Calliptamus Italicus Research Articles

An Overview of Orthoptera Mass Occurrences in Croatia from 1900 to 2023.

During the last century, well-known locust species, such as Calliptamus italicus and Dociostaurus maroccanus, have produced outbreaks of varying degrees in the Balkans. The literature data on outbreaks in the region are scarce, and Croatia is not an exception. This study summarized the data on 23 Orthoptera mass occurrences in Croatia from 1900 to 2023 from 28 localities, representing 12 species. This is a low level of outbreak activity compared with other locust and pest grasshopper species in other parts of the world. The species with the most reporting is C. italicus with altogether six mass occurrences, while second is Barbitistes ocskayi and Miramella irena with three records, and in the third, place D. maroccanus and Gryllotalpa sp., each with two mass occurrences having been reported. One of the most notable swarms is that of Anacridium aegyptium which occurred around Šibenik in 1998, and this paper provides the first account of it, 25 years after it took place. The most recent outbreaks took place in 2022, and the most notable one was that of D. maroccanus swarm in Štikovo. The 2022 and 2023 reports were brief and muted, despite the affected agriculturists claiming significant damages.

Anatolian Short-Horned Grasshoppers Unveiled: Integrating Biogeography and Pest Potential.

Biogeographically, Anatolia harbours a rich diversity of short-horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Caelifera). The number of species recorded from Anatolia so far stands at 300. They inhabit diverse habitats ranging from arid Eremial to Euro-Siberian-like montane meadows, aligning with the topographical and climatological heterogeneity of Anatolia. Alongside some swarming species, the pest potential of several pullulating species needs attention. This is especially important concerning global warming, a scenario expected to be more severe in the Northern Mediterranean Basin in general and Anatolia specifically. A faunal list of biogeographic Anatolia, the area extending from the Aegean Sea in the west to the intermountain basin of the Caucasus in the northeast, the lowlands of Lake Urmia in the east, and Mesopotamia in the southeast, was developed. The recorded species were classified according to the phytogeographical provinces of Anatolia. Distributions of the species with the potential for pullulating were modelled using ecological-niche-modelling approaches for the present and future. The results have the potential to lead to the development of a concept that merges biogeography and the pest potential of certain Anatolian grasshopper species. Our results reveal the following: (i) Acrididae and Pamphagidae are the most diverse families represented in Anatolia; (ii) roughly 40% of Caelifera and 71% of Pamphagidae are endemics, suggesting Anatolia is a biodiversity hotspot; (iii) according to Caelifera diversity, the phytogeographical provinces of Anatolia follow an order of Irano-Anatolia, Euro-Siberia, Mediterranean, and Mesopotamia; and (iv) based on ecological modelling and personal observations, Dociostaurus maroccanus, Locusta migratoria, Calliptamus italicus, Heteracris pterosticha, Notostaurus anatolicus, Oedipoda miniata, and O. schochii should be monitored regarding their pest potential.

Members of the Genus Beauveria Associated with Natural Populations of Locusts in Southern European Russia

The species composition of fungal pathogens among three of the most harmful locust species (Asian migratory locust, Moroccan locust and Italian locust) in the southern Russian Federation was studied. Insects were sampled in 20 locations of seven federal subjects of the Russian Federation (Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Kalmykia; Krasnodar and Stavropol Krai; Astrakhan, Volgograd and Rostov Regions). Forty-five isolates belonging to the fungal genus Beauveria were collected, particularly isolates of B. bassiana and B. pseudobassiana. B. bassiana was the most prevalent, constituting 98% of the samples, and could be differentiated into three clades, as evidenced by the TEF gene and intergenic spacer Bloc. Clade 1, represented by the reference isolate ARSEF 2040, was most abundant (61%), and Clade 2, represented by ARSEF 1811, had lower abundance (27%). The remaining isolates either belonged to the genetically distinct Clade 3, represented by ARSEF 1564, or were found to fall outside the major lineages. The frequency of infection in locust populations was variable and tended to increase under conditions unfavorable for the insects. The vast majority of Beauveria isolates from locusts were highly virulent in this insect group.

Predictions Based on Different Climate Change Scenarios: The Habitat of Typical Locust Species Is Shrinking in Kazakhstan and Xinjiang, China.

Simple SummaryWe use maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, modelling to predict habitat change and inform on potential prevention and control of locust disasters. Our research work is based on three kinds of migratory locusts in a niche overlap and the geographic distribution of preliminary forecast of the locust, the geographical distribution of typical quantitative habitat suitability change, understanding the China–Kazakhstan border areas, the concentrated distribution area of typical locusts and its future expansion area. The scope of the initial assessment of typical locusts confirms the emphases of the locust control between the two countries in the region, to provide a basis for future monitoring work. Large-scale locust monitoring measures are difficult to implement in practice; therefore, this study will provide a regional monitoring focus for locust control efforts. Our study complements this by assessing priority areas for prevention.Climate change, especially climate extremes, can increase the uncertainty of locust outbreaks. The Italian locust (Calliptamus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758)), Asian migratory locust (Locusta migratoria migratoria Linnaeus, 1758), and Siberian locust (Gomphocerus sibiricus (Linnaeus, 1767)) are common pests widely distributed in the semidesert grasslands of Central Asia and its surrounding regions. Predicting the geographic distribution changes and future habitats of locusts in the context of climate warming is essential to effectively prevent large and sudden locust outbreaks. In this study, the optimized maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, employing a combination of climatic, soil, and topographic factors, was used to predict the potential fitness areas of typical locusts in the 2030s and 2050s, assuming four shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585) in the CMIP6 model. Modeling results showed that the mean area under the curve (AUC) and true statistical skill (TSS) of the MaxEnt model reached 0.933 and 0.7651, respectively, indicating that the model exhibited good prediction performance. Our results showed that soil surface sand content, slope, mean precipitation during the hottest season, and precipitation seasonality were the key environmental variables affecting locust distribution in the region. The three locust species were mainly distributed in the upstream region of the Irtysh River, the Alatao Mountain region, the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, around Sayram Lake, the eastern part of the Alakol Lake region, the Tekes River region, the western part of Ulungur Lake, the Ili River, and the upstream region of the Tarim River. According to several climate projections, the area of potential habitat for the three most common locust species will decrease by 3.9 × 104–4.6 × 104 km2 by the 2030s and by 6.4 × 104–10.6 × 104 km2 by the 2050s. As the climate becomes more extreme, the suitable area will shrink, but the highly suitable area will expand; thus, the risk of infestation should be taken seriously. Our study present a timely investigation to add to extensive literature currently appearing regarding the myriad ways climate change may affect species. While this naturally details a limited range of taxa, methods and potential impacts may be more broadly applicable to other locust species.

Comparative Analysis of Epicuticular Lipids in Locusta migratoria and Calliptamus italicus: A Possible Role in Susceptibility to Entomopathogenic Fungi.

Simple SummaryThe surface lipids of insects protect them from desiccation and may modulate susceptibility to fungal infections. We conducted a comparative analysis of cuticular lipids of the migratory locust and Italian locust. The former inhabits relatively wet landscapes and the latter more arid ones. We analyzed cuticular lipids of these species by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and found that the Italian locust has a hydrocarbon profile shifted toward long chains as well as a higher content of di- and trimethyl branched hydrocarbons, which is most likely an adaptation to the arid climate and strong temperature fluctuations in its habitats. Meanwhile, the surface of the Italian locust proved to be more hospitable for fungi. The number of Metarhizium conidia attached to the Italian locust cuticle was three-fold greater as compared to the migratory locust. Mortality due to the fungal infection was faster in the Italian locust under laboratory conditions. We propose that species inhabiting arid landscapes rarely encounter fungal pathogens and primarily deal with the problem of desiccation. Therefore, they can afford a cuticle that is hospitable to fungal pathogens.Cuticular lipids protect insects from desiccation and may determine resistance to fungal pathogens. Nonetheless, the trade-off between these lipid functions is still poorly understood. The migratory locust Locusta migratoria and the Italian locust Calliptamus italicus have dissimilar hygrothermal preferences: L. migratoria inhabits areas near water bodies with a reed bed, and C. italicus exploits a wide range of habitats and prefers steppes and semideserts with the predominance of sagebrushes. This paper presents significant differences between these species’ nymphs in epicuticular lipid composition (according to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry) and in susceptibility to Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. The main differences in lipid composition are shifts to longer chain and branched hydrocarbons (di- and trimethylalkanes) in C. italicus compared to L. migratoria. C. italicus also has a slightly higher n-alkane content. Fatty acids showed low concentrations in the extracts, and L. migratoria has a wider range of fatty acids than C. italicus does. Susceptibility to M. robertsii and the number of conidia adhering to the cuticle proved to be significantly higher in C. italicus, although conidia germination percentages on epicuticular extracts did not differ between the species. We propose that the hydrocarbon composition of C. italicus may be an adaptation to a wide range of habitats including arid ones but may make the C. italicus cuticle more hospitable for fungi.

Predicting suitable breeding areas for different locust species – A multi-scale approach accounting for environmental conditions and current land cover situation

In this study, we present a fused multi-scale approach to model habitat suitability index (HSI) maps for three different locust species. The presented methodology was applied for the Italian locust (Calliptamus italicus, CIT) in Pavlodar oblast, Northern Kazakhstan, for the Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus, DMA) in Turkistan oblast, South Kazakhstan and for the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) in Awash river basin, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia. The main novelty is based on implementing results from ecological niche modelling (ENM) with time-series analyses of high spatial resolution remote sensing data (Sentinel-2) and further auxiliary datasets in a fused HSI model. Within the ENM important climatic variables (e.g. temperature, rainfall) and edaphic variables (e.g. sand and moisture contents) are included at a coarse spatial resolution. The analyses of Sentinel-2 time-series data enables mapping locust breeding habitats based on recent remotely sensed land observation at high spatial resolution and mirror the actual vegetation state, land use, land cover and in this way identify areas with favorable conditions for egg survival and breeding. The fused HSI results for year 2019 were validated based on ground field observation and reach area under curve (AUC) performance of 0.747% for CIT, 0.850% for DMA and 0.801% for desert locust. The innovation of this study is a multi-scale approach which accounts not only for climatic and environmental conditions but also for current vegetation and land management situation. This kind of up-to-date spatial detailed information on breeding suitability could enable area prioritization for risk assessment, monitoring and early intervention of locust pests.

The Handsome Cross Grasshopper Oedaleus decorus (Germar, 1825) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) as a Neglected Pest in the South-Eastern Part of West Siberian Plain.

Simple SummaryThe handsome cross grasshopper is one of the most abundant and widely distributed grasshopper species over the steppe and semi-desert territories of Eurasia. In many areas, especially in east Mongolia and north-east China, it is a very common and dangerous pest on agriculture fields and pasturelands. However, the species was relatively rare in the steppes of west Siberia until the 1960s, but by the end of the last century, the geographic and ecological distribution of the handsome cross grasshopper was changed significantly. Nowadays, it often occurs across all steppes of the south-eastern part of West Siberian Plain, its abundance is high, and its populations are found in the forest-steppes and also on the eastern side of the Ob River. The authors tried to use ecologo-geographic modelling to estimate how species distribution may change in the near future.Oedaleus decorus is a widely distributed acridid over the Eurasian semi-arid territories, from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast. In many semi-arid territories, O. decorus was and is the most important pest, but in the south-eastern part of West Siberian Plain, it was not considered a pest until the 1960s. We compared two sets of data on the acridid distribution in the region: before 1960 and from 1961 until 2021. Until the 1960s, the species occurred mainly in the southern steppes. Since the 1960s, its distribution changed significantly. Nowadays, it occupies almost all local steppes and the southern part of the forest-steppes and can be also found on the eastern side of the Ob River. These shifts may be explained by both climatic changes and changes in human activities. During upsurges the densities of O. decorus were often more than one to two adults per square meter. It is often abundant in the same habitats and in the same periods as the Italian locust (Calliptamus italicus)—one of the most important acridid pests. This means during joint outbreaks these two species can simultaneously damage almost all spectrum of plants.

Transcriptome Analysis of the Differentially Expressed Heat-Resistant Genes between the Calliptamus Italicus and Gomphocerus Sibiricus Locusts

Transcriptome Analysis of the Differentially Expressed Heat-Resistant Genes between the Calliptamus Italicus and Gomphocerus Sibiricus Locusts

新疆典型蝗虫适生区分布预测

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 新疆典型蝗虫适生区分布预测 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202010192661 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 天山雪松项目（2020XS04）；新疆草原生物灾害遥感监测项目（2021） Prediction of potential living area of typical locusts in Xinjiang based on species distribution model Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: Tianshan Cedar Project 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:新疆草原面积广阔，农牧业地位突出，蝗灾对当地经济、生态威胁很大，近年新疆极端天气日渐频发，蝗灾监测与防治任务艰巨。以意大利蝗、西伯利亚蝗和亚洲飞蝗为代表的蝗虫数据为基础，综合考虑对蝗虫各生命周期有重要影响的环境因素，运用BIOCLIM模型、领域模型（DOMAIN）、马氏距离模型（MAHAL）、广义线性模型（GLM）、随机森林模型（RF）、提升回归树模型（BRT）、支持向量机模型（SVM）、最大熵模型（MaxEnt）等八种经典物种分布模型及集成模型对新疆典型蝗虫适生区展开了预测。结果表明：（1）不同模型对新疆典型蝗虫适生区预测存在差异，其中DOMAIN最差（曲线下面积（AUC）=0.688，真实技巧统计（TSS）=0.301），而提升回归树（BRT）最佳（AUC=0.920，TSS=0.910），基于BRT、SVM和MaxEnt 3个集成模型预测的新疆蝗虫适生区可靠性更高；（2）新疆典型蝗虫不同等级适生区面积约56.844万km2，占新疆总面积的36%，其中高适生区面积16.568万km2；（3）新疆典型蝗虫适生区主要集中于北疆阿勒泰、塔城地区，此外东部哈密地区及南疆绿洲边缘地带亦有分布。研究可为新疆草原工作部门推进蝗虫监测防治工作提供支持。 Abstract:Xinjiang grassland covers a vast area and occupies a prominent position in agriculture and animal husbandry. Locust plague is a great threat to the local economy and ecology. Furthermore, extreme weather in Xinjiang has become more frequent, the task of monitoring and preventing locust plagues is difficult. Based on the data of locusts represented by Italian locust, Siberian locust and Asian migratory locust, we comprehensively considered the environmental factors that had important influence on the different life cycles of locusts, and used eight typical species distribution models of BIOCLIM, DOMAIN, MAHAL, GLM, RF, BRT, SVM, MAXENT, and ensembled models to predict typical locust suitable areas in Xinjiang. The results showed that:(1) different models had differences in the prediction of typical locust suitable areas in Xinjiang, in which DOMAIN was the worst (AUC=0.688, TSS=0.301), and the BRT was the best (AUC=0.920, TSS=0.910). The prediction of the suitable area based on the three ensembled models of the BRT, SVM and MaxEnt was more reliable. (2) The suitable area of typical locusts of different grades in Xinjiang was about 568440 km2, accounting for 36% of the total area of Xinjiang, among which the high adaptable area was 165680 km2. (3) The typical locust breeding areas were mainly concentrated in the Altay and Tacheng areas of northern Xinjian. In addition, they were also distributed in Hami and the edge of oasis in southern Xinjiang. This study may provide support to the Xinjiang grassland authorities in their efforts to monitor and control locusts. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Italian locust: twenty years after the largest outbreak in the history

Italian locust: twenty years after the largest outbreak in the history

A checklist of orthopteran fauna (Insecta: Orthoptera) with some new records in the cold arid region of Ladakh, India

The study is mainly focused on the Orthopteran fauna of Ladakh. In the current field survey and literature survey, 29 species, 24 genera, 11 subfamilies, and five families belonging to four super families of Tettigonioidea (Krauss, 1902), Acridoidea (MacLeay, 1821), Eumastacoidea (Burr, 1899), and Pyrgomorphoidea (Burnner von Wattenwyl, 1847) are reported. The subfamily Gomphocerinae, and the following species Leva indica, Stenohippus mundus, Calliptamus italicus, Phaneroptera gracilis, Conocephalus longipennis, and C. maculatus are recorded for the first time from the region.

Comparative Analysis of Transposable Elements in Genus Calliptamus Grasshoppers Revealed That Satellite DNA Contributes to Genome Size Variation

Transposable elements (TEs) play a significant role in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes genome size evolution, structural changes, duplication, and functional variabilities. However, the large number of different repetitive DNA has hindered the process of assembling reference genomes, and the genus level TEs diversification of the grasshopper massive genomes is still under investigation. The genus Calliptamus diverged from Peripolus around 17 mya and its species divergence dated back about 8.5 mya, but their genome size shows rather large differences. Here, we used low-coverage Illumina unassembled short reads to investigate the effects of evolutionary dynamics of satDNAs and TEs on genome size variations. The Repeatexplorer2 analysis with 0.5X data resulted in 52%, 56%, and 55% as repetitive elements in the genomes of Calliptamus barbarus, Calliptamus italicus, and Calliptamus abbreviatus, respectively. The LINE and Ty3-gypsy LTR retrotransposons and TcMar-Tc1 dominated the repeatomes of all genomes, accounting for 16-35% of the total genomes of these species. Comparative analysis unveiled that most of the transposable elements (TEs) except satDNAs were highly conserved across three genomes in the genus Calliptamus grasshoppers. Out of a total of 20 satDNA families, 17 satDNA families were commonly shared with minor variations in abundance and divergence between three genomes, and 3 were Calliptamus barbarus specific. Our findings suggest that there is a significant amplification or contraction of satDNAs at genus phylogeny which is the main cause that made genome size different.

RESEARCH ON THE ENTOMOFAUNA OF ORTHOPTERA IN SOME VEGETABLE CROPS IN SOUTHERN OLTENIA

Orthoptera comprise an order of common insects, most of which are phytophagous, but there are also predatory orthoptera. They are found all over the world and adapt to the environmental conditions in which they are found. Orthoptera insects are pests of vegetable plants, destroying large areas, so vegetable growers are familiar with them. The research was carried out in the Amărăștii de Jos stationary in 2020 in vegetable crops. The aim of the research was to identify orthoptera species in vegetable crops and two methods were used to collect them: the beer trap method and the Barber soil trap method). Orthopteran insects were identified with the help of specialized determiners, then classified by family down to species level. Orthoptera currently identified in the stationary studied included six species, namely: Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Gryllus campestris, Gryllus desertus, Acrida hungarica, Dociostaurus maroccanus and Calliptamus italicus. The species with the most specimens is Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (42 specimens) and the species with the fewest specimens is Dociostaurus maroccanus (3 specimens).

Ups and Downs of the Italian Locust (Calliptamus italicus L.) Populations in the Siberian Steppes: On the Horns of Dilemmas

The Italian locust is a common species and one of the most important pest in the steppes, semi-deserts, and deserts of Central and Southwestern Asia and also in the Mediterranean Region. The aim of this paper is to discuss some problems arising from studies of eco-geographical distribution and long-term dynamics of this species, especially in the southern part of West Siberia, and their consequences for management of pest species and rare forms. Peculiarities of the Italian locust populations’ distribution and long-term dynamics are discussed for the north-eastern part of the species range (south-eastern West Siberian Plain, North-East and, partly, East Kazakhstan). Notable differences between local populations are revealed. Some issues arising from results of insecticide experimental treatments (mainly effectiveness of barrier applications with different compounds in variable environment) and ecological association between the Italian locust and rare Orthoptera are also discussed. Some suggestions as to requirements for improved monitoring, supervision, control, and forecasting of the Italian locust populations’ distribution and dynamics are also provided.

Application of Remote Sensing Data for Locust Research and Management-A Review.

Simple SummaryLocust outbreaks around the world regularly affect vast areas and millions of people. Mapping and monitoring locust habitats, as well as prediction of locust outbreaks is essential to minimize the damage on crops and pasture. In this context, remote sensing has become one of the most important data sources for effective locust management. This review paper summarizes remote sensing-based studies for locust management and research over the past four decades and reveals progress made and gaps for further research. We quantify which locust species, regions of interest, sensor data and variables were mainly used and which thematic foci were of interest. Our review shows that most studies were conducted for the desert locust, the migratory locust and Australian plague locust and corresponding areas of interest. Remote sensing studies for other destructive locust species are rather rare. Most studies utilized data from optical sensors to derive NDVI and land cover for mapping and monitoring the locust habitats. Furthermore, temperature, precipitation and soil moisture are derived from thermal infrared, passive and active radar sensors. Applications of the European Sentinel fleet, entire Landsat archive or very-high-spatial-resolution data are rare. Implementing new methods (e.g., data fusion) and additional data sources could provide new insights for locust research and management.Recently, locust outbreaks around the world have destroyed agricultural and natural vegetation and caused massive damage endangering food security. Unusual heavy rainfalls in habitats of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and lack of monitoring due to political conflicts or inaccessibility of those habitats lead to massive desert locust outbreaks and swarms migrating over the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, India and Pakistan. At the same time, swarms of the Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus) in some Central Asian countries and swarms of the Italian locust (Calliptamus italicus) in Russia and China destroyed crops despite developed and ongoing monitoring and control measurements. These recent events underline that the risk and damage caused by locust pests is as present as ever and affects 100 million of human lives despite technical progress in locust monitoring, prediction and control approaches. Remote sensing has become one of the most important data sources in locust management. Since the 1980s, remote sensing data and applications have accompanied many locust management activities and contributed to an improved and more effective control of locust outbreaks and plagues. Recently, open-access remote sensing data archives as well as progress in cloud computing provide unprecedented opportunity for remote sensing-based locust management and research. Additionally, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems bring up new prospects for a more effective and faster locust control. Nevertheless, the full capacity of available remote sensing applications and possibilities have not been exploited yet. This review paper provides a comprehensive and quantitative overview of international research articles focusing on remote sensing application for locust management and research. We reviewed 110 articles published over the last four decades, and categorized them into different aspects and main research topics to summarize achievements and gaps for further research and application development. The results reveal a strong focus on three species—the desert locust, the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), and the Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera)—and corresponding regions of interest. There is still a lack of international studies for other pest species such as the Italian locust, the Moroccan locust, the Central American locust (Schistocerca piceifrons), the South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata), the brown locust (Locustana pardalina) and the red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata). In terms of applied sensors, most studies utilized Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre VEGETATION (SPOT-VGT), Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) as well as Landsat data focusing mainly on vegetation monitoring or land cover mapping. Application of geomorphological metrics as well as radar-based soil moisture data is comparably rare despite previous acknowledgement of their importance for locust outbreaks. Despite great advance and usage of available remote sensing resources, we identify several gaps and potential for future research to further improve the understanding and capacities of the use of remote sensing in supporting locust outbreak- research and management.

Distribution Patterns of Grasshoppers and Their Kin over the Eurasian Steppes

Simple SummaryThe steppe zone is the huge area in temperate Eurasia where different grasslands form the main type of vegetation. The main part of this life zone has been transformed by human activity and used for crop cultivation (mainly wheat) and livestock. Regional and local transformations and/or climate changes can result in some shifts in species and population distribution of Orthoptera. Over this area, the climatic conditions and the dominated grasslands are suitable for numerous grasshoppers and their relatives, especially the graminivorous ones. The general level of their diversity is usually high. Many species are very abundant and may become important pests. However, there are also many rare species. The main aims of this paper are to reveal general patterns of Orthoptera distribution in the Eurasian steppes, to evaluate long-term trends of changes in distribution of taxa and populations, and to estimate the potential for population changes relative to human activity and global warming trends.The main aims of this paper are to reveal general patterns of Orthoptera distribution in the Eurasian steppes, to evaluate long-term trends of changes in distribution of taxa and populations, and to estimate the potential for population changes relative to human activity and global warming trends. The main publications concerning diversity and distribution of these insects over the steppes are analyzed. The fauna of the Eurasian steppes includes more than 440 species of Orthoptera. The general distribution of grasshoppers and their kin in the Eurasian steppes reflects their common associations with different grasslands. The species richness increases from the relatively cold forest-steppes to the semi-deserts with their warm summer. There are some endemic or subendemic taxa, including the tribe Onconotini (Tettigoniidae). The populations’ distribution of Orthoptera is also analyzed. The populations of native Orthoptera extend through all the herbaceous landscapes. Under these conditions, the interrelating of colonies of each species may result in great abundance. The population distribution of three species locusts (Locusta migratoria, Calliptamus italicus, Dociostaurus maroccanus) is also discussed. Some notable changes of their populations’ distribution and dynamics are characterized. The situation with rare Orthoptera is estimated. Retrospective and prospective of the steppe fauna of Orthoptera are discussed.

ГАЖ-технологияларды қолдана отырып зиянды шегірткелердің табын түрлерін биологиялық бақылау

In 2018-2020, domestic and foreign biological insecticides were tested against three species of herd locusts; Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunb., Locusta migratoria migratoria L. and Calliptamus italicus L. Scientific research was carried out in the main regional locust foci in Almaty, Zhambyl, Turkestan and Kyzylorda regions. The spring-autumn examination of locust pods was carried out according to generally accepted methods in entomology. The examined deposits of pods were recorded by a GPS device. Tested drugs: 1) Actarophyte 1% is a complex of natural avermectins, 2) Actarophyte 1.8% is produced from the same soil fungus, DV - Bifenazate. 3) Green barrier, S.P. is developed on the basis of the fungus Beauveria bassiana, 108 CFU/g. 4) Mikolar B, Mikolar M. are based on strains of entomopathogenic fungi of boveria and metarizium from the collection of the biotechnology laboratory of Kazniizikr LLP. 5) Novacrid is a drug manufactured by Elephant Vert. The drug is pure spores of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. 6) Greene gold, 0.3% by weight (azadirakhtin, 0.3%). In general, all the tested means have shown one or another effectiveness in the fight against locust larvae. The most rapid and strong toxic effect was shown by the drug actofit based on avermectins - up to 90-99% mortality on day 1-3, up to 100% mortality on day 10. The herbal preparation Greene Gold showed a slightly smaller effect on all three types of locusts. Mycola B and Mycola M did not show high efficacy, which is due to the lack of preparation forms. In experiments on the use of the So-450 sprayer and the Gaia 160 AG UAV as a treatment technique against locust larvae, identical results were obtained in all experiments, which will further simplify the test procedure using only one of the types of equipment, depending on the circumstances.

The species composition of the harmful entomofauna of soybean crops in the conditions of rice paddies

Goal. To determine the species composition of soybean phytophages under rice checks.
 Methods. The main field method with related phenological observations and analyzes. The study of the species composition of soybean pests was carried out in rice paddies of the Institute of Rice of the NAAS by collecting all objects with their subsequent identification. The survey was carried out once every 3—7 days: the first counts were in the third decade of May, when the plants were in the germination phase. Recorded plants were placed diagonally. On the experimental site, five plants were examined in 20 places.
 Results. Studies have been carried out to clarify the species composition of harmful entomofauna in soybean crops under the conditions of rice checks in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Found 20 species of phytophagus from 7 rows and 11 families and one species of spider mite: мeadow moth (Margaritia sticticalis L.); thistle, or vanessa thistle (Vanessa cardui L.); grass bug (Lygus rugulipennis Popp.); alfalfa bug (Carpocoris fuscispinus Boh.); alfalfa stink bug (Piezodorus lituratus F.); tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.); scoop-gamma (Autographa gamma L.); alfalfa moth (Chloridea viriplaca Hfn.); green horse (Tettigonia viridissima L.); Italian Prussian (Calliptamus italicus L.); large cereal aphid (Sitobion avenae F.); Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunb.); six-point leafhopper (Macrosteles laevis Kib.); striped leafhopper (Psammotettix striatus L.); nosy tree (Aelia rostrata Bsh.); striped nodule weevil (Sitona lineatus L.); gray bristly weevil (Sitona crinitus Hfn.); cotton scoop (Helicoverpa armigera Hfn.); acacia moth (Etiella zinckenella Tr.), two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.).
 Conclusions. As a result of research in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, 20 species of phytophagous insects from 7 rows, 11 families and one species of tick were found in soybeans. The vast majority of pests in terms of numbers are among the Lepidoptera — 38%. These species damaged soybeans during the growing season and influenced the formation of the yield.

Seasonal dynamics number of the Italian Prus (Calliptamus Italicus L.) in the Mugalzhar region

The article describes the current state of populations of the Italian locust (Calliptamus italicus L.),one of the most dangerous pests of agricultural crops in the Mugalzhar district of the Aktobe region. Theannual dynamics of the local population of the Italian locust in this area is given according to the resultsof spring, spring-summer, summer and autumn systematic surveys in 2019 in agricultural areas. During the spring survey of 2.0 thousand hectares of state land in the rural districts of Enbek, Kumzhargan,Batpakkol, Taldysai and the K. Zhubanov, egg-pods of the Italian locust were found on 0.33 thousandhectares of the territory. Average density per 1 m2 was 4-4.8 individuals. The number of eggs in a testtube was 26-28. Larvae damaged 37-40% of the land. During the spring-summer monitoring of 20.0thousand hectares of land in this area, the spread of Italian locust larvae was observed on 0.06 thousandhectares. The density was 3-4 larvae per 1 m2. The appearance of larvae on the lands of the state reserveof the Enbekshi rural district was observed, while on the lands of the state reserve of the Kumzharganrural district, the Italian locust was observed during the fledging period. During the summer monitoring carried out to determine the time of mating and laying of eggs, on the territory of 90.0 thousand hectaresno adult locusts were observed. During autumn monitoring, no Italian locust larvae were found in theMugalzhar region. According to the results of monitoring and systematic observations in 2019, there iscurrently a decrease in the number of Italian locusts in the Mugalzhar region.Key words: Italian locust, population, monitoring, Mugalzhar district, egg-pod, dynamics

ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРОНИКНОВЕНИЯ ИТАЛЬЯНСКОГО ПРУСА В СУБЪЕКТЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В XXI ВЕКЕ В СВЯЗИ С НАБЛЮДАЕМЫМИ И ОЖИДАЕМЫМИ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯМИ КЛИМАТА

Estimates of the possibility of invasion of the dangerous herd pest the Italian locust (Calliptamus italicus L.) into various constituent entities of the Russian Federation are carried out. For that the calculations of the climatic predictor values and further modeling of the Italian locust climatic range were made for the periods 1951-1970 and 1991-2010, using the real climatic data, and for the periods of the middle and end of the XXI century (2035-2054 and 2080-2099) relative to the period 1981-2000. The future climate data were calculated on the base of the average model climate for 31 CMIP5 models with the development of a “moderate” scenario of anthropogenic impact on the Earth’s climate system RCP4.5. According to the data obtained, the climatic range of the Italian locust will expand significantly into the more northern and northeastern regions of our country, and individual foci can appear in the eastern, including Far Eastern, regions by the middle and the end of the XXI century. The expansion of the real range of Calliptamus italicus L., observed at the beginning of the XXI century, associated with the already occurred change in climatic conditions, is consistent with model calculations, and many regions of Russia that are part of the potential climatic model range of this locust pest have already become favorable for its location. Therefore it is necessary to monitor constantly the status of pest populations in areas adjacent to the northern and eastern borders of its range.