1.351). The journal Advances in Vibration Engineering has been renamed as Journal of Vibration Engineering and Technologies .

Fauna of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and their seasonal infestation rate on Camelus dromedarius (Mammalia: Camelidae) in Masileh region, Qom province, Iran

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are obligatory blood feeders and important external parasites of wildlife, domestic animals and humans in tropical and subtropical areas. Ticks primarily transmit different pathogenic organisms to livestock and humans, and secondly harm their animal hosts by decreasing blood protein content and nutrients due to partial exsanguinations, induce allergic reaction and sometimes cause tick paralysis or toxicosis. In this study, ticks have been collected from different body parts of stable kept male and female camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) in monthly intervals from late April 2012 to late March 2013 in Masileh region of Qom province, Iran. All tick have been collected and identified according to male individual characters. Totally, 1265 ticks (42.5% and 57.4% from stable male and female camels respectively) have been collected. Tick identification based on male characters revealed Hyalomma dromedarii (40.7%), H. schulzei (40.3%) and H. marginatum (18.8%). Heavy camel infestation by H. schulzei was recorded for the first time from central part of Iran . Different tick infestation rates were recorded during June and January, from zero to 254 ticks. The highest mean number of collected ticks was 9.6 under tail of female camels among five body places during August. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the number of collected ticks and sampling intervals, sex of camels and place of camel bodies. Out of five camel body places, ticks were collected regularly from four body parts. Periodical infestation by H. dromedarii under tail, belly, thigh and neck of both camel sexes was found to be longer than for H. schulzei and H. marginatum . It could be concluded that any control measure for camel tick infestation should be planned before March-April in Masileh region of Qom, Iran.

A Camel's Pace: A Cautionary Global

A Camel's Pace: A Cautionary Global

History of Camel Wrestling in Turkey

History of Camel Wrestling in Turkey

Advances in camel genomics and their applications: A review

Advances in camel genomics and their applications: A review

Morphological characterization of the left coronary artery in horses. Comparative analysis with humans, pigs, and other animal species

Objective: To determine the anatomy expression of the left coronary artery and its branches in the horse. Methods: The left coronary artery of 120 hearts of horse were perfused with semi-synthetic resin (85% Palatal GP40L with 15% styrene) and mineral red dye. A digital calibrator (Mitutoyo®) was used to measure the external diameter of the left coronary artery and its branches. The samples were assessed for the existence of myocardial bridges. The findings obtained were compared with those from humans, donkeys, pigs, elephants, and camels. Results: The left coronary artery had a diameter of 6.76 ± 2.1 mm. It bifurcated into the paraconal interventricular branch and the left circumflex branch in 113 specimens (94.2%). The proximal diameter of the paraconal interventricular branch was 5.62 ± 1.97 mm, and it ended at the apex in most cases (65.8%). The left circumflex branch was short and ended as a left marginal branch in 55 samples (45.8%); its proximal diameter was 4.05 ± 1.49 mm. The sinoatrial node branch originated from the left circumflex branch in 100% of the cases. The left marginal branch was found in 92 specimens (76.7%), and ended primarily at the upper third of the obtuse margin of the heart. Discussion: The sinus node branch emerging in all cases from the left circumflex branch differs from what has been observed in other species. Due to its similarity with the human heart, we may ratify the equine model for both procedural and hemodynamic applications.

Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931-2017) - a literature review.

Parasitic diseases of camels are major causes of impaired milk and meat production, decreases in performance or even death. Some camel parasites also represent a threat to human health. About 171,500 one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) and 100–300 two-humped camels (Camelus bactrianus) live in Iran. Knowledge of the biodiversity of their parasites is still limited. The present review covers all information about camel parasitic diseases in Iran published as dissertations and in both Iranian and international journals from 1931 to February 2017. Ten genera of Protozoa (Trypanosoma, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis, Besnoitia, Theileria, Babesia and Balantidium), 48 helminth species detected in the digestive system, including three species of Trematoda, four species of Cestoda, and 41 species of Nematoda, as well as helminths from other organs – Echinococcus spp., Dictyocaulus filaria, Thelazia leesei, Dipetalonema evansi and Onchocerca fasciata – have so far been described in Iranian camels. Furthermore, 13 species of hard ticks, mange mites, the myiasis flies Cephalopina titillator and Wohlfahrtia magnifica, and immature stages of the Pentastomida Linguatula serrata have also been reported from camels of Iran. Camel parasitic diseases are a major issue in Iran in terms of economics and public health. The present review offers information for an integrated control programme against economically relevant parasites of camels.

Evaluation of some nutritional and physicochemical properties of camel meat originating from Chad

Camel meat presents high protein content. It is rich in vitamins and low levels of fat, globally comparable and similar to bovine meat. World production of camel meat has been regularly increasing, mainly in the Central African sub-region doubling during the past two decades. The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate some physicochemical and nutritional properties of camel meat by gender and age groups. Fifteen samples of meat were collected from N'Djamena and analyzed in the laboratories of the Centre for Research in Food and Nutrition of Yaounde. The mean pH values were 5.70 and 5.86 for male and female, respectively and there was no significant difference between them. The mean crude proteins and water contents were 15.14, 16.60 and 76.55, 77.53% for male and female, respectively. However, the mean intramuscular total lipids values differed significantly (5.02% and 3.13%) for males and females, respectively. Total ash and dry matter contents were 0.97, 1.03 and 23.45, 22.47% for males and females, respectively. There was no difference in crude proteins, total ash, total lipids and water contents when comparing by age groups. Camel meat from Chad is rich in crude proteins and total minerals. This meat has a high nutritive value and the community should be encouraged to consume it especially as a source of protein. Camel meat has the potential to provide animal proteins and a reliable source of meat which is healthy for human consumption. Key words: Nutritional properties, physicochemical properties, camel meat.

A CAMEL DRIVER IN THE ACHAEMENID PERSIAN EMPIRE: SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF A NON-ELITE PROFESSIONAL AND THE PERSEPOLIS FORTIFICATION ARCHIVE

Abstract This paper applies social network analysis in a study of the Persepolis Fortification archive to gain a more holistic picture of life in Achaemenid Persepolis. In particular, the paper focuses on translating the data from the archive into a series of network relations and visualizations and then identifying and examining a group of influential non-elites. These data allow for a particularly thorough examination of non-elite social, economic, and cultural choices. One particular non-elite individual, Dakizidda the camel driver, is used as a case study to elucidate the non-elite experience at Persepolis from a social network perspective.