Calculation Of Operating Costs Research Articles

Analisis Pengukuran Kinerja Keuangan Studi pada LAZISMU Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2019-2021 Ditinjau dari Rasio Efisiensi

The aim of this research is to determine the financial performance of LAZISMU South Sulawesi in 2019-2021 in terms of efficiency ratios. The type of research data used is secondary data with a descriptive qualitative approach. The data source in this research wash optained from financial reports provided directly by LAZISMU South Sulawesi in the form of Excel files. The sample in this research is financial performance data for the 2019 to 2021 period at LAZISMU South Sulawesi. Data analysis uses the OPZ ratio published by PUSKAS BASNAS 2019, namely analysis of efficiency ratio measurements. The result of this calculation show that in the first calculation, the efficiency ratio is the calculation of the collection cost ratio in 2019. it is in the efficient category, and in 2020 it is in the quite efficient category, finally in 2021 it is in the efficient category, in 2020 it is in the quite efficient category, finally in 2021 it is in the efficient category. Second, the calculation of operational costs for total amil right in 2019 shows quite efficient results, whereas in 2019-2020 it shows inefficient results. Furthermore, the calculation of operational costs towards total collections in 2019 and 2021 shows inefficient results, while in 2020 it was categorized as quite efficient. Third, based on the efficiency ratio from calculating the HR/Human Resources cost ratio, in 2020-2021, results show efficient results.

Application of combined hydrodynamic cavitation and Fenton reagent for COD reduction of cellulosic fiber industry effluents

The present work demonstrates the implementation of combined approach of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor and Fenton oxidation process for the treatment of three cellulosic fiber (CF) industry effluent streams using pilot scale reactor with operation at 500 L developed at an industrial site. In order to assess the techno-economic viability of the combined hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and Fenton oxidation process, various sets of experimental runs were carried out. Effect of type of treatment approach, one step and stepwise addition of oxidants, number of cavitation passes, and finally the type of effluent varying in terms of initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) on the efficacy of treatment were studied. Based on the results, HC + Fenton oxidation scheme was demonstrated to be a viable option for the treatment of CF industry effluent streams. HC + Fenton treatment rapidly reduced COD, achieving almost 90 % reduction in just 10 min, highlighting its efficiency in industrial wastewater treatment. The treatment achieved substantial reduction in residual COD levels with actual value as up to 1000 mg/L COD in effluent-I, up to 150 mg/L COD in effluent-II, and up to 100 mg/L COD in effluent-III. The study also explored the operating cost expenditure (Opex) of the proposed system required to demonstrate it at a commercial level, including the cost of chemicals and electricity. The COD reduction cost evaluated were INR 140–230/kg COD depending on the effluent. The main highlight of the article is the practical demonstration at the manufacturing unit including the operating cost calculations.

Perbandingan Pengelolaan Sistem Irigasi Tetes Pada Tanaman Melon dan Cabai

The use of drip irrigation is currently increasingly recognized by the community, especially in areas where the level of irrigation management is difficult. This is a solution for handling irrigation so that the commodity crops cultivated are still good but the irrigation costs can be reduced. Drip irrigation systems have been widely applied to vegetable and fruit crops. This study aims to compare effectively and qualitatively the use of drip irrigation systems on 2 types of plants, namely melon plants and chili plants. The method used is descriptive qualitative, where the variables compared are the water requirements of each plant phase, the uniformity of plant growth, and the need for operational costs. The results of the comparison of melon plants with chili plants using a drip irrigation system on cultivation parameters produced good results, where all the observed variables showed an increase in growth rate where the average was in the fertilization phase. Meanwhile, in the calculation of operational costs, it suffers a loss if it is only planted once

Analisis Biaya Operasional Kendaraan Pada Perusahaan Pengurusan Jasa Kepabeanan

Entrepreneur Management Customs Services (PPJK) serves to assist importers or exporters in shipping goods. The indicators of PPJK services are customer satisfaction, timeliness, suitability of quantity and condition of delivery goods. Based on this, distribution is a very important component. Decision making for determining the type of vehicle that will be used to distribute goods requires a comparison between costs and the selection of an appropriate method for making these decisions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the operational costs of PPJK vehicles using Vehicle Operating Cost Analysis (BOK). The conclusion is that the company is advised to use its own delivery vehicle if it has a budget for the purchase of the vehicle. This is because the funds spent on rental costs are greater than operating costs. Based on the calculation of PPJK's Vehicle Operational Costs, the fixed cost of the vehicle is Rp. 325,429,472/year, variable vehicle costs of Rp. 115,579,320/year and other costs of Rp. 43,560,000/year. PPJK was declared eligible to invest in vehicles because the difference between the calculation of the operating costs of the vehicle itself and the rental amounted to Rp. 1,088,910,152, which means the rental cost is higher. In addition, the use of company vehicles can minimize risk factors for work accidents, costs, time and customer satisfaction as long as they have competent human resources. Keywords: BOK, Entrepreneur Management Customs Services, PPJK

Perancangan Usaha Pembukaan Cabang Baru pada Rumah Makan

This study aims to determine the estimated market demand at branch locations by calculating using forecasting methods. This calculation is estimated for the next five years. On the technical and operational aspects, the calculation of operational costs and investment costs is carried out as well as determining the location for the opening of the Sop Buntut Cut Meutia business branch. On the financial aspect, the investment is calculated whether it is feasible or not. The determinant of a business is said to be feasible if it has an NPV value > 0, IRR > MARR. The results showed that the results of the design of the oxtail soup branch opening business obtained an NPV value of IDR 252,216,017 with an IRR value of 29.64% and a MARR value of 8.25%. In conclusion, the business plan to open a new branch in the cut meutia oxtail soup business is considered feasible.
 
 Keywords: IRR, NPV, PBP, Business Design, Business Feasibility Study

An Operating Cost Calculation Method for Integrated Energy Systems Considering Components Failures

As the energy problem becomes more and more serious, the integrated energy system (IES) becomes a hot research direction in the energy field. Existing studies have not considered the impact of component failures on the operating costs of IES. Therefore, people tend to underestimate operating costs, and accidents such as interruptions in energy supply may occur because of an over-optimism operation strategy. This paper proposes an operating cost calculation method to evaluate the normal and failure states of IES. Moreover, the impact of component failures on the IES is determined based on the incremental operating cost and failure rate. The results verify that the operating cost considering component failure significantly increases compared to the normal calculation method.

Operating cost calculation methodology for hovercraft used in social regional transportation

The article proposes a methodical approach to determine operating costs for a hovercraft. The presented method differs by taking into account the peculiarities of operating hovercraft during the round year. In this case, the methodology allows you to determine operating costs separately for navigation (summer) and internavigation (winter) periods. The article tested the methodology using the example of intracity and suburban routes of the Nizhny Novgorod transport hub. The calculation results were also approximated, the use of which for specific routes will make it possible to quickly find the value of the cost of passenger transportation and the passenger's fare depending on it. The conclusion defines the scope of application of the proposed methodological approach when justifying the costs and size of tariffs for passenger transportation on suburban and intra-city lines, as well as for determining the areas of use and competitiveness of hovercraft compared to other modes of transport.

Ensuring Reliable Operation of Electricity Grid by Placement of FACTS Devices for Developing Countries

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) are essential devices used for the efficient performance of modern power systems and many developing countries lack these devices. Due to the non-existence of these advanced technologies, the national grid remains weak and vulnerable to power stability issues that can jeopardize system stability. This study proposes novel research to solve issues of an evolving national grid through the installation of FACTS devices. FACTS devices play a crucial role in minimizing active power losses while managing reactive power flows to keep the voltages within their respective limits. Due to the high costs of FACTS, optimization must be done to discover optimal locations as well as ratings of these devices. However, due to the nonlinearity, it is a challenging task to find the optimal locations and appropriate sizes of these devices. Shunt VARs Compensators (SVCs) and Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensators (TCSCs) are the two FACTS devices considered for the study. Optimal locations for SVCs and TCSCs are determined by Voltage Collapse Proximity Index (VCPI) and Line Stability Index (Lmn), respectively. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed to find the ideal rating for FACTS devices to minimize the system operating cost (cost due to active power loss and capital cost of FACTS devices). This technique is applied to IEEE (14 and 30) bus systems. Moreover, reliable operation of the electricity grid through the placement of FACTS for developing countries has also been analysed; Pakistan being a developing country has been selected as a case study. The planning problem has been solved for the present as well as for the forecasted power system. Consequently, in the current national network, 6.21% and 6.71% reduction in active and reactive power losses have been observed, respectively. Moreover, voltage profiles have been improved significantly. A detailed financial analysis covering the calculation of Operation Cost (OC) of the national grid before and after the placement of FACTS devices is carried out.

Prilog modelovanju proračuna operativnih troškova sistema odbrane

The defence system of the Republic of Serbia has a complex organizational structure that is constantly in the process of exploiting its own resources, among which spending funds deserves special attention. Considering the achieved level in the process of building a stable manner of financing the defence system of the Republic of Serbia, as well as the current limitations encountered by the authors, the paper emphasizes a special research problem aimed at determining a more rational way of calculating the defence system costs. Considering the complexity of the mentioned research problem and the current level of the defence system structure of the Republic of Serbia, the subject of the research is based on the proposal of a certain model that will enable more precise calculation of operational costs of the Ministry of Defence and the Serbian Armed Forces. In this regard, the paper starts from the hypothetical view that the existing model of calculating the defence system costs can be improved, above all in the part of the calculation of operational costs of the Ministry of Defence and the Serbian Armed Forces. The objective of this paper is to point out the need to evaluate the current practice in spending funds and propose new solutions that will enable better mechanisms for monitoring expenditure and income, i.e. better calculation of operational costs at all levels of financing in the Ministry of Defence and the Serbian Armed Forces. The research results have confirmed the set hypothetical framework by implementation of the method of content analysis, with focus on the comparative analysis of the calculation of operational costs of personnel, weapons and military equipment and infrastructure. The paper concludes that there are objective possibilities for improving the model of calculating operational costs of the defence system.

Оцінка вартостей експлуатації транспортних засобів з різними типами силових установок

The article presents a methodology of operating cost calculation for vehicles with various types of power plants. The initial data have been determined and the calculation of the operating cost elements for vehicles with gasoline, hybrid power plants, and electric vehicles has been carried out. It was shown that the expediency of using various types of vehicles depends on the cost of the vehicle itself and the cost of various components of operation, such as fuel, electricity, labor, operating materials, features of tax legislation, etc., and should be determined in accordance with the conditions of each country. In many cases, the total cost of using electric vehicles is greater than that of combustion-engine vehicles and hybrids. If you do not take into account the cost of the car and the associated depreciation costs, then the operation of electric vehicles is 3–5 times cheaper than the operation of hybrids, and 5–8 times cheaper than the operation of cars with internal combustion engines. Further research should be aimed at expanding the number of factors that will take into account the operating conditions of the vehicle in more details. It is also worth continuing to work on the development of a database of calculation results in order to identify the most economically viable vehicles for various operating conditions.

Comparison of the Effectiveness and Efficiency on Cessna 208 with DHC 6-300 Twin Otter for Flights in Inland Papua

Aircraft selection is very important aspect to increase the productivity and profitability of an airline company. However, there are still many airlines that are unaware of how a right selection of aircraft type can influence operational costs. Therefore, calculating the operating cost of the aircraft is necessary so that airline companies can maximize profits and can compete with highly competitive conditions. The purpose of this study is to estimate the calculation of operational costs for the type of aircraft Cessna 208 and DHC 6-300 Twin Otter which have already been used for flights in the inland area of Papua. This study is also aimed to find out what type of aircraft is more effective and efficient in terms of operating costs. The method used in this study was qualitative with a descriptive and explorative research technique. The results of this study shows that the DHC 6-300 Twin Otter type aircraft were more effective and efficient. Consequently, the airline can consider which type of aircraft is to be used in rural Papua.

The Ability to Pay and Willingness to Pay on Operation of Adi Soemarmo Airport Train Access Line to Airplane Passengers

Connectivity between transportation nodes is crucial in encouraging the movement of people and goods, including access to Adi Soemarmo Airport. Currently, access to Adi Soemarmo Airport is dominated by private vehicles and taxis compared to public transportation such as buses which can be costly for some passengers. To cut the cost of transportation in Adi Soemarmo airport, the Ministry of Transportation has built railway access to Adi Soemarmo Airport from Solo Balapan Station and vice versa. However, the scheme of train’s tariff is solely designed to accommodate only operational and maintenance cost, while the ability and willingness of passengers to pay are simply neglected. This research aims to analyse willingness to pay of airplane passenger for the operation plan of airport train based on mode choice model and contingent valuation method and finally be able to determine the tariff based on willingness to pay and train operating costs. Mode choice model uses logit binomial in terms of differences with a stated preference method, willingness to pay analysis uses the net economic value from binomial logit and train operating cost calculations use the Minister of Transportation Regulation Number PM 17 the Year 2018. The average value of willingness to pay of prospective airport train users for each car, taxi and bus users based on binomial logit model is IDR14,802.42, IDR14,121.13, IDR14,221.42. Meanwhile, the value of the ability to pay for each car, taxi and bus users is IDR60,996.90, IDR79,564.67, IDR55,117.17 and the tariff value based on train operating costs is IDR17,730.22.

Road User Effects Related to Pavement Degradation Based on the Highway Development and Management Tools

Abstract The article describes the history of research in Road User Effects Models and current knowledge in the area. It stakes out basic principles such as transport cost categories, forces opposing motion, free speeds and vehicle operating cost calculation principles. It presents a method to calculate travel time savings and vehicle operating costs savings related to repair of pavement at a certain state of degradation by utilization of the third generation of Highway Design and Maintenance (HDM-III) Road User Cost coefficients. A method to derive a model for Road User Cost calculation related to pavement degradation levels from contemporary Highway Development and Management Tools (HDM-4) is presented. Case study highlights the different outcomes when these models are used and results for selected vehicle categories are provided in conclusion of this article.

Dynamic Optimization of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems with Energy Storage Units

In this paper, a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system with thermal storage tanks is introduced. Considering the plants’ off-design performance, an efficient methodology is introduced to determine the most economical operation schedule. The complex CCHP system’s state transition equation is extracted by selecting the stored cooling and heating energy as the discretized state variables. Referring to the concept of variable cost and constant cost, repeated computations are saved in phase operating cost calculations. Therefore, the most economical operation schedule is obtained by employing a dynamic solving framework in an extremely short time. The simulation results indicated that the optimized operating cost is reduced by 40.8% compared to the traditional energy supply system.

Research on a Novel Hydraulic/Electric Synergy Bus

In recent years, increasing concerns regarding environmental pollution and requirements for lower fossil fuel consumption have increased interest in alternative hybrid powertrains. As a result, this paper presents a novel hydraulic/electric synergy powertrain with multiple working modes. The three energy sources (i.e., engine, battery, and hydraulic accumulator) in this configuration are regulated by a dual planetary gear set to achieve optimal performances. This paper selects the component sizes of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), a hydraulic hybrid vehicle (HHV), and a hydraulic/electric synergy vehicle (HESV), based on the dynamic performance of a target vehicle (TV). In addition, this paper develops the forward simulation models of the four aforementioned vehicles in the MATLAB/Simulink/Driveline platform, in which the fuel economy simulations are carried out in relation to the Chinese urban bus cycle. The simulation results show that the fuel consumption of the three hybrid vehicles is similar, but much better than, that of the TV. Finally, based on the operating cost calculations over a five-year working period, the lowest cost ranges of the three hybrid vehicles are determined, which provides a method for choosing the optimal hybrid scheme.

Promoting Smallholder Adoption of Conservation Agriculture through Mechanization Services

The importance of conservation agriculture (CA) is discussed in the context of producing food for a growing population while, at the same time, conserving and improving the natural resource base: sustainable crop production intensification. CA requires mechanization, and the necessary equipment may be beyond the reach of the majority of smallholder farmers, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. A logical solution to this situation is to provide CA mechanization services from private sector entrepreneurs. These will be well-equipped with appropriate CA equipment and will usually benefit from specific training on the technical aspects of CA machinery operation and on the business skills needed to run a profitable venture. The technical skills to be reinforced include: equipment selection, calibration of planters, seeders and sprayers, field operation, maintenance and repair. Business skills needed include: market research and feasibility studies, business planning, calculation of operational costs, partial budgets, break-even points and cash flows. The case is made for local manufacture to reduce the costs of machinery acquisition and to encourage local adaptation. Start-up costs are discussed together with the options of obtaining finance. Guidelines for marketing and managing the mechanization service provision business are developed. These include the importance of contracts, work planning, regular maintenance schedules and record keeping. Finally the most appropriate vehicle for delivering the training and sustaining support is considered. Formal training courses are a good starting point, but can be expensive to organize and execute. Individual counselling from extension sources is a viable option when the quality of the service is high enough. Study groups of involved entrepreneurs should be encouraged and supported to overcome the problems that will inevitably arise in new business ventures.

Influence of using time of selected agricultural machines and tractors on residual market price, repair costs, and annual utilisation

For each new machine designed operational parameters exist and the realisation of these parameters determines the ability to perform the operations which it is designed for. It was proved both technically and practically that there is an impact of the using time of machines on the level of realisation of the operational parameters. Based on a selective the statistic survey, the impact is analysed in the article of the using time of selected agricultural machines and tractors on the residual market price, repair costs, and the trend of annual utilisation. The outcome is a functional dependency of decreased residual market price, the growth of repair costs, and the trend of annual utilisation. The changes are presented by means of the proportions to the designed parameters and the outcomes can be used for the calculation of operational costs of the machines.

Unknown Element of Owning Costs—Impact of Residual Value

Residual value is a largely unknown element within the cost calculations for construction equipment that equipment managers are preparing. Traditional estimation methods fall short of capturing its actual nature over time in detail. In this paper we consider the current state of knowledge on residual value and on other cost elements for used heavy construction equipment as implemented in a spreadsheet tool for owning and operating cost calculation. The potential influence of the factor residual value on the total owning costs, and ultimately on total hourly rates, is examined for several different types of heavy equipment. Representative examples of cost calculations are used to perform a sensitivity analysis. Intuitive contour diagrams of the total hourly cost are introduced. The need for an extended examination of residual value of construction equipment is demonstrated using statistical tests. Residual value is found to have a statistically significant contribution to the total hourly cost.

Probabilistic method for planning of maintenance activities of substation components

This paper suggests a probabilistic method for the calculation of operation cost throughout a planning period and availability evaluation of substation components, in connection with planned maintenance activities. This method is conceived to provide lower operation cost, consisting of failure repair cost and maintenance cost, and higher availability of substation components. The method identifies minor and major failures. It is assumed that each component has two independent, competing failure modes: wear-out failure mode, modelled by a two-parameter Weibull distribution, and a chance failure mode, characterized by an exponential distribution. The application of the method suggested is demonstrated for a 145 kV air-blast circuit-breaker. By applying the method, influence of condition monitoring systems application on operation cost is evaluated. Also, because of comparison, expected operation cost in case of time-based maintenance performing is calculated.

Technical economic analysis of different desulphurization techniques for power plant boilers

In recent years, rapid development in energy and power industry has led to significant increase in sulphur dioxide emission for lack of appropriate techniques of desulphurization for coal-fired power plants and industrial boilers. It is therefore necessary to promote the research, development and application of these techniques.In this work, related were the operating cost account, principles of desulphurization, technical features, and scope of application of different desulphurization techniques for power plant boilers. Based on the stipulations for the operating cost account in China (inclusive of consumption of materials and power, maintenance and management, manpower, depreciation of equipment, overhaul charge, and investment loan repayment, etc.), operating cost calculations were carried out for the major desulphurization projects in China, which have been in operation or will be put into operation in the near future. The calculation results were compared. In addition, an analysis of the technical economic indices of different desulphurization techniques was made, and points for attention in selecting the technique were discussed.