Caliphate Research Articles

Opinion of Hadith Scholars on The Understanding of Hadith by Extremists

More than 120 Muslim scholars around the world have rejected Al-Baghdadi's caliphate and condemned atrocities committed by ISIS through one open letter distributed at the end of September 2014. The scholars decided that the concept of the Islamic caliphate is not valid. The article seeks to uncover and deal with hadith concerns misinterpreted by ISIS and addressed by hadith scholars’ views. This article uses library research techniques to gather a variety of ideas, facts, research findings, and expert opinions along with pertinent analysis. Among the causes of confusion and misunderstanding of hadith amongst Muslim is the development of technology, which allows people to obtain and interpret information about hadith without consulting religious experts, using logic of reason in interpreting the hadith, understanding the hadith without considering maqasid, misunderstanding of the contextual approach, and others. The results of this writing are expected to assist Muslim community in understanding the hadiths of the Prophet SAW well without any confusion that can distort their belief and practice.

ARAB ADMINISTRATION AND SETTLEMENT POLICY IN AZERBAIJAN

After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the caliphs who came to power continued the conquests started with the aim of spreading Islam. Some of these activities were related to Azerbaijan. Like every state, the Arab caliphate had its own administrative system, which was more or less the same in all regions. The Arab armies governed the newly conquered territories by appointing governors. From the first day of its capture, Azerbaijan began to be governed by governors appointed here. The first governor who adopted Ardabil as his center, as it was during the Sassanid period, was Hüzeyfa b. al-Yaman has been. We can say that the Arab caliphate aimed to reduce the influence of the Byzantine and Khazars, the leading states of that time, in the region by attracting the local people to their side and forming a unified power unit relying on the support of the local people in the future struggle against them.

Holy war and the international order

ABSTRACT Scholars have traditionally characterised perang sabil, the Malay term for waging holy war in the way of Allah, as the predominant feature of the Aceh War in the late 19th century. In this sense, perang sabil was often understood as a natural response of Acehnese Muslims toward the Dutch (kafir) invasion of Aceh. This perspective emphasised the existence of rigid borders and centuries of rivalry between the Muslim world and Christendom. It tends to locate the Sultanate of Aceh as an outsider of the broader international society. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged such depictions. Scholars maintain that Muslim empires or sultanates historically integrated into and contributed to international society, effectively dismantling the binary notion of Muslim versus Christian. Ibrahim Alfian, an Acehnese scholar, has suggested that the Acehnese ulama formally declared perang sabil after 1877, four years after the Dutch first invasion, and it gained popularity in the 1880s. This raises the question: If perang sabil is considered a natural Muslim response to a Christian (kafir) empire, why did it not occur from the outset of the Aceh War? This article posits that Acehnese perang sabil was a reaction to the evolving stratification of the international society in the late 19th century, the persistent racialisation of Muslims, and the Dutch colonial genocide during the Aceh War.

The Predicament of Security: Tracing Two Years of Taliban Rule

The paper is an overall assessment of the security situation in Afghanistan that includes both traditional and non-traditional aspects. The paper highlights the deteriorating internal security that is bolstering Pashtunisation in Afghanistan and causing the forced displacement of non-Pashtuns. The implication of this grim development in India’s neighbourhood has severely impacted the peace and security of the Central Asian Region, Russia, China, Iran, India and Pakistan. The victory of the Taliban has resuscitated myriad terrorist groups who want to establish Islamic Caliphate in neighbouring countries, therefore leading to the gradual Talibanisation of the Asian region. The paper also delves into how the departure of foreign forces has created a power vacuum in Afghanistan that has led to the revival of a New Great Game with the addition of regional actors.

متن و شرح رسالۀ «کیفیت واقعۀ بغداد» نصیرالدین طوسی

The Mongols’ invasion of the territories of the Islamic world, especially Baghdad, the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, had great consequences, including the fall of Baghdad and the Bani Abbas Caliphate, the killing of the Caliph, and extensive destruction in the geography of their invasion. About half a century after the invasion of the Mongols, Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328), regardless of historical documents, accused Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, a prominent thinker, of collusion and cooperation with Hulagu Khan. After Ibn Taymiyyah Harrani, these accusations were followed and disseminated in religious, historical, rijal (the study of hadith narrators and their personality), and even moral books by his students, such as Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya (1292-1350). This article is an attempt to deny these accusations. Relying on the earliest historical documents, it tries to describe the historical event as it happened. In this regard, the article first provides the text of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi’s short treatise “On the Baghdad Incident”, included in Aladdin Atamalik Juveyni’s “Tarikh-i Jahangusha”, and then presents its descriptive interpretation separately. Although this treatise is short, it contains all the important points, from Hulagu Khan’s decision to go to war to the conquest of Baghdad and the analysis of the internal factors of the fall of the caliphate. This treatise, above all, is a very solid argument. For its author first of all was the witness of the Baghdad events. Secondly, in this writing, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi examines the Mongols’ attack on Baghdad but does not mention his own activity or role in the attack on Baghdad. Thirdly, if he had an activity and a role in this incident, or if he had an intention to take revenge on his religious opponents considering the situation, he should at least have hinted and expressed his approval, which is not the case at all.

Paradigm Of The Relationship Of Religion And The State

Religion has a central role in the history of world civilization. From the era of the Indus River Valley Civilization, Mesopotamia, to the golden age of the Islamic Caliphate and the European Colonialist Empire. Kings, emperors, and sultans always established close relations with intellectuals and religious leaders. Religion has been a tool for governing society since the beginning of human history. The research method used in this literature review involves analyzing various literature sources relevant to the theme of religion and state relations in the context of Islamic perspectives. This research will focus on the development of views in the context of the 20th century with the emergence of integralistic, symbiotic, and secularistic paradigms in managing the relationship between religion and state, to provide a comprehensive picture of the dynamics of this thought in a relevant time frame. All these paradigms reflect the complex dynamics in the debate over the concept and implementation of the relationship between religion and state within the framework of Islamic thought.

Palestinian Independence and Religious Extremism: Using the Palestinian Issue as a Khilafah Islamiyah Propaganda Tool on Instagram

Israel's attack on the Gaza area has become a major human rights issue that has attracted public attention. The genocide, which began on October 7, 2023, has claimed thousands of innocent lives. All Muslims in the world sympathize with the disaster that occurred in Palestine. However, this sympathy is vulnerable to being infiltrated by religious radicalism movements, especially those related to opinions spread on social media. Therefore, this research focuses on looking at these potentials. This research is empirical research using netnographic data collection by the hashtag #khilafah on Instagram. Based on this search, an account was found with the name @bultendakwahkaffah, which is an Instagram account for online bulletins spreading propaganda for the Khilafah Islamiyah movement. The propaganda spread by this account revolves around the implementation of an Islamic caliphate, which can guarantee the implementation of Palestinian independence. The form of Khilafah Islamyah as a representation of the unity of the Muslim ummah will liberate Palestine from Israeli colonialism, relying on the unity of all Muslims in the world and the implementation of Islamic law. The author also found that the account in question was affiliated with the ideologies of the Hizbut Tahrir organization, which was disbanded by the government in 2017. The Palestinian issue, which is full of humanity, really attracts the sympathy of the wider community. By hiding behind humanitarian issues, it is feared that the Islamic caliphate movement, which has long been a problem, will attract sympathy from many people on social media.

CRITICAL STUDY ON THE DA’WAH MOVEMENT OF THE MUSLIMAH OF HIZB UT-TAHRIR INDONESIA IN ESTABLISHING AN ISLAMIC SOCIETY IN INDONESIA

This research is a scientific paper arising from a thought of the big amount of women population along with their roles in building society and human civilization. However, empowerment of women, as the subject of da’wah, is still less, both in terms of the quality and the quantity. Hence, women as the da’wah object have not been properly managed. For that reason, the reseachers are interested in studying the activities of the da’wah movement of the Muslimah of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia. The da’wah movement the Muslimah of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia is chosen as the research object since building an Islamic society is related to their central issue of establishing an Islamic Caliphate. For analyzing such an issue, the researches determine the problem formulation, namely: how does the da’wah movement of the Muslimah of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia realize an Islamic society? The method of the research is qualitative, namely by conducting observation along with interviews, library researches, and an analytic description method. The discussion result was obtained through a study of the da’wah movement of the Muslimah of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia by utilizing da’wah approaches, both in terms of the manhaj, da’wah elements, and da’wah objectives, and then analyzing them. The result discloses that the da’wah movement of the Muslimah of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia focuses on the da’wah of thoughts only. Therefore, those who have a vision of realizing an Islamic Caliphate and leading Indonesia will not be able to realize an Islamic society, or even to lead the country or to realize an Islamic Caliphate.

From Avicenna to Salam: The Excommunication of Muslim Scholars in the Islamic World

In this study, I have attempted to explain why, in the scientific realm, the Islamic world, after an impressive shine, showed a decline. I hypothesize that this was the result of philosophical and theological views of theologians like Al-Ghazali and Ibn Taymiyyah as opposed to the scientific work of Islamic scholars. The atmosphere was not conducive for the pursuit of scientific and intellectual activities among Islamic Caliphates. The excommunication of scholars by superficial theologians, Sufism, and Salafists’ influences on authorities is the primary reason for the backward nature of the Islamic world. I also contend that the excommunication of Islamic scholars in Islamic societies still persists in the modern epoch. An example of this is the excommunication of Professor Abdus Salam in Pakistan.

Medieval Caucasian Consumption and Identity: A Study of Splashed Sgraffito Wares

NEW AND DISTINCT CERAMIC TYPES emerged from the cultural centres of the Islamic Caliphate in Western Asia beginning in the eighth century AD. Islamic potters carefully added colour, glaze, and finishes to their vessels, which became luxury items throughout the Caliphate. People within the sphere of influence of the Islamic Caliphate slowly adopted objects, such as unique styles of glazed pottery, which symbolised status and power. The Byzantine Empire and Islamic Caliphate both influenced the material culture of the Southern Caucasus, which ebbed and flowed between them both. In particular, the emerging Caucasian polities in medieval Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan began to produce splashed sgraffito ceramics in the 9th and 10th centuries AD that were very similar to those created by Islamic potters in centres such as Baghdad, Samarra, and Nishapur. Scholars have explained such changes in Caucasian consumption patterns as the result of influence and trade between the Islamic Empire and the Caucasus; however, they have not considered the cultural implications of such a change. My paper discusses how Caucasian elites and eventually even the peasantry used splashed sgraffito to construct their individual and group identities. I examine three sites from the Caucasus where local potters produced and used splashed sgraffito ceramics. I assess Ani in Armenia, Shamkir in Azerbaijan, and Tbilisi in Georgia. My analysis suggests that ceramics played a larger role in the construction of political and individual identity at a time when independent kingdoms were emerging in the Caucasus.

Террористическая ситуация в Юго-Восточной Азии: от аль-Каиды* к ИГИЛ** и современному этапу

The article examines the process of evolution of terrorism in the Muslim regions of Southeast Asia. Its activation is linked to the involvement of Southeast Asian radicals in international terrorist networks, which transforms the terrorist landscape in Southeast Asia, with a concomitant increase in violence and extremism. This meets the request of part of the Muslim community to create a regionwide Islamic caliphate governed by the Sharia law. The article analyzes the reasons for the transformation of Southeast Asia into one of the epicenters of international terrorism, which leads to counterterrorism response that has in turn spurred the adaptation of terrorist groups’ strategy and tactics. The case studies used to explore this transformation are the largest terrorist structures in the region, in particular "Jemaah Islamiyah" and "Jamaah Ansharut Daulah". At the present stage, a degree of fragmentation and autonomization of terrorist organizations can be traced. While this reduces the threat of major terrorist attacks, this probability cannot be excluded in view of the ongoing processes of radicalization and religious indoctrination of a part of the Muslim community that retains confidence in the use of violence as a means of creating an Islamic state in Southeast Asia. The factors contributing to the spread of this ideological narrative in a part of the Muslim community are considered, including the special role of the Internet and social links in its self-radicalization. The most vulnerable group is the youth. "Jemaah Islamiyah"’s decision to self-dissolve is a critical moment in the fight against terrorism in Southeast Asia. However, as the main socio-economic and political causes of radicalization of some Muslims are not addressed, the threat of terrorist attacks is assessed to remain at a fairly high level.

ИСЛАМ НА СЕВЕРНОМ КАВКАЗЕ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

The aim of the study is to identify the features of the development of Islam in the North Caucasus, establish the causes that contribute to extremist and separatist manifestations and determine measures to eliminate them. The article examines the genesis of Islam in the North Caucasus and the main reasons that contributed to this process. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the Russian state and Sufi Islam, traditional for the region. Aspects of the confrontation between Sufi Islam and radical Islam (Salafism) are touched upon. The reasons contributing to the spread of religious extremism are determined. Measures are proposed aimed at strengthening the all-Russian identity and eliminating the causes and conditions that contribute to disintegration on religious grounds. The methodological basis of the study was philosophical methods and principles of cognition. The work organically combines the method of comparative analysis in combination with the principles of objectivity, historicism, unity of historical and logical, dialectics of objective and subjective factors of history, general scientific research approaches (systemic, structural and functional). Among the general scientific methods used, one can note - analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, etc. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that Islam penetrates the North Caucasus already in the 6th century. The process of Islamization is due to the cultural influence of the Arab Caliphate, the Seljuk Turks, the Golden Horde, the conquests of Timur, Iran, the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate. Islamization of the region was mainly completed in the 19th century, which was facilitated by the Caucasian War, during which Islam became the ideological basis of the struggle against the Russian Empire. Sunni Islam, the Shafi'i madhhab, was established in the North Caucasus in the form of Sufi brotherhoods. This religious movement has become part of the local tradition. The relationship between Islam and the Russian state, and then the USSR, was contradictory. Persecution alternated with periods of mutually beneficial cooperation. In the Russian Empire, Islam was recognized as a tolerant religion. In the USSR, like other religions, it was persecuted by the atheistic regime. With the abolition of the monopoly of communist ideology, a religious renaissance began. The religious factor was used to confront the federal center during the first Chechen war. Later, a process of gradual convergence of the interests of the federal government and representatives of Sufism began, due to the emergence of a common enemy - radical Islam (Salafism). The popularity of the Salafi ideology is due to economic problems, historical grievances, changes in the demographic and social structure of North Caucasian society. To eliminate the causes of religious extremism in the region, it is necessary to: improve its economic situation; delicately approach the coverage of historical issues; propose a modern secular national supra-religious modernization project; strengthen the all-Russian identity and increase the prestige of Russian citizenship.

Cultural Impact of Scholars in the Andalusian Emirate (138-442 AH / 756-1031 AD)

Scholars during the Islamic ages played a significant role in the development of society, culture, and various other fields including economy, science, literature and arts etc. With the fragmentation of Abbasid caliphate, various rulers became independent and formed parallel caliphates, and adopted their own approaches towards development. Andalusian emirate is one such independent kingdom in southern Spain, which disowned its diligence to the Islamic caliphate, and adopted its own approaches to the development of the region. Scholars during this period played a significant role in transfer of technology from foreign regions, leading innovation in various sciences such as agronomy, astrology, astronomy, mathematics, arts, philosophy etc. All these events led to a significant impact on the culture and society, which are discussed and presented in this paper.

Bangladeş Hukuk Sisteminde Şüf'a ‘Önalım’ Hakkı Uygulamasının İslam Hukuku Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi

The Shufʻah ‘preemption’ law, a significant component of Islamic Shari'ah law, safeguards the rights of land partners and neighbors. Originating in 622 AD, it has played a crucial role in Muslim empires for over 1400 years. In response to contemporary challenges, such as fragmented land transactions and decreasing per capita land availability, modernizing land management laws, including pre-purchase rights, is essential. This article examines the Shufʻah Law's dimensions and compares Bangladesh's current national legal framework. Pre-emption rights empower co-sharers to acquire land before others, with consent or waiver paving the way for third-party acquisition. In Bangladesh, three legal approaches to pre-emption exist: the Muslim Law Approach, the State Acquisition & Tenancy Act 1950 Approach, and the Non-agricultural Tenancy Act 1949 Approach. The research relies on the viewpoint of the Hanafi school, which holds significance in Bangladesh's family law owing to the widespread adherence of the majority to this specific Madhab. In addition, the study seeks to explore the legal standing of the right of pre-emption in Bangladesh through the lens of Islamic law, provide solutions to this matter, and assess the feasibility of integrating pre-emption law principles into contemporary land law practices.

Peradapan Islam Pada Masa Abu Bakar Ash-Shiddiq

This article discusses the caliph Abu Bakr ash Siddiq as the first caliph of Muslims after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Before being led by the Caliph, Muslims were led by an Apostle, the messenger of Allah, named Prophet Muhammad SAW. Before the prophet was born in Arabia had diverse beliefs and could be said to be the Age of Jahiliyah. After the Prophet Muhammad was born again, the life of the Arab occupation began to change according to the teachings of the Qur'an. After the death of the new prophet Muhammad called the leadership period of the Khulafa ar Rasyidun period, where the first khalifa named Abu Bakr Ash Siddiq who was born in 573 AD and died on 23 Jumadil Akhir 13H/634M. he was a friend of the prophet, during his reign many Arabs returned to their previous religion (apostasy) and many who claimed to be prophets did not pay zakat. caliph Abu Bakr Ash Shiddiq consulted with the leaders of the Muhajirin and Ansar about their departure to the north. At the time of the ashes, education was also very important. This article uses historical (historical) research methods to search, collect, prove, interpret, and present the results of an imaginative reconstruction of the past according to its traces.

HIJRA COMMUNITY AND RELIGIOUS MODERATION AMONG MILLENNIALS IN SOLORAYA

The development of the hijra community in Soloraya has significantly influenced all societal levels, particularly the millennial generation. This research aims to identify the model of religious moderation within the millennial generation in Soloraya, focusing on the hijra community, especially the Legawa and Bi-Adzab communities. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, the analysis utilizes an interactive model encompassing data reduction, delivery, and conclusion drawing. The Legawa and Bi-Adzab hijra communities leverage public spaces for discourse, promoting a moderate, friendly, and welcoming interpretation of religion. Legawa and Bi-Adzab encourage Islam to enter deep into the public sphere so that it can access facilities properly so as not to threaten democracy and pluralism. These communities advocate for a deeper integration of Islam into the public sphere, ensuring proper access to facilities without compromising democracy and pluralism. Legawa and Bi-Adzab have become symbols of cultural resistance against Islamic movements advocating takfiri ideology and the Islamic caliphate, which are less accommodating of local traditions deemed laisa minal Islam. These communities prioritize local religious traditions in their activities, aiming to shape identity and enhance moral values. They serve as spiritual spaces that strengthen faith and promote a universal respect for local customs. The ultimate goal of Legawa and Bi-Adzab is to elevate the spirituality and religious devotion of the millennial generation.

Movement of Muslimah Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (MHTI) Against Feminism, 2000-2017

The Feminist movement became a forum to voice women's injustice which then caused social changes. However, some organizations oppose the understanding and movement of Feminism, one of them is Muslimah Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (MHTI). This study aims to find out the rejection movements and thoughts of MHTI against Feminism. There are three things discussed, The first is the development history of Indonesia Muslimah Hizbut Tahrir (MHTI). The second is MHTI’s thoughts on the role of women, and the third is MHTI’s rejection of feminism. The method type of this research is the history method, these are heuristic, verification, interpretation, and historiography. This study results are MHTI was an HTI's autonomous organization that wished to establish an Islamic Caliphate based on Kaffah Islamic Syari’a. Then, MHTI argued that women's main role was to be housewives who are responsible for caring for children and fostering a harmonious family. MHTI firmly rejected feminism because it is considered as destroying the structure of men's and women's roles that had been determined in Islam. So, they acted in various regions to spread their ideas.

Drawing a “Geopolitics” of Medieval Middle East: Political Alliance and Rivalry among Islamic Caliphates, the Mongols, and the European Kingdoms

This article aims to sketch the “geopolitics” of the past by investigating the context of the medieval Islamic world. Not only in today’s world, international political and economic relations have also had their precedents in the past. Given its strategic position in this issue, the Middle East is one of the regions that are interesting to study in the context of geopolitical narratives from the past to the present. This article tries to unravel the geopolitical situation of the Medieval Middle East by tracing historical records related to the economic-political relations of Islamic dynasties through a broader picture by looking at their relationship with other political powers that existed at that time, especially the Mongols and European-Christian kingdoms in general. This exploration shows how the issues of political pragmatism filled with negotiations and the necessity of religious issues have been deeply intertwined with each other and became a major feature of geopolitical relations in the medieval Middle East.[Artikel ini menggambarkan sebuah sketsa tentang “geo-politik” di masa lalu dengan menginvestigasi konteks dunia Islam pada abad pertengahan. Tidak hanya terjadi di dunia saat ini, relasi internasional dalam bidang politik dan ekonomi juga telah memiliki presedennya di masa lalu. Timur tengah adalah salah satu ranah yang layak untuk dikaji dalam konteks narasi geopolitik sejak masa lalu hingga saat ini, mengingat posisinya yang strategis dalam isu ini. Artikel ini mencoba mengurai situasi geopolitik Timur Tengah pada abad pertengahan dengan menelusuri catatan sejarah terkait relasi ekonomi-politik dinasti-dinasti Islam ditinjau dari konteks yang lebih luas dengan melihat kaitannya dengan kekuaan politik lain yang ada ketika itu, termasuk Mongol dan kerajaan-kerajaan Kristen Eropa secara umum. Penelusuran ini menunjukkan bagaimana isu pragmatisme politik yang dipenuhi dengan negosiasi dan isu keagamaan telah sangat terkait satu sama lain dan menjadi fitur utama dalam relasi geopolitis di Timur Tengah pada abad pertengahan].

State Building in Ancient and Contemporary Arab Political Thought

The study aimed to identify state-building in ancient and contemporary Arab political thought. The study dealt with the concept of the state and its elements, the statement of the state in ancient Arab political thought, and the state in contemporary Arab political thought. The study showed that the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 formed the nucleus of building the modern national state. In Europe, the idea of the Arab state emerged after the end of the Islamic caliphate and Arab colonialism, and the Qatari Arab state appears within the framework of the concept of the modern state with all its elements. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method as it is one of the most widely used methods in studying human social phenomena, as the descriptive method is a tool and method for analyzing and describing state building in ancient and contemporary Arab political thought.
 The study reached a set of recommendations and results. The study confirmed that the concept of the state was not born in the modern era, but rather appeared in ancient times. The development of the state passed through various stages, and the basis of the state was based on the existence of an authority that regulates the relationship between individuals and state institutions. The study recommended that modern Arab regimes should strengthen The values of democracy in building the state through the political participation of its people to participate in decision-making.

Historical Analysis of Afghan Folk Culture in Kashmir During 1752-1819

Kashmir, the kingdom of fairies and Paradise on World, has a history of being ruled by several dynasties. Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim empires have all held power over it. Every dynasty has unique folk customs that reflect the character of that dynasty. A community's residents' way of life is referred to as its culture. Afghan and Kashmiri folklore is based on traditional drama, music, and other activities. The current study makes an effort to investigate the traditional view of Afghan authority in Kashmir from 1752 to 1819. Kashmir history demonstrates that several folk beliefs entered Kashmiri society at this time. In the age of Afghan rule, the perceptions of folk culture are supported by historical evidence like material and non-material sources, direct and indirect sources and oral traditional sources. This study highlights the Afghan folk literary work, plays (Raza Pather and Derza Pather) and traditional Kashmiri theatre (Bhand Pathers). The data used in this study is gathered from secondary sources.