Callus Cells Research Articles

WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 13 suppresses de novo shoot regeneration via cell fate control of pluripotent callus.

Plants can regenerate their bodies via de novo establishment of shoot apical meristems (SAMs) from pluripotent callus. Only a small fraction of callus cells is eventually specified into SAMs but the molecular mechanisms underlying fate specification remain obscure. The expression of WUSCHEL (WUS) is an early hallmark of SAM fate acquisition. Here, we show that a WUS paralog, WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 13 (WOX13), negatively regulates SAM formation from callus in Arabidopsis thaliana. WOX13 promotes non-meristematic cell fate via transcriptional repression of WUS and other SAM regulators and activation of cell wall modifiers. Our Quartz-Seq2-based single cell transcriptome revealed that WOX13 plays key roles in determining cellular identity of callus cell population. We propose that reciprocal inhibition between WUS and WOX13 mediates critical cell fate determination in pluripotent cell population, which has a major impact on regeneration efficiency.

Comparative Analysis of Water Extracts from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Plants and Callus Cells: Constituents, Effects on Human Skin Cells, and Transcriptome Profiles

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a plant that has traditionally been used in various food and beverage products. Here, we investigated the potential of water extracts derived from Roselle leaves and callus cells for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. We generated calluses from Roselle leaves and produced two different water extracts through heat extraction, which we named Hibiscus sabdariffa plant extract (HSPE) and Hibiscus sabdariffa callus extract (HSCE). HPLC analysis showed that the two extracts have different components, with nucleic acids and metabolites such as phenylalanine and tryptophan being the most common components in both extracts. In vitro assays demonstrated that HSCE has strong anti-melanogenic effects and functions for skin barrier and antioxidant activity. Transcriptome profiling of human skin cells treated with HSPE and HSCE showed significant differences, with HSPE having more effects on human skin cells. Up-regulated genes by HSPE function in angiogenesis, the oxidation-reduction process, and glycolysis, while up-regulated genes by HSCE encode ribosome proteins and IFI6, functioning in the healing of radiation-injured skin cells. Therefore, we suggest that the two extracts from Roselle should be applied differently for cosmetics and pharmaceutical purposes. Our findings demonstrate the potential of Roselle extracts as a natural source for skincare products.

Development of Synbiotics Based on Arctic Plant Raw Materials

The strategic task of the modern food industry is the development of functional food prod ucts targeted at the chronic diseases reduction, the life expectancy growth in citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as the replacement of imported food substances widely repre sented on the Russian market. The research aim is developing a synbiotic that consists of polyphenolic compounds of Arctic phyto raw materials obtained by cultivating callus cells in sterile laboratory conditions, as well as industrially produced probiotic microorganisms. The authors revealed that the glycoside content in the callus tissue was lower than in the plant, the benzoic acid content was also reduced. However, there is an increase in the fla vonoids amount from 12.6 % to 16.5 % in the callus mass. According to the research results, a man detected the largest biomass growth volumes after 35 days. The complex compound contained a significant amount of fiber up to 18.2 mg/100 g, polyphenolic compounds – up to 515.5 mg/100 g. The resulting product was a light brown powder with a moisture con tent of 5.8–7.0 %, sent for the subsequent microencapsulation process as a core.

Mechanisms for introducing 250 kDa fluorescent molecules and Cas9/sgRNA into plant cells by plasma treatment

Plant cell walls prevent molecules with high molecular weights from reaching the cell membrane, challenging genome editing in plants. To overcome this challenge, the microplasma method, established as a gene and molecule transfection technology in animal cells, was investigated in tobacco plants. We found that plasma treatment of tobacco leaves and calluses introduced fluorescent molecules into epidermal and callus cells. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that plasma treatment decomposed the cuticula layer on the surface of tobacco leaves and that plasma treatment decomposed the extracellular matrix and caused cracks on the cell wall surface of tobacco callus. These results suggest that when external molecules are introduced into plant cells by plasma treatment, the external molecules’ transport pathway reaches the cell membrane by degradation of the cuticula layer and extracellular matrix. Additionally, the introduction of molecules by plasma treatment was inhibited by an endocytosis inhibitor, indicating that plasma stimulation induces endocytosis. In summary, plasma treatment decomposes the cuticula layer and cellular interstitium, allowing molecules to reach the cell membrane, after which they are introduced into the cell via endocytosis.

Histological Approach to the Study of Morphogenesis in Callus Cultures In Vitro: A Review

The use of in vitro callus cultures as experimental model systems allows us to get closer to understanding the patterns and features of morphogenesis in intact plants. In this regard, the problem of realizing the morphogenetic potential of callus cells due to their pluri- and totipotency properties is of great interest. To solve this problem, it is important to use the histological approach, which involves studying the structures of developing tissues, organs and organisms in their interactions and relationships. This review article analyzes data devoted to the study of the histological features of formed primary morphogenic calli (formation of morphogenetic centers and superficial meristematic zones), as well as the in vitro morphogenesis pathways in calli that lead to the formation of regenerants (de novo organogenesis and in vitro somatic embryogenesis). The terminology used is considered. Some questions for discussion are raised. The opinion is expressed that histological (structural) studies should be considered as a methodologic basis for further investigation of various morphogenetic scenarios in in vitro callus cultures, especially in economically valuable plants and for biotechnological purposes.

Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the embryogenic callus clarifies the spatiotemporal developmental trajectories of the early somatic embryo in Dimocarpus longan.

Plant embryogenic calli (ECs) can undergo somatic embryogenesis to regenerate plants. This process is mediated by regulatory factors, such as transcription factors and specifically expressed genes, but the precise molecular mechanisms underlying somatic embryogenesis at the single-cell level remain unclear. In this study, we performed high-resolution single-cell RNA sequencing analysis to determine the cellular changes in the EC of the woody plant species Dimocarpus longan (longan) and clarify the continuous cell differentiation trajectories at the transcriptome level. The highly heterogeneous cells in the EC were divided into 12 putative clusters (e.g., proliferating, meristematic, vascular, and epidermal cell clusters). We determined cluster-enriched expression marker genes and found that overexpression of the epidermal cell marker gene GDSL ESTERASE/LIPASE-1 inhibited the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol. In addition, the stability of autophagy was critical for the somatic embryogenesis of longan. The pseudo-timeline analysis elucidated the continuous cell differentiation trajectories from early embryonic cell division to vascular and epidermal cell differentiation during the somatic embryogenesis of longan. Moreover, key transcriptional regulators associated with cell fates were revealed. We found that ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR 6 was characterized as a heat-sensitive factor that negatively regulates longan somatic embryogenesis under high-temperature stress conditions. The results of this study provide new spatiotemporal insights into cell division and differentiation during longan somatic embryogenesis at single-cell resolution.

Arabidopsis callus grafts: a system to study symplasmic intercellular macromolecular transport and gene silencing spread.

In the present study, we present callus grafting, comprising a method for reproducibly generating tissue chimeras from callus cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana. In this way, callus cultures of different genetic backgrounds may be co-cultivated such that cell-to-cell connectivity is achieved as a chimeric tissue is formed. To track intercellular connectivity and transport between non-clonal callus cells, we used transgenic lines expressing fluorescently tagged mobile and non-mobile fusion constructs. Using fluorescently-labelled reporter lines that label plasmodesmata, we show that secondary complex plasmodesmata are present at the cell walls of connected cells. We use this system to investigate cell-to-cell transport across the callus graft junction and show that different proteins and RNAs are mobile between non-clonal callus cells. Finally, we take advantage of the callus culture system to probe intercellular connectivity of grafted leaf and root calli and the effect of different light regimes of cell-to-cell transport. Taking advantage of the ability of callus to be cultivated in the complete absence of light, we show that the rate of silencing spread is significantly decreased in chimeric calli cultivated in total darkness. We propose that callus grafting is a fast and reliable method for analysing the capacity of a macromolecule to be exchanged between cells independent of the vasculature.

Installing the neurospora carotenoid pathway in plants enables cytosolic formation of provitamin A and its sequestration in lipid droplets

Vitamin A deficiency remains a severe global health issue, which creates a need to biofortify crops with provitamin A carotenoids (PACs). Expanding plant cell capacity for synthesis and storing of PACs outside the plastids is a promising biofortification strategy that has been little explored. Here, we engineered PAC formation and sequestration in the cytosol of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, Arabidopsis seeds, and citrus callus cells, using a fungal (Neurospora crassa) carotenoid pathway that consists of only three enzymes converting C5 isopentenyl building blocks formed from mevalonic acid into PACs, including β-carotene. This strategy led to the accumulation of significant amounts of phytoene and γ- and β-carotene, in addition to fungal, health-promoting carotenes with 13 conjugated double bonds, such as the PAC torulene, in the cytosol. Increasing the isopentenyl diphosphate pool by adding a truncated Arabidopsis hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase substantially increased cytosolic carotene production. Engineered carotenes accumulate in cytosolic lipid droplets (CLDs), which represent a novel sequestering sink for storing these pigments in plant cytosol. Importantly, β-carotene accumulated in the cytosol of citrus callus cells was more light stable compared to compared with plastidial β-carotene. Moreover, engineering cytosolic carotene formation increased the number of large-sized CLDs and the levels of β-apocarotenoids, including retinal, the aldehyde corresponding to vitamin A. Collectively, our study opens up the possibility of exploiting the high-flux mevalonic acid pathway for PAC biosynthesis and enhancing carotenoid sink capacity in green and non-green plant tissues, especially in lipid-storing seeds, and thus paves the way for further optimization of carotenoid biofortification in crops.

ФЕНОМЕН ИНДУЦИРОВАНИЯ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ПУТЕЙ МОРФОГЕНЕЗА IN VITRO В ОДНОМ КАЛЛУСЕ: ОБЗОР ПРОБЛЕМЫ

The review article analyzes the literature and own data devoted to study of the phenomenon of two pathways of morphogenesis in one callus in in vitro culture conditions, namely the pathways of organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Particular attention is paid to the issues of realization of the morphogenic potency of callus cells due to the pluripotency property (during organogenesis in vitro) and totipotency property (during somatic embryogenesis in vitro). The concepts presented in the literature that can be applied in this field of research are analyzed. The prospects of using this phenomenon in biotechnological developments related to the targeted production of regenerants of economically valuable plants are discussed.

Influence of the 135 bp Intron on Stilbene Synthase VaSTS11 Transgene Expression in Cell Cultures of Grapevine and Different Plant Generations of Arabidopsis thaliana

Modern plant biotechnology often faces the problem of obtaining a stable and powerful vector for gene overexpression. It is known that introns carry different regulatory elements whose effects on transgene expression have been poorly studied. To study the effect of an intron on transgene expression, the stilbene synthase 11 (VaSTS11) gene of grapevine Vitis amurensis Rupr. was selected and overexpressed in grapevine callus cell cultures and several plant generations of Arabidopsis thaliana as two forms, intronless VaSTS11c and intron-containing VaSTS11d. The STS genes play an important role in the biosynthesis of stilbenes, valuable plant secondary metabolites. VaSTS11d contained two exons and one intron, while VaSTS11c contained only two exons, which corresponded to the mature transcript. It has been shown that the intron-containing VaSTS11d was better expressed in several generations of transgenic A. thaliana than VaSTS11c and also exhibited a lower level of cytosine methylation. As a result, the content of stilbenes in the VaSTS11d-transgenic plants was much higher than in the VaSTS11c-transgenic plants. Similarly, the best efficiency in increasing the content of stilbenes was also observed in grapevine cell cultures overexpressing the intron-containing VaSTS11d transcript. Thus, the results indicate that an intron sequence with regulatory elements can have a strong positive effect on both transgene expression level and its biological functions in plants and plant cell cultures.

Calcium dynamics and modulation in carrot somatic embryogenesis.

Free calcium (Ca2+) is a pivotal player in different in vivo and in vitro morphogenic processes. In the induction of somatic embryogenesis, its role has been demonstrated in different species. In carrot, however, this role has been more controversial. In this work, we developed carrot lines expressing cameleon Ca2+ sensors. With them, Ca2+ levels and distribution in the different embryogenic structures formed during the induction and development of somatic embryos were analyzed by FRET. We also used different chemicals to modulate intracellular Ca2+ levels (CaCl2, ionophore A23187, EGTA), to inhibit calmodulin (W-7) and to inhibit callose synthesis (2-deoxy-D-glucose) at different times, principally during the first stages of embryo induction. Our results showed that high Ca2+ levels and the development of a callose layer are markers of cells induced to embryogenesis, which are the precursors of somatic embryos. Disorganized calli and embryogenic masses have different Ca2+ patterns associated to their embryogenic competence, with higher levels in embryogenic cells than in callus cells. The efficiency of somatic embryogenesis in carrot can be effectively modulated by allowing, within a range, more Ca2+ to enter the cell to act as a second messenger to trigger embryogenesis induction. Once induced, Ca2+-calmodulin signaling seems related with the transcriptional remodeling needed for embryo progression, and alterations of Ca2+ or calmodulin levels negatively affect the efficiency of the process.

Ca-Alginate Hydrogel with Immobilized Callus Cells as a New Delivery System of Grape Seed Extract.

The development of new delivery systems for polyphenols is necessary to maintain their antioxidant activity and targeted delivery. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain alginate hydrogels with immobilized callus cells, in order to study the interaction between the physicochemical properties of hydrogels, texture, swelling behaviour, and grape seed extract (GSE) release in vitro. The inclusion of duckweed (LMC) and campion (SVC) callus cells in hydrogels led to a decrease in their porosity, gel strength, adhesiveness, and thermal stability, and an increase in the encapsulation efficiency compared with alginate hydrogel. The incorporation of LMC cells (0.17 g/mL), which were smaller, resulted in the formation of a stronger gel. The Fourier transform infrared analyses indicated the entrapment of GSE in the alginate hydrogel. Alginate/callus hydrogels had reduced swelling and GSE release in the simulated intestinal (SIF) and colonic (SCF) fluids due to their less porous structure and the retention of GSE in cells. Alginate/callus hydrogels gradually released GSE in SIF and SCF. The faster GSE release in SIF and SCF was associated with reduced gel strength and increased swelling of the hydrogels. LMC-1.0Alginate hydrogels with lower swelling, higher initial gel strength, and thermal stability released GSE more slowly in SIF and SCF. The GSE release was dependent on the content of SVC cells in 1.0% alginate hydrogels. The data obtained show that the addition of callus cells to the hydrogel provides them with physicochemical and textural properties that are useful for the development of drug delivery systems in the colon.

Profiling of Taxoid Compounds in Plant Cell Cultures of Different Species of Yew (Taxus spp.)

Plant cell cultures of various yew species are a profitable source of taxoids (taxane diterpenoids) with antitumor activity. So far, despite intensive studies, the principles of the formation of different groups of taxoids in cultured in vitro plant cells have not been fully revealed. In this study, the qualitative composition of taxoids of different structural groups was assessed in callus and suspension cell cultures of three yew species (Taxus baccata, T. canadensis, and T. wallichiana) and two T. × media hybrids. For the first time, 14-hydroxylated taxoids were isolated from the biomass of the suspension culture of T. baccata cells, and their structures were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy as 7β-hydroxy-taxuyunnanin C, sinenxane C, taxuyunnanine C, 2α,5α,9α,10β,14β-pentaacetoxy-4(20), 11-taxadiene, and yunnanxane. UPLC-ESI-MS screening of taxoids was performed in more than 20 callus and suspension cell lines originating from different explants and grown in over 20 formulations of nutrient media. Regardless of the species, cell line origin, and conditions, most of the investigated cell cultures retained the ability to form taxane diterpenoids. Nonpolar 14-hydroxylated taxoids (in the form of polyesters) were predominant under in vitro culture conditions in all cell lines. These results, together with the literature data, suggest that dedifferentiated cell cultures of various yew species retain the ability to synthesize taxoids, but predominantly of the 14-OH taxoid group compared to the 13-OH taxoids found in plants.

BMP-6 promotes type 2 immune response during enhancement of rat mandibular bone defect healing.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are used as key therapeutic agents for the treatment of difficult fractures. While their effects on osteoprogenitors are known, little is known about their effects on the immune system. We used permutations of BMP-6 (B), vascular endothelial growth factor (V), and Hedgehog signaling pathway activator smoothened agonist (S), to treat a rat mandibular defect and investigated healing outcomes at week 8, in correlation with the cellular landscape of the immune cells in the fracture callus at week 2. Maximum recruitment of immune cells to the fracture callus is known to occur at week 2. While the control, S, V, and VS groups remained as nonunions at week 8; all BMP-6 containing groups - B, BV, BS and BVS, showed near-complete to complete healing. This healing pattern was strongly associated with significantly higher ratios of CD4 T (CD45+CD3+CD4+) to putative CD8 T cells (CD45+CD3+CD4-), in groups treated with any permutation of BMP-6. Although, the numbers of putative M1 macrophages (CD45+CD3-CD11b/c+CD38high) were significantly lower in BMP-6 containing groups in comparison with S and VS groups, percentages of putative - Th1 cells or M1 macrophages (CD45+CD4+IFN-γ+) and putative - NK, NKT or cytotoxic CD8T cells (CD45+CD4-IFN-γ+) were similar in control and all treatment groups. Further interrogation revealed that the BMP-6 treatment promoted type 2 immune response by significantly increasing the numbers of CD45+CD3-CD11b/c+CD38low putative M2 macrophages, putative - Th2 cells or M2 macrophages (CD45+CD4+IL-4+) cells and putative - mast cells, eosinophils or basophils (CD45+CD4-IL-4+ cells). CD45- non-haematopoietic fractions of cells which encompass all known osteoprogenitor stem cells populations, were similar in control and treatment groups. This study uncovers previously unidentified regulatory functions of BMP-6 and shows that BMP-6 enhances fracture healing by not only acting on osteoprogenitor stem cells but also by promoting type 2 immune response.

Callus and suspension cell cultures of Sutherlandia frutescens and preliminary screening of their phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity

Callus and suspension cell cultures of Sutherlandia frutescens and preliminary screening of their phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity

Reactive oxygen metabolism in the proliferation of Korean pine embryogenic callus cells promoted by exogenous GSH

Exogenous glutathione (GSH) promotes the proliferation of embryogenic callus (EC) cells in Korean pine in the course of somatic embryogenesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play an important role in regulating the proliferation of EC cells by exogenous GSH. However, the concrete metabolic response of ROS is unclear. In this study, two cell lines of Korean pine with high proliferative potential 001#-001 (F, Fast proliferative potential cell line is abbreviated as F) and low proliferative potential 001#-010 (S, Slow proliferative potential cell line is abbreviated as S) were used as test materials. The responses of ROS-related enzymes and substances to exogenous GSH and L-Buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO) were investigated in EC cells. The results showed that the exogenous addition of GSH increased the number of early somatic embryogenesis (SEs) in EC cells of both F and S cell lines, decreased the amount of cell death in both cell lines. Exogenous addition of GSH promoted cell division in both cell lines, increased intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, inhibited intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) production, and increased NO/ROS ratio. In conclusion, the exogenous GSH promoting the proliferation of Korean pine EC cells, the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes was enhanced, the ROS level was reduced, and the resistance of cells to stress was enhanced.

Characterisation of an ethyl methanesulfonate‐derived drought‐tolerant sugarcane mutant line

AbstractSustainable sugarcane production in areas prone to frequent and severe drought can be achieved by creating resilient sugarcane varieties. In this study, a unique mutant line, M9.2, was generated from a drought susceptible commercial sugarcane cultivar, N19, through the exposure of callus cells to the ethyl methanesulfonate mutagen and subsequent in vitro osmotic selection on polyethylene glycol. The study aimed to characterise the M9.2 mutant, in comparison with the parental genotype, in terms of its physiological and biochemical performance and proteome profile when exposed to moderate (14 days without water) and severe (21 days without water) water deficit stress in glasshouse pot trials. In comparison to the parental counterparts, the mutant plants were able to sustain the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) throughout the stress. Under mild stress, the mutant plants displayed elevated stomatal conductance, high concentrations of proline, accumulated less H2O2 and phenotypically displayed limited wilting and no visible signs of leaf senescence. Under severe stress, the mutant plants accumulated less malondialdehyde and more antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) than the parental line. Differential protein expression was also observed according to two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis patterns of proteins expressed in the M9.2 mutant versus the parental plants during moderate stress. Analysis revealed proteins related to photosynthesis (pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, un‐fragmented ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit and chlorophyll a/b‐binding protein 3) and carbohydrate metabolism (sucrose synthase) were up‐regulated in the mutant. Differentially expressed proteins were further linked to energy metabolism, methylation homeostasis and DNA repair. This study characterises the new M9.2 mutant with beneficial drought‐tolerant traits which have the potential to be exploited in future sugarcane breeding programmes.

Biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles on urea-based periodic mesoporous organosilica enhance galegine content in Galega.

The biological approach for synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts is an efficient alternative to conventional physicochemical methods. Galegine, isolated from Galega (Galega officinalis L.), has anti-diabetic properties. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded onto urea-based periodic mesoporous organosilica (AgNPs/Ur-PMO) were bio-synthesized using G. officinalis leaf extract. The synthesized NPs were characterized and confirmed via analysis methods. Different concentrations of biosynthesized AgNPs/Ur-PMO nanoparticles (0, 1, 5, 10, and 20mg L-1) were used as elicitors in cell suspension culture (CSC) of G. officinalis. The callus cells from hypocotyl explants were treated at their logarithmic growth phase (8th d) and were collected at time intervals of 24, 72, 120, and 168h. The viability and growth of cells were reduced (by 17% and 35%, respectively) at higher concentrations and longer treatments of AgNPs/Ur-PMO; however, the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased (1.23 and 3.01 fold, respectively in comparison with the control average). The highest total phenolic (2.43mgg-1 dry weight) and flavonoid (2.22mgg-1 dry weight) contents were obtained 168h after treatment with 10mg L-1 AgNPs/Ur-PMO. An increasing tendency in the antioxidant enzyme activities was also observed in all the elicitor concentrations. Treatment with AgNPs/Ur-PMO (in particular 5mg L-1 for 120h) significantly enhanced the galegine content (up to 17.42mgg-1) about 1.80 fold compared with the control. The results suggest that AgNPs/Ur-PMO can be used as an effective elicitor for enhancing galegine production in the CSC of G. officinalis. KEY POINTS: • The green biosynthesis of AgNPs/Ur-PMO was done using G. officinalis leaf extract • Its toxicity as an elicitor increased with increasing concentration and treatment time • AgNPs/Ur-PMO significantly increased the antioxidant capacity and galegine content.

An Attempt to Restore the Fertility of Miscanthus × giganteus

Miscanthus × giganteus is a popular industrial plant with great potential in ecological agriculture. It forms numerous rhizomes that are important in the sequestration of carbon dioxide. The plant can be a source of lignin and cellulose, biomass for renewable energy production, and can be used in small garden architecture, or to strengthen the banks of landslides. Breeding this species is difficult, as it is a sterile allotriploid with 57 chromosomes. The aim of the study was to obtain fertile plants of this species by treating its callus and regenerants with chromosome doubling agents such as colchicine, oryzalin, trifluralin, and caffeine at variable concentrations and durations. Callus cells naturally showed large variations in the number of chromosomes but only euploid cells regenerated plants. Treatment of the regenerants with 1252 µM colchicine for 18 h allowed for obtaining two hexaploid shoots; however, they died before flowering. Colchicine and oryzalin stimulated the formation of mixoploid shoots. The investigated substances, except for caffeine, were highly toxic to plants. M. × giganteus plants with 114 chromosomes may die because such a high number of chromosomes may be unfavorable for cells of this species.

ОРГАНОГЕНЕЗ IN VITRO КАК РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ СВОЙСТВА ПЛЮРИПОТЕНТНОСТИ СТВОЛОВЫХ КЛЕТОК МОРФОГЕННОГО КАЛЛУСА

The article provides the brief review of the literature and own works devoted to the peculiarities of organogenesis as the morphogenesis pathway in calli in the conditions of in vitro culture. Particular attention is paid to the issues of realization of the morphogenic potency of callus cells due to the pluripotency property. A comparison of organogenesis in vitro with similar events in organogenesis in planta confirms the validity of the principle of universality of plant morphogenesis processes in cultural and natural conditions [Батыгина, 2014]. The used terminology is analyzed. Such controversial issue as the property of stemness of callus cells is touched upon. The prospects of using organogenesis in vitro as a model for studying the most complex biological phenomenon of organogenesis in planta are discussed.