Caloric Cost Research Articles

Protein Metabolism and Endurance Exercise

In brief: The use of proteins as a source of energy has been discounted in the past. However, current research has demonstrated that amino acids can contribute to whole body metabolism. The availability of amino acids can be increased by either elevating the rate of muscle protein breakdown or decreasing the rate of muscle protein synthesis. Research indicates that there is a substantial decrease in the rate of protein synthesis during exercise. We estimate that protein can provide up to 5.5% of the total caloric cost of exercise. Because essential amino acid requirements have been determined only for resting persons, the recommended maximum protein requirements may not be adequate for physically active individuals.

Daily body energy balance in rats

The aim of the present study was to examine the balance between caloric intake and expenditures in successive 12 and 24 hour periods, for several consecutive days in rats. The simultaneous and continuous measurements of respiratory exchanges and of the spontaneous feeding pattern were performed in 6 rats during 38 days, in periods of 2 to 4 successive days. At night, caloric intake exceeded caloric expenditures by 32% on the average. In individual rats, the excess was positively correlated to meal size but not to meal number. During the daytime, caloric intake was 24% lower on the average than the concomitant energy expenditures. In individual subjects, these deficits were correlated to meal number but not to meal size. A nocturnal excess and the subsequent daytime deficit, and the diurnal deficit and the excess during the subsequent night were highly positively correlated. In fact, the 24 hour energy balance was either slightly positive (12% excess) or negative (4% deficit). The daily weight gain or loss was highly correlated to the residual excess and/or deficit with a mean caloric cost of 4.8 kcal per g of body weight. The absence of correlation between balances on successive days indicates that the body energy balance is regulated within 24 hr through 12 12 hr compensations and that no compensatory mechanisms are involved beyond 24 hr.

Honey bee foraging profitability and round dance correlates

The purpose is to examine the relationships between several aspects of the honey bee's round dance and the caloric costs and gains and net gains per time experienced by bees while foraging between two artificial flowers. The distance between the two flowers and the concentration of nectar rewards were varied. Nine bees were tested, each over several days. Of the three dance variables examined, the number of reversals in the dance per minute (RATE) most often gave the highest and consistently signed correlation coefficients when paired with the mean caloric reward received per flower visit (CALGAIN), the net caloric gain per unit time (NET), and the mean caloric cost to fly to and visit a flower (CALCOST). In general, RATE is positively correlated with CALGAIN (range of positive coefficients, 0.12 to 0.50) and NET (range, 0.15 to 0.40) and negatively correlated with CALCOST (range, −0.01 to −0.28). Additionally, the probability of dancing after foraging is generally positively associated with CALGAIN and negatively associated with CALCOST. The results suggest that caloric gains and costs may be integrated by the bee and output as a measure of “profitability” in the form of the round dance. This information may be communicated to potential recruits, although this is not demonstrated.

Domestic energy consumption in India (Pondicherry region)

Surveys have been conducted in 200 households in and around Pondicherry, in 45 households of each of two rural and two semi-urban areas, and in 20 households in an urban area. The families surveyed cover the Economically Weaker Section, the Low Income Group, the Middle Income Group, and the High Income Group; there were 60 families in each of the first three categories in rural and semi-urban areas and 20 of the fourth category in the urban area. The objective of this empirical study was to determine the daily household energy consumption for cooking, lighting, heating water, and for household electrical appliances. The average energy content of the commercial and non-commercial fuels used for cooking, heating water and lighting has been determined on a per capita daily basis. The seasonal and hourly variations have also been determined for cooking and lighting loads. The baseline data, which give the caloric values and costs for various kinds of fuels are presented in the Appendix. This survey contains previously unavailable data on village level domestic energy needs, their magnitudes and diurnal profiles.

Effect of initial muscle glycogen levels on protein catabolism during exercise.

Serum urea increases with exercise duration suggest prolonged exercise may be analogous to starvation where protein catabolism is known to occur. The purpose of this investigation was to alter muscle glycogen levels and to study the effect on protein catabolism. Six subjects (27-30 yr) pedaled a cycle ergometer for 1 h at 61% VO2max (mean VO2 = 2.33 +/- 0.7 1 . min-1) 1) after CHO loading (CHOL) and 2) after CHO depletion (CHOD). The following urea N measures were made: pre-exercise serum and urine, exercise serum and sweat (15-min serial samples), and serum and urine during 240 recovery min. Results demonstrated that 1) exercise serum urea N increased in CHOD attaining significance (P less than 0.01) at 60 min; 2) serum urea N increases continued into recovery at all measurement points of CHOD (P less than 0.01) and at 240 min of CHOL (P less than 0.05); 3) sweat urea N increased 154.2-fold (CHOD) and 65.6-fold (CHOL) (P less than 0.05). Calculations indicate that CHOD sweat urea N excretion was equivalent to a protein breakdown of 13.7 g . h-1 or 10.4% of the total caloric cost. It was concluded that protein is utilized during exercise to a greater extent than is generally assumed and that under certain conditions protein carbon may contribute significantly to exercise caloric cost.

The Caloric Costs of Rope Skipping and Running

Dr. Getchell has some disappointing news for fitness seekers who believe that jumping rope for ten minutes is equal to 30 minutes of jogging.

Effects of exercise intensity on food consumption in the male rat

The effects of two different levels of exercise of equal caloric cost on food consumption and body weight changes was investigated in 24 male rats (initial body weight = 378.3 g, SD = 22.3 g). Open circuit spirometry was used for the collection of respiratory gas exchange during running on the treadmill and these data were used to equate two intensities of exercise to the same caloric expenditure. Food consumption was measured 1 hr, and every 4 hr thereafter for 24 hr during 2 alternate weeks of exercise and rest. Results showed that high intensity exercise (16 m · min−1, 10% mill grade) resulted in depressed food consumption and depressed body weight gain than low intensity exercise (5 m · min −1, zero percentage mill grade) of equal caloric expenditure. Both exercise groups had depressed food consumption and rate of body weight change compared to nonexercise animals.

Proximate Costs of Competition for Nectar

Food competition among coexisting nectarivorous birds is conspicuous and often intense, affecting patterns of flower choice, daily behavior budgets, and timing of successful reproduction. Exploitative competition involves loss of accumulated nectar to other individuals that visited a flower first. Preliminary data support the use of Poisson models of the frequencies of point-source visitation and overlap for determining the probabilities of actual competitive events. Nectar losses from monitored flowers can be estimated in terms of time intervals between visits weighted by flower-specific nectar production and bird-specific nectar removal capabilities. Foraging time budgets then provide a meaningful common denominator for assessing the impacts of competitive nectar losses, because compensatory increases in foraging time are required to maintain a balanced energy budget. Flexibility in foraging time budgets made possible by high efficiency foraging and predictably low competitive losses may be an important determinant of reproductive timing and success in nectar feeding birds. Aggressive displacement of competitors and territorial defense of flowers are common forms of interference competition in nectar-feeding birds. Aggression has definable caloric costs that ultimately must relate to caloric gains. Defense of flowers increases the aggressor's exclusive use of nectar, increases the predictability of a nectar supply, and increases the average amount of nectar obtained per flower. Simple cost-benefit models of territoriality define conditions when net benefits of territoriality are greater than those of alternatives.

II. Caloric costs of mass transport

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTII. Caloric costs of mass transportHenry A. Bent Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1978, 55, 8, 526Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1978Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 August 1978Published inissue 1 August 1978https://doi.org/10.1021/ed055p526RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views44Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Latin Square Changeover Design in Physical Education Research

Abstract The Latin square changeover design, which may be applied to the study of physiological parameters, is investigated. The utility of the design in relation to identifying and estimating residual treatment effects is discussed, with an example of an application of the design. The example involves a caloric cost study in which each subject receives six different treatments. Therefore, the possibility of carry-over effects is considered. Analysis techniques are discussed, including problems related to the confounding of effects resulting from the design's nonorthogonality. The magnitudes of the carry-over effects are calculated. Finally, the design is compared to the randomized block and Latin square designs, and the relative efficiency of the changeover design is demonstrated.

NASODUODENAL FEEDING IN HIGH RISK NEWBORNS

Recent reports indicate that nasoduodenal feeding is a suitable technique for high risk newborns, in particular those with a low birth weight. In the period between February 1975 and June 1976, 100 high risk newborns, divided into four cohorts on the basis of birth weight in 500 g divisions, were fed by nasoduodenal tube. The effect of nasoduodenal feeding has been measured in several ways, but particularly consideration has been given to weight gain, its caloric cost, the mortality rates observed in the Unit before and after the introduction of this nutritional regime and complications. The use of nasoduodenal feeding abolished the physiological loss of weight which normally occurs during the first week of life and was associated with a subsequent rate of weight gain equal to or better than that observed in infants fed by other routes. The mean caloric intake was greater in smaller infants than in larger ones and it was accompanied by a steady decrease in weight gain per unit of caloric intake with increasing birth weight. In 1974 the overall mortality rate in the Unit was 18% and in 1975 following the introduction of nasoduodenal feeding fell to 11.4%. No serious complications were observed associated with nasoduodenal feeding. The conclusion is that this form of feeding is particularly suitable for infants with a birth weight of 1 500 g or less.

Caloric Cost of Playing Golf

(1977). Caloric Cost of Playing Golf. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 637-639.

Oxygen cost and energy expenditure of running in trained runners.

The oxygen cost and energy expenditure of submaximal treadmill running was evaluated in 9 male distance runners. The oxygen consumption--running speed relationship was highly significant (r = .917) and linear over the entire aerobic range. The caloric cost of 0.97 Kcal/kg/k was in close agreement with values found in the literature and was independent of running speed. The caloric cost per unit distance and time increased with acceleration in running speed. The slope of the regression line of oxygen consumption on running speed appear to measure a different component of efficiency than the fractional utilization coefficient of aerobic capacity. There is apparently a wide variation in the oxygen cost of running in trained runners.

The role of physical activity in the control of obesity.

An exercise programme is an important part of the management of the obese patient. Exercise may increase both the specific dynamic action of food and the post-exercise metabolic rate, in addition to its direct caloric cost. Moderate daily exercise aids regulation of the appetite and may reduce the voluntary caloric intake of otherwise sedentary persons. Post-prandial activity may utilize more calories; therefore an adequate breakfast and avoidance of late night eating may be effective in weight control. A better tolerated and more nutritious diet may be allowed, and lean body weight better preserved, by combining exercise with a dietary programme. Regular exercise may also reduce some of the more serious life-threatening complications of obesity and poor dietary habits, allowing greater freedom in the pursuit of other pleasures.

Muscular efficiency during steady-rate exercise. II. Effects of walking speed and work rate.

A comparison of walking against vertical (gradient) and horizontal (trailing weight) forces was made during steady-rate exercise at 0.250, 500, and 750 kg-m/min with speeds of 3,0, 4.5, and 6.0 km/h. In all cases exponential relationships between energy expenditure (calculated from the steady-rate respiration) and increasing work rate and speed were observed which indicated that muscular efficiency during walking is inversely related to speed and work rate. "Work" (level, unloaded walking as the baseline correction), "delta" (measured work rate as the baseline correction), and "instantaneous" (derived from the equation describing the caloric cost of work) efficiencies were computed. All definitions yielded decreasing efficiencies with increasing work rates. At work rates above 250 kg-m/min the curves describing the relationship between energy expenditure and work rate were parallel for vertical and horizontal forces, indicating equivalent efficiencies in this range. Only the delta and instantaneous definitions accurately described these relationships for vertical and horizontal work. Determinations of combined work loads (gradient plus trailing weight) were made and the energy costs of both types of work found to be additive.

The Caloric Cost of Running

The purpose of this article is to present a table of caloric expenditure values for running that can be used to augment diet control plans. These values allow the individual to include both energy input and output in his reduction program, thereby increasing the accuracy of obtaining a negative caloric balance. The values were obtained from a formula based on the linear relationship of running speed and energy cost. The data highlight the relatively small caloric expenditure experienced in short bouts of exercise, but it is important to include this contribution in most weight reduction programs. ( JAMA 228:482-483, 1974)

The caloric cost of running. Its impact on weight reduction

The caloric cost of running. Its impact on weight reduction

Food quality and foraging efficiency

1. Throughout the breeding season of hummingbirds in southeastern Arizona flowers provide hummingbirds with nectar equivalent to sucrose concentrations of 0.24–2.10 M, and nectar from most flowers is composed only of sucrose, glucose, and/or fructose. 2. When fed sucrose solutions of 0.5–2.0 M hummingbirds are at least 97–99% efficient in assimilating sugars. 3. The efficiency with which hummingbirds can extract nectar from flowers will depend on the size of the bird species, nectar concentration in flowers, and factors influencing rate of nectar intake. 4. Although species with low assimilation efficiencies (poor quality diets) may achieve sufficient foraging efficiencies by processing large quantities of food at low caloric cost, a high assimilation efficiency from a high quality food may be important for hummingbirds which employ an energetically costly foraging strategy.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION IN WEIGHT-REDUCTION DIETS

The effect of varying the protein and calorie content of weight-reducing diets upon specific dynamic action (S.D.A.) was studied in 4 obese women in a metabolic facility. The subjects consumed the identical liquid diet for 10 days prior to each measurement to avoid liver-enzyme and gut-flora response to changes in diet. The dose was half the total daily dietary intake, and was consumed within 15 minutes. S.D.A. was measured as the increase in oxygen consumption over basal for a 5-hour period after the test meal, at bed rest. No significant differences in oxygen consumption were apparent between isocaloric dosages containing either 40 g. protein or no protein, nor between isoprotein dosages of varying calorie content. There was considerable variation in basal metabolic rate and S.D.A. measurements, both individual and between subjects. The non-specific response was similar in magnitude to measurements previously made with normal-weight individuals fed similar dosages in the same metabolic facility. In terms of the clinical treatment of obesity, there is no advantage in selecting a high-protein diet with the expectation of obtaining an increase in the caloric costs of digestion and assimilation and hence a lower net-calorie value for the diet. Nor is there reason to believe that the S.D.A. of obese persons differs from that of normal-weight individuals.

Technological Change and Caloric Costs: Sisal Agriculture in Northeastern Brazil1

This study of the consequences of the introduction of sisal agriculture to Northeastern Brazil exemplifies a fruitful area of collaboration between nutritionists and anthropologists. The process by which sisal leaves are transformed into exportable fiber is analysed with emphasis on the human energy expenditure required. Two representative household energy budgets are examined in detail to determine the impact of sisal labor. Energy costs of sisal laborers are so great in relation to wages that systematic deprivation of adequate calories to the non‐productive dependents of sisal workers is necessary. The rapidly growing children are especially affected. This process is exhibited statistically in a sampled population by relative retardation in growth rate among children of sisal workers.