Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil Research Articles

Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstock using heterogeneous acid catalyst derived from palm-fruit-bunch

ABSTRACT A novel solid acid catalyst was prepared from the palm-fruit-bunch by in-situ incomplete sulphonation carbonization method. The prepared catalyst was characterized to determine its physical and chemical properties which are determine its performance in a reaction. The catalyst was then subjected to esterification and transesterification reactions to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid (FFA) Calophyllum inophyllum (C. inophyllum) oil. An optimum yield of 88.5 wt% methyl ester was achieved at 4 wt% of catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio of 21:1 and a reaction temperature of 60ºC in 180 min. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were analyzed as per ASTM standard methods, and their properties were found to be in accordance with ASTM D6751.

Comparative Study of Batchwise Solvent Extraction and the Microwave Assisted Extraction Method for the Purification of Triglyceride for Biodiesel Feedstock from Crude Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil (CCIO)

Comparative Study of Batchwise Solvent Extraction and the Microwave Assisted Extraction Method for the Purification of Triglyceride for Biodiesel Feedstock from Crude Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil (CCIO)

Process optimization of Calophyllum inophyllum-waste cooking oil mixture for biodiesel production using Donax deltoides shells as heterogeneous catalyst

In the present work, the waste material Donax deltoides shells (DDS) was utilized as a heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil (CIO)-waste cooking oil (WCO) mixture. Non-edible CIO possessing 65 mg of KOH g− 1 of acid value was mixed with WCO of low acid value in different proportions. The acid value was reduced to 33.3 mg of KOH g− 1 of oil by using a volumetric ratio of 1:1 and it was further reduced to 5.6 mg of KOH g− 1 of oil by acid catalyzed esterification process and used for biodiesel production. DDS was converted into active CaO catalyst by calcination and the catalyst characterization was performed using different instrumental techniques. The impact of calcined DDS (catalyst) concentration, reaction time and methanol to esterified oil volumetric ratio on biodiesel conversion was investigated to optimize the transesterification reaction using response surface methodology based central composite design. The biodiesel conversion was determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a maximum biodiesel conversion of 96.5% was achieved with catalyst concentration of 7.5 wt%, methanol to oil volumetric ratio of 63.8%, reaction time of 129.3 min, stirrer speed of 450 rpm and reaction temperature of 65 °C.

Kinetic modelling and techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum oil

Calophyllum inophyllum oil, a non-edible renewable resource, was used for the production of biodiesel. In the present study, kinetic analysis was done for the biodiesel production from C. inophyllum oil using alkali and enzymatic method, a non-edible renewable resource with methanol to identify the rate equation and estimate model kinetic parameters. The present model was validated, and the experimental and predicted values were compared. The first-order rate equation represents an alkali transesterification reaction’s kinetic mathematical model under chosen experimental conditions for the estimated parameters. The enzymatic transesterification was carried out at 500 rpm for 8 h in room temperature produced a yield of 97% of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) for the reaction with 6:1 methanol to oil in molar ratio. The sequential cleavage of fatty acid and reaction with methanol by the enzyme were assumptions used in developing the kinetic model. The transesterification of C. inophyllum oil was simulated with Aspen Plus (V 8.6, Aspen Tech., Inc.). The simulation and economically viable estimation for the comparison of a ceaseless biodiesel production from C. inophyllum oil are formed on the basis of the kinetics of chemical transesterification (base-catalyzed methanolysis) and enzymatic transesterification reactions. The base-catalyzed transesterification requires nearly seven times higher than the enzymatic transesterification Also, the simulation demonstrated that the base-catalyzed transesterification required additional number of process equipment units when related to the enzymatic process.

Response Surface Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil Enhanced by Microwave and Ionic liquid + NaOH Catalyst

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) plant is a highly potential raw material in the biodiesel production, the oil in the seeds is 50-73 %. The microwave has been intensively applied to reduce the processing time while ionic liquid also was used as an acceleration agent in the biodiesel production. The optimum process condition of the biodiesel production using Ionic liquid + NaOH as a catalyst mixture and assisted with microwave heating system were determined in this study. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize three transesterification reaction variables: the catalyst concentration of (0.5-1.5 %wt), the reaction temperature of 60-80 °C, and methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1–12:1, while the transesterification time was set constant at 6 minutes. The optimization showed that the maximum biodiesel yield can be obtained was 95.8 % at the catalyst concentration of 1.2 %wt, the reaction temperature of 71.3 °C, and methanol to oil molar ratio of 10.8 mole/mole.

Size, structure, and conductivity of plant oil-derived carbon nanospheres synthesized by atmospheric ionization CVD

Abstract Particle size of the as-deposited carbon spheres (CSs) from plant-derived oil precursor was modified through the addition of a corona discharge ionizer as an attachment to the conventional atmospheric chemical vapor deposition (CVD) setup. Influences of synthesis parameters such as temperature, solvent-oil concentration, and the presence of ionization on the particle size distribution, graphitization, and conductivity of the CSs were also investigated. The addition of pyridine as a solvent to the Calophyllum inophyllum (CI) oil improved precursor atomization, breaking down the viscous oil into finer vapor intermediates and consequently, the process of decomposition. Measured particle size distribution from scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) images show a decrease in mean particle diameter, from >180 nm without ionization to

Achieving high performance and low emission in a dual fuel operated engine with varied injection parameters and combustion chamber shapes

The present paper describes the effect of injection parameters and combustor geometry on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a turbo-charged diesel (TDI) engine operated in dual fuel mode with calophyllum inophyllum oil methyl ester and babul wood chip generated producer gas. The experimentation were carried out at varied injection timing (IT) (19–24°bTDC), injection pressure (IP) (180–240 bar) in steps of 10 bar and five different combustion chambers (CC) were investigated individually to achieve better performance. Experimental results revealed that at an advanced IT and IP of 24°bTDC and 230 bar, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) showed an overall reduction of 6.35%, while an increment of about 5.68% and 10.88% in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) respectively. During the emission analysis, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOX) and smoke opacity were measured to be 20%, 26.77%, 12.16% and 26.53% lower than conventional fuel. Moreover, toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TrCC) was also found to have superior performance, emission and combustion characteristics over the other configurations of combustion chambers. TrCC delivered a performance enhancement of 6.4%, 4.49% and 20.76% in terms of BTE, BSFC and EGT, while and emission level improvement of 34.48%, 33.71% and 38.67% in terms of CO, HC and smoke opacity. However, NOX emission level was deteriorated by 26.66% in compared to standard engine. Based upon the above results, engine with modified TrCC, advanced IT (24°bTDC) and IP (230 bar) enhances the existing performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a TDI engine operated in dual fuel mode, provides freedom from conventional fuel thereby enhancing sustainable energy and its security.

Production and optimization of polyhydroxyalkanoates from non-edible Calophyllum inophyllum oil using Cupriavidus necator

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biodegradable polymers found in the cellular masses of a wide range of bacterial species and the demand for PHA is steadily growing. In this work we have produced PHA from a low-cost substrate, Calophyllum inophyllum oil, using Cupriavidus necator. Effects of various process parameters such as Oil concentration, Nitrogen source and inoculum size on the production of PHA were studied using Response Surface Methodology. A quadratic equation was used in the model to fit the experimental data. It was found that the model could satisfactorily predict the PHA yield (R2=99.17%). Linear, quadratic and interaction terms used in the model were found to be statistically significant. Maximum PHA yield of 10.6gL−1 was obtained under the optimized conditions of oil concentration - 17.5%, inoculum concentration - 50mL/L and nitrogen content - 1.125gL−1, respectively. The product obtained was characterized using FTIR and NMR to confirm that it was PHA. The results demonstrate that C. inophyllum oil, a non-edible oil, can be potentially used as a low-cost substrate for the production of PHA.

Optimization of biodiesel production by microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification for waste cooking oil-Calophyllum inophyllum oil via response surface methodology

In this study, microwave irradiation-assisted alkaline-catalysed transesterification was used to produce W70CI30 biodiesel from a mixture of waste cooking oil and Calophyllum inophyllum oil. The methanol/oil ratio, catalyst concentration, stirring speed, and reaction time were optimized using response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken experimental design in order to maximize the biodiesel yield. The quadratic response surface regression model was used to predict the biodiesel yield. It is found that the optimum methanol/oil ratio, catalyst concentration, stirring speed, and reaction time are 59.60 (v/v)%, 0.774 (w/w)%, 600 rpm, and 7.15 min, respectively, and the predicted biodiesel yield is 97.40%. Experiments were conducted using the optimum process parameters and the average biodiesel yield is 97.65%, which is in excellent agreement with the predicted value. The physicochemical properties of the W70CI30 biodiesel produced using the optimum process parameters were measured and it is found that the biodiesel has significantly higher oxidation stability (18.03 h) compared with the waste cooking oil biodiesel (4.61 h). In addition, the physicochemical properties and cold flow properties of the biodiesel fulfil the fuel specifications stipulated in the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. It can be concluded that microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification is effective to boost the biodiesel yield and produce biodiesel of superior quality. In addition, this method significantly reduces the reaction time of the transesterification process to 9.15 min and the process is energy-efficient. It is believed that the findings of this study will be beneficial for microwave irradiation-assisted biodiesel synthesis on the industrial scale.

Preparation and characterization of liposomes encapsulating Calophyllum inophyllum oil

Callophyllum inophyllum oil, also known as Tamanu oil, is reported to treat a wide range of skin problems such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, herpes, hemorrhoids, and injuries caused due to wounds, among others. Liposomes, which are effective carriers for topical treatment of dermal diseases, could enhance the therapeutic efficiency of Tamanu oil. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to formulate and characterize liposomes loading Tamanu oil. Liposomes encapsulating Tamanu oil with different ratios of Phospholipon 90G and L-α-lecithin were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique. Liposomal formulations were characterized in terms of aspect, particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, and morphology by using light microscope and dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS). Furthermore, the best formulation was tested with the storage stability after 30 days, and Tamanu oil loaded in the liposomes was identified as dictated in Vietnamese pharmacopoeia. The data demonstrated that an average liposome diameter of 53 nm with a narrow polydispersity (0.289) was obtained at a Phospholipon 90G to L-α-lecithin molar ratio of 4:6, and a Tamanu oil to phospholipid mass ratio of 1:3 approximately. In addition, according to the DLS results, the particle size and the zeta potential were quite stable at 2-8oC during 30 days of storage. The study achieved the promising results for developing a novel formulation containing Tamanu oil, which may be valuable to treatment of skin diseases.

Hydrotalcite Catalyst for Hydrocracking Calophyllum inophyllum Oil to Biofuel: A Comparative Study with and without Nickel Impregnation

This research aims to study the effect of nickel impregnation into hydrotalcite catalyst that use to convert Calophyllum inophyllum oil into biofuel through hydrocracking process. Hydrocracking process was carried out under mild condition (350 °C and 20 bar) for two hours in a slurry batch reactor. The adding nickel affected the reaction conversion, yield, and selectivity of gasoil. The process of oxygen removal from the compounds in the oil was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and the compositions of the products were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of the study successfully proved that nickel impregnated into hydrotalcite catalyst increased the conversion, yield, and selectivity of gasoil up to 98.57 %, 54.15 %, and 81.31 %, respectively.

Experimental Investigation of Diesel Engine for Various Compression Ratios Using Calophyllum as Blend with Diesel

The modern world needs an innovative solution in the non-renewable energy field, because of its excessive usage. Due to rapid reduction of non-renewable energy sources, along with rising demand for energy is a matter of serious concern. This paper provides a better solution for this non-renewable energy problem. It is a hybrid technique in the energy field with good quality by decreasing the pure content and increase the subordinate content which must have the similar property of pure content. Biodiesel generally derived from the biological source and it can be used as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, because it has certain unique property like diesel. Biodiesel can be used as a direct replacement of diesel fuel or it also can be used as a blending element for diesel fuel in a compression ignition engines. In this paper, the biofuel called Calophyllum Inophyllum oil can be effectively blended with diesel through transesterification process. The Calophyllum Inophyllum blended with diesel at various proportions such as 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% are tested for performance and emissions in a single cylinder variable compression ratio four stroke diesel engine test rig. The experimental results show that for 80% blend with a compression ratio of 18:1 has increased the performance of the engine, particularly the brake thermal efficiency and the CO and smoke emission levels are also found to be reduced considerably when compared to existing diesel fuel.

Application of Calophyllum inophyllum oil as antifungal fat-liquor for leather industry

Calophyllum inophyllum oil which contains mixed oleic, linoleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid is well known for its antimicrobial properties. Presence of unsaturation leads to provide better opportunity for its modification for fat liquoring. Trans esterified emulsion of Calophyllum inophyllum oil shows good antifungal property. To enhance its antifungal activity against more fungal species the blending of trans esterified emulsion with water extract of Bishop’s weed leads to the formation of an antifungal fat liquor. This blended product mitigates most of the disadvantages associated with conventional tanning. Fresh mature cultures of fungal species such as, Aspergillus Niger, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus flavus and Paecilomyces variotii have been collected and used as sources of inoculum for antifungal activity of the fat liquor. Gas chromatograph with a mass detector (GC/MS) analysis of both Calophyllum inophyllum oil and Bishop’s weed were carried out separately. The presence of unsaturated acids like oleic acid and linoleic acid provide the platform for its modification by transesterification process and the presence of two compounds namely thymol and carvacrol in the Bishop’s weed enhances the antifungal activity of fat liquor. The antifungal activity of fat liquor is confirmed by Agar well diffusion method. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of using Calophyllum inophyllum oil as antifungal fat liquor for leather industry.

Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester biodiesel blend as an alternate fuel for diesel engine applications

Calophyllum inophyllum oil is non-edible in nature could be used as a source for biodiesel esterification in India and it is also available in abundant quantities in places such as Southern east and East Asia and Australia. The present research work examines the suitability of Calophyllum inophyllum as promising feedstock for biodiesel production and its employability in diesel engine operation. The Calophyllum trees are found in abundance in India and can reduce the dependency of petroleum imports to a certain extent. The biodiesel Calophyllum inophyllum Methyl Ester (CIME100) and its blends CIME30 and CIME60 are used in engine testing. The experimental parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and NOx emissions are evaluated with CIME100 biodiesel and the results are compared with conventional fuel. It is observed that the CIME biodiesel resulted in slight decrease in brake thermal efficiency. The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are reduced with the use of biodiesel with significant penalty in oxides of nitrogen emissions. In addition, the combustion parameters such as cylinder gas pressure, ignition delay period, and heat release rate of CIME100 are discussed in detailed and compared to conventional diesel fuel under various loading conditions.

Preparation and Characterization of NiMo/C Using Rapid Heating and Cooling Method for Renewable Diesel Synthesis from Nyamplung Oil (Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil)

Abstract— The synthesis of metal nanocrystal was conducted by modification preparation from simple heating method which heating and cooling process run rapidly. By used NiMo/C 700 oC catalyst for 30 minutes which had surface area of 263.21 m2/gram, had 31.77 nm crystal size, and good morphology of material, obtained catalyst with high activity, selectivity, and stability. After catalyst activated, synthesis of renewable diesel performed in hydrodeoxygenation reactor at 375 oC, 12 bar, and 800 rpm for residence time of 150 minutes. The result of conversion was 81.99 %, yield was 68.08%, selectivity was 84.54 %, and spesification met the petroleum diesel standard.Keywords— Hydrodeoxygenation, NiMo/C, Nyamplung Oil, Rapid Heating and Cooling, Renewable Diesel.

Application of Glutaraldehyde-Crosslinked Chitosan Membranes from Shrimp Shellwaste on Production of Biodiesel from Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil

Для поліпшення якості і зниження вартості виробництва біодизельного палива проведено його очищення з використанням глутаральдегід-зшитих хітозанових мембран. Біодизель одержано перестерифікацією калофілевої олії з вико- ристанням кислотного каталізатора. Показано, що кількість гліцерину в біодизельному паливі перед процесом очищення ста- новить 0,3014 ± 0,05 %. Після проведення очищення протягом 1 год. вміст гліцерину в біодизелі зменшується до 0,1429 ± 0,09 %.

Quantitative Analysis of Degummed Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil

The chemical properties of biodiesel fuel are much depends upon the fatty ester composition. The Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil without purification in crude stage and purified Calophyllum inophyllum oil in degummed stage were studied. The Crude Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil (CCIO) and Degummed Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil (DCIO) was the test samples considered for fatty acid quantitative analysis. The composition of fatty acids was identified by using Gas Chromatography (GC) to quantitative the test samples. In the results, the higher percentage presence of straight chain saturated fatty acid (palmitic) and unsaturated fatty acid (linoleic and oleic) has identified in the CCIO sample. By Degumming process, the percentage level of saturated fatty acid Palmitic diminished and unsaturated fatty acid Linoleic increased respectively; also the lesser amount formation of saturated fatty acid Capric, but unsaturated fatty acid Oleic and saturated fatty acid Myristic was completely removed.

Synthesis of renewable diesel through hydrodeoxygenation reaction from nyamplung oil (Calophyllum Inophyllum oil) using NiMo/Z and NiMo/C catalysts with rapid heating and cooling method

The synthesis of metal nanocrystal was conducted by modification preparation from simple heating method which heating and cooling process run rapidly. The result of NiMo/Z 575 °C characterizations are 33.73 m2/gram surface area and 31.80 nm crystal size. By used NiMo/C 700 °C catalyst for 30 minutes which had surface area of 263.21 m2/gram, had 31.77 nm crystal size, and good morphology, obtained catalyst with high activity, selectivity, and stability. After catalyst activated, synthesis of renewable diesel performed in hydrogenation reactor at 375 °C, 12 bar, and 800 rpm. The result of conversion was 81.99%, yield was 68.08%, and selectivity was 84.54%.

Synthesis and Characterization of Ni/Hydrotalcite and Its Application in Hydrocracking Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil

This research aims to synthesize hydrotalcite as an alternatives of catalyst support of hydrocracking of vegetable oils. Hydrotalcite can be synthesized in several ways, the most common is coprecipitation method. Hydrotalcite was synthesized using Mg/Al mole ratio of 1: 1, NaOH and Na 2 CO 3 as base solutions. Ni/hydrotalcite catalyst was synthesized by incipicient wetness impregnation method with Ni impregnation of 10% w/w. The characterization of the crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The spesific surface area (S BET ) was determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen, it were obtained 201 m 2/ g after impregnation and 191 m 2 /g before impregntion. The test of performance of catalyst was conducted by hydrocracking reaction of Calophyllum inophyllum oil. The liquid products were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hydrocracking process produced gasoline, kerosene, gas oil with yield of 0.36%, 2.45%, 54.88% respectively, conversion of 96.26% and selectivity of gas oil of 84.39%.

Biological Activity of Polynesian Calophyllum inophyllum Oil Extract on Human Skin Cells.

Oil from the nuts of Calophyllum inophyllum, locally called "Tamanu oil" in French Polynesia, was traditionally used for wound healing and to cure various skin problems and ailments. The skin-active effect of "Tamanu oil emulsion" was investigated on human skin cells (keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts) and showed cell proliferation, glycosaminoglycan and collagen production, and wound healing activity. Transcriptomic analysis of the treated cells revealed gene expression modulation including genes involved in the metabolic process implied in O-glycan biosynthesis, cell adhesion, and cell proliferation. The presence of neoflavonoids as bioactive constituents in Tamanu oil emulsion may contribute to these biological activities. Altogether, consistent data related to targeted histological and cellular functions brought new highlights on the mechanisms involved in these biological processes induced by Tamanu oil effects in skin cells.