Calculation Of Reaction Rates Research Articles

Evaluation of Alpha Particle Emission Rate Due to the p-11B Fusion Reaction in the Large Helical Device

A numerical study of the alpha particle emission rate due to the p-11B fusion reaction based on the respectively obtained Large Helical Device (LHD) plasma parameters in an experiment is performed. First, the total alpha particle emission rate is estimated by employing the beam ion distribution calculation code FIT3D and the fusion reaction rate calculation code FBURN based on the classic confinement of beam ions. Then, the calculation is performed using hydrogen-beam-heated hydrogen plasma parameters and the radial boron density profile obtained from boron drop discharge. The result shows that the total alpha particle emission rate reaches approximately 1014 s−1. Then, based on the radial profile of the alpha particle emission calculated by the FBURN code, the distribution of the first orbit loss of5.78-MeV alpha particles created by the p-11B reaction on the vacuum vessel and the divertor plate is calculated by the collisionless Lorentz orbit code LORBIT. Although most of the alpha particles are lost to the divertor plate, some of the alpha particles are lost on the vacuum vessel. Finally, a feasibility study of alpha particle detection by the existing manipulators and fast ion loss detector position is performed. The number of particles as a function of position shows that a substantial number of alpha particles can be detected. Alpha particles with a pitch angle of ~130 deg can reach manipulator positions. In contrast, particles with pitch angles of ~50 and ~110 deg can reach the fast ion loss detector position. The calculation shows that measurement of alpha particles due to p-11B is thought to be possible using charged particle detectors.

Nonlinear Potential Scanning as a Novel Approach to Calculation of the Time Variable Galvanic Displacement Reaction Rate

AbstractA novel approach to estimate the rate of galvanic displacement reaction was proposed, which allowed the most accurate calculation of the displacement process rate at each moment of time by exact reproducing the open‐circuit conditions. We applied the method for mild steel samples immersed in pyrophosphate‐citrate electrolyte for Cu−Zn alloy electrodeposition. The time dependences of parameters of steel‐electrolyte interaction are obtained. The rate of steel dissolution in open circuit conditions increases by 1.6–2.9 times as compared with corrosion in pyrophosphate‐citrate medium. The results of our approach were verified by an independent experiment using anodic stripping of the obtained deposits.

Theoretical Investigation of Charge Transfer from NO+ and O2+ Ions to Wine-Related Volatile Compounds for Mass Spectrometry.

Density-functional theory (DFT) is used to obtain the molecular data essential for predicting the reaction kinetics of chemical-ionization-mass spectrometry (CI-MS), as applied in the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We study charge-transfer reactions from NO+ and O2+ reagent ions to VOCs related to cork-taint and off-flavor in wine. We evaluate the collision rate coefficients of ion-molecule reactions by means of collision-based models. Many NO+ and O2+ reactions are known to proceed at or close to their respective collision rates. Factors affecting the collision reaction rates, including electric-dipole moment and polarizability, temperature, and electric field are addressed, targeting the conditions of standard CI-MS techniques. The molecular electric-dipole moment and polarizability are the basic ingredients for the calculation of collision reaction rates in ion-molecule collision-based models. Using quantum-mechanical calculations, we evaluate these quantities for the neutral VOCs. We also investigate the thermodynamic feasibility of the reactions by computing the enthalpy change in these charge-transfer reactions.

Heavy Atom Tunneling in Organic Reactions at Coupled Cluster Potential Accuracy with a Parallel Implementation of Anharmonic Constant Calculations and Semiclassical Transition State Theory.

We describe and test on some organic reactions a parallel implementation strategy to compute anharmonic constants, which are employed in semiclassical transition state theory reaction rate calculations. Our software can interface with any quantum chemistry code capable of a single point energy estimate, and it is suitable for both minimum and transition state geometry calculations. After testing the accuracy and comparing the efficiency of our implementation against other software, we use it to estimate the semiclassical transition state theory (SCTST) rate constant of three reactions of increasing dimensionality, known as examples of heavy atom tunneling. We show how our method is improved in efficiency with respect to other existing implementations. In conclusion, our approach allows SCTST rates and heavy atom tunneling at a high level of electronic structure theory (up to CCSD(T)) to be evaluated. This work shows how crucial the possibility to perform high level ab initio rate evaluations can be.

Developing an approach for maximizing neutron activation reaction rate by optimizing moderator dimensions and target position using the Monte Carlo code in combination with the GA and ANN algorithms

In this study, in order to maximize the reaction rate of neutron activation (NA), an approach using combination of the MCNP code, the feed-forward neural network with the Bayesian regularization (FFNN-BR) learning algorithm, and the genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed. The MCNP code calculates the reaction rates based on the different moderator dimensions/ target positions. The calculated reaction rates with appropriate features (i.e. RT, R2S, and Z2S) are applied for training of the FFNN-BR. The trained neural network is utilized for estimating the reaction rates of the generated individuals by the GA. The results show that the trained neural network estimates the reaction rates with acceptable accuracy. For selection of the appropriate individual for maximizing the reaction rate, the distance of the source from the target as well as the value of reaction rate and the moderator dimensions are considered. The proposed approach in this study gives a simple and practical algorithm for maximizing the NA reaction rate without complexities related to the nature of the problem.

Integral experiment of 129I(n, γ) reaction using fast neutron source in the ‘YAYOI’ reactor

ABSTRACT The present study analyzes an integral experiment performed in the fast-neutron reactor ‘YAYOI’ of the University of Tokyo to validate the 129I (n,γ) cross-section. An iodine-129 sample and 15 neutron flux monitors were irradiated with fast neutrons in the Glory hole of the reactor. Capture reaction rates of 129I were obtained by measurement of gamma rays emitted through the decay of 130I, and the 15 neutron flux monitors helped validate the computed fast-neutron flux spectrum in the Glory hole. By comparing the experimental and calculated reaction rates for 129I, the present study reveals that the 129I (n,γ) cross-section of JENDL-4.0 should be reduced by 18% in the 10 keV–3 MeV energy range and supports the data by Noguere et al. below 100 keV.

Calculation of Astrophysical S-factors and reaction rates for reaction 112Sn(α, ) 116Te

Çalışmamızda 112Sn(α,)116Te reaksiyonunun reaksiyon hızları hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplamalar için TALYS 1.95 kodları kullanılmıştır. Ek olarak, düşük enerjili bölgelerde bir reaksiyon olasılığını açıklayan astrofiziksel S faktörleri elde edildi. Hesaplamalarımızın sonuçları, EXFOR veri tabanından alınan deneysel verilere göre kontrol edildi.

New parametrization for the 3He(d, p) 4He fusion reaction rate and refinement of the Lawson criterion for d-3He thermonuclear reactors

We present a new parametrization of the d + 3He → p + 4He fusion reaction astrophysical factor based on the effective range approximation, which is an effective theoretical method for describing near-threshold, including resonance, nuclear reactions. In the framework of this approximation we describe experimental data on the energy dependence of the cross section and the astrophysical factor within the experimental uncertainties in the energy range of 0-800 keV. On this basis we calculate the temperature dependence of the Maxwellian-averaged reaction rate in the range of 0-400 keV. In conclusion, we discuss the effect of the calculated reaction rates on the Lawson criterion for thermonuclear reactors based on d-3He fuel.

Photodegradation and ozonation of ibuprofen derivatives in the water environment: Kinetics approach and assessment of mineralization and biodegradability

This article presents the results of studies on the degradation of ibuprofen transformation products: 1-hydroxyibuprofen (1OHIBF), 4-ethylbenzaldehyde (4EBA), 1-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]ethan-1-ol (MPPE) in water. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper where the ozonation and photodegradation (VIS and UV photolysis, degradation in H2O2/UV system, photosensitized oxidation) of 1OHIBF, 4EBA and MPPE are reported. The processes were performed in demineralized and natural river water. The influence of various reaction parameters on the removal degree was checked. Both, photolysis under VIS light and photosensitized oxidation of target compounds are very low-efficient processes. Ozonation and degradation in H2O2/UV system are effective methods for ibuprofen derivatives degradation. Components present in river water reduced removal degree of investigated compounds during ozonation and degradation in H2O2/UV system. The biodegradability assessment using the Average Oxidation State (AOS) and COD/TOC ratio proved the formation of more oxidized by-products during both processes. The determined second-order rate constants for ozone reaction with 1OHIBF, 4EBA and MPPE are 0.1 ± 0.01, 10.95 ± 1.36 and 3.04 ± 0.33 M−1 s−1, respectively. The calculated reaction rate constants of hydroxyl radicals with MPPE, 4EBA and 1OHIBF are 3.57 × 109, 6.83 × 109 and 1.06 × 109 M−1 s−1, respectively.

A Deep Neural Network Based on ResNet for Predicting Solutions of Poisson–Boltzmann Equation

The Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE) arises in various disciplines including biophysics, electrochemistry, and colloid chemistry, leading to the need for efficient and accurate simulations of PBE. However, most of the finite difference/element methods developed so far are rather complicated to implement. In this study, we develop a ResNet-based artificial neural network (ANN) to predict solutions of PBE. Our networks are robust with respect to the locations of charges and shapes of solvent–solute interfaces. To generate train and test sets, we have solved PBE using immersed finite element method (IFEM) proposed in (Kwon, I.; Kwak, D. Y. Discontinuous bubble immersed finite element method for Poisson–Boltzmann equation. Communications in Computational Physics 2019, 25, pp. 928–946). Once the proposed ANNs are trained, one can predict solutions of PBE in almost real time by a simple substitution of information of charges/interfaces into the networks. Thus, our algorithms can be used effectively in various biomolecular simulations including ion-channeling simulations and calculations of diffusion-controlled enzyme reaction rate. The performance of the ANN is reported in the result section. The comparison between IFEM-generated solutions and network-generated solutions shows that root mean squared error are below 5·10−7. Additionally, blow-ups of electrostatic potentials near the singular charge region and abrupt decreases near the interfaces are represented in a reasonable way.

Astrophysical S factor and rate of Be7(p,γ)B8 direct capture reaction in a potential model

The astrophysical $^7{\rm Be}(p, \gamma)^8{\rm B}$ direct capture process is studied in the framework of a two-body single-channel model with potentials of the Gaussian form. A modified potential is constructed to reproduce the new experimental value of the $S$-wave scattering length and the known astrophysical $S$ factor at the Gamow energy, extracted from the solar neutrino flux. The resulting potential is consistent with the theory developed by Baye [Phys. Rev. C {\bf 62} (2000) 065803] according to which the $S$-wave scattering length and the astrophysical $S$ factor at zero energy divided by the square of ANC are related. The obtained results for the astrophysical $S$ factor at intermediate energies are in good agreement with the two data sets of Hammache {\it et al.} [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 86}, 3985 (2001); {\it ibid.} {\bf 80}, 928 (1998)]. Linear extrapolation to zero energy yields $ S_{17}(0) \approx (20.5 \pm 0.5) \, \rm eV \, b $, consistent with the Solar Fusion II estimate. The calculated reaction rates are substantially lower than the results of the NACRE II collaboration.

Plasma screening of nuclear fusion reactions in liquid layers of compact degenerate stars: a first-principle study

ABSTRACT A reliable description of nuclear fusion reactions in inner layers of white dwarfs and envelopes of neutron stars is important for realistic modelling of a wide range of observable astrophysical phenomena from accreting neutron stars to Type Ia supernovae. We study the problem of screening of the Coulomb barrier impeding the reactions by a plasma surrounding the fusing nuclei. Numerical calculations of the screening factor are performed from the first principles with the aid of quantum-mechanical path integrals in the model of a one-component plasma of atomic nuclei for temperatures and densities typical for dense liquid layers of compact degenerate stars. We do not rely on various quasi-classic approximations widely used in the literature, such as factoring out the tunnelling process, tunnelling in an average spherically symmetric mean-force potential, usage of classic free energies and pair correlation functions, linear mixing rule, and so on. In general, a good agreement with earlier results from the thermonuclear limit to Γ ∼ 100 is found. For a very strongly coupled liquid 100 ≲ Γ ≤ 175, a deviation from currently used parametrizations of the reaction rates is discovered and approximated by a simple analytic expression. The developed method of nuclear reaction rate calculations with account of plasma screening can be extended to ion mixtures and crystallized phases of stellar matter.

MODEL OF DECOMPRESSION MELTING MECHANISM IN CONVECTIVE-UNSTABLE THERMAL LITHOSPHERE (FIRST APPROXIMATION)

We propose a model of decompression melting, separation, migration and freezing of the melt in the upper mantle during the convective instability process. The model takes into account differences between phase diagrams of the melt and the matrix and the resultant features of the melt’s behavior, without calculating reaction rates in a multicomponent medium. It is constructed under an explicit concept of the local thermodynamic equilibrium of the existing phases. Therefore, we further develop the first approximation of the descriptions of convection in the upper mantle and the formation of large epicontinental sedimentary basins, which have been presented in earlier publications. Our computational experiments show that primary melting of the upper mantle’s fertile material occurs intensively in a narrow frontal part of the ascending hot material flow. Then, the depleted and partially melted material rises farther upward from the front of primary melting. Melting of the depleted material continues at lower pressures in a rather wide range of depths (120–77 km). Further, the migrating melt is supplied by two sources, i.e. a deep-seated one, wherein the fertile material melts, and the medium-depth one, wherein melting of the depleted material takes place. Once the temperature and pressure rates of the melt reach the values corresponding to those of its solidus, a narrow freezing front is formed. Its width is almost similar to the primary melting front. As the ascending convective flow develops, the freezing front shifts upward. As a result, a quite thick (around 40–50 km) basalt-saturated layer occurs above the freezing front. An important observation in our modeling experiments is that, despite a considerably large total volume of the melted material, a one-time melt content in the mantle does not exceed tenths of one percent, when we consider averaging to volumes with a linear size of about 1.0 km. The basalt melt extraction depletes iron in the mantle and significantly reduces the mantle density. Considering the calculated basalt-depletion values for the matrix at 0.1–0.2, the density deficit doubles in comparison to the thermal expansion of the material. Logically, both the Rayleigh number and the intensity of convection also double (and this is confirmed by the calculations), which means that convection is enhanced after the melting start.Testing of the model shows that it gives a reasonable picture that is consistent with the available geological and geophysical data on the structure of the lithosphere underneath the currently developing epicontinental sedimentary basins. Furthermore, within the limits of its detail, this model is consistent with the results of modeling experiments focused on melting and melting dynamics, which are based on calculations of reactions between components of the mantle material.

Calculation of reaction rate constants from a classical Wigner model based on a Feynman path integral open polymer

The Open Polymer Classical Wigner (OPCW) method [J. Chem. Phys. 152, 094111 (2020)] is applied to a flux-Heaviside trace for calculating reaction rate constants. The obtained expression for the reaction rate constant is tested on a symmetric Eckart potential. The OPCW method is shown to converge toward the exact classical Wigner result. The OPCW method shows some promise for rate constant calculations and suggestions for future tests are made.

Study of selective hydrogenation of biodiesel in a DBD plasma reactor

In order to achieve the selective hydrogenation of biodiesel at room temperature and under normal pressure, we researched the upgrading of soybean biodiesel using a dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) reaction system. Using Raney-Ni as the hydrogenation catalyst, the effects of the operating parameters on the hydrogenation depth and the selectivity of biodiesel were systematically analyzed. The results show that the polyunsaturated components in soybean methyl ester were reduced by 57.04%, and that the polyunsaturated components were hydrogenated to monounsaturated components with a selectivity of 77.75%. Based on the gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) test results, we established a kinetic model for biodiesel hydrogenation. A comparison of the calculated and experimental results shows that the hydrogenation of the biodiesel can be described by a quasi first-order reaction model. The calculated reaction rate constants indicate that under DBD plasma reaction conditions, the hydrogenation of biodiesel has high selectivity for the formation of monounsaturated components.

Reduction of the neutron imaginary potential off the stability line and its possible impact on neutron capture rates

The effect of the isovector imaginary optical potential has been studied experimentally by using the particle-evaporation technique for the $^{11}\mathrm{B}+^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ reaction with a 21.8 MeV $^{11}\mathrm{B}$ beam. Spectra of neutron, proton, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles emitted from the neutron-rich compound nucleus $^{59}\mathrm{Mn}$ have been measured and analyzed with traditional optical model potentials with their original parametrizations as well as with adjusted isovector imaginary components. It is shown that the isovector component of the imaginary potential is indispensable in the reproduction of proton and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle yields from this reaction and even needs to be enhanced compared with the suggestions of the original model parametrizations. This can lead to important consequences for astrophysical reaction-rate calculations.

CP asymmetries and higher-order unitarity relations

The main focus of this paper is to introduce a new method to control perturbative calculations of CP asymmetric reaction rates in the Boltzmann equation. CP asymmetries in particle reactions are traditionally calculated in terms of complex couplings, Feynman integrals, and Cutkosky rules. We use an expansion of the $S$-matrix unitarity condition instead, obtaining a general expression for the asymmetries without reference to the imaginary part of the loops. Asymmetry cancelations implied by CPT and unitarity are manifested in a diagrammatic way and easy to track at any order of perturbation theory. We demonstrate the power of this general framework within the right-handed neutrino and top-quark scattering asymmetries in seesaw type-I leptogenesis.

Evidence against the Efimov effect in C12 from spectroscopy and astrophysics

Background: The Efimov effect is a universal phenomenon in physics whereby three-body systems are stabilized via the interaction of an unbound two-body sub-systems. A hypothetical state in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ at 7.458 MeV excitation energy, comprising of a loose structure of three $\alpha$-particles in mutual two-body resonance, has been suggested in the literature to correspond to an Efimov state in nuclear physics. The existence of such a state has not been demonstrated experimentally. Method: Using the combined data sets from two recent experiments, one with the TexAT TPC to measure $\alpha$-decay and the other with Gammasphere to measure $\gamma$-decay of states in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ populated by $^{12}\mathrm{N}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{B}$ $\beta$-decay respectively, we achieve high sensitivity to states in close-proximity to the $\alpha$-threshold in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$. Results: No evidence of a state at 7.458 MeV is seen in either data set. Using a likelihood method, the 95\% C.L. $\gamma$-decay branching ratio is determined as a function of the $\beta$-decay feeding strength relative to the Hoyle state. In parallel, calculations of the triple-alpha reaction rate show the inclusion of the Efimov corresponds to a large increase in the reaction rate around $5 \times 10^{7}$ K. Conclusion: From decay spectroscopy - at the 95\% C.L., the Efimov state cannot exist at 7.458 MeV with any $\gamma$-decay branching ratio unless the $\beta$-strength is less than 0.7\% of the Hoyle state. This limit is evaluated for a range of different excitation energies and the results are not favorable for existence of the hypothetical Efimov state in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$. Furthermore, the triple-alpha reaction rate with the inclusion of a state between 7.43 and 7.53 MeV exceeds the rate required for stars to undergo the red giant phase.

Unveiling alloying effects on the catalytic activities of Cu3Pt and Cu3Pd for nonoxidative dehydrogenation and esterification of ethanol

To investigate the alloying effects of the Cu catalyst, we performed extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the reaction mechanisms of ethanol dimerization to form ethyl acetate (EA) on Cu(111) and CuM(111) with M = Pt or Pd. Specifically, thirty-three reactions along the minimum energy reaction pathways were studied by calculating the energy barrier and reaction energy. To evaluate catalytic performance and determine the rate-determining step (RDS), we calculated reaction rate constants based on the harmonic transition state theory. The DFT results showed that the most widely recognized Colley mechanism for ethanol dimerization to form EA should be revised by including CH3CHO hydrogenation to form CH3CH2O. While the first dehydrogenation was found to be the RDS on Cu(111) and Cu3Pt(111), CH3CHO hydrogenation was identified to be the RDS on Cu3Pd(111). Furthermore, Cu3Pt(111) is about 3 orders of magnitude faster than Cu(111) and Cu3Pd(111) for ethanol nonoxidative dehydrogenation and esterification. This work also provides a benchmark for further examination of ethanol dimerization over other Cu alloys.

Monte-Carlo interpretation of the JANUS Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 4 shielding experiments with TRIPOLI-4®

The JANUS Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 4 shielding experiments performed in the 90’s in the NESTOR reactor aimed to study deep neutron propagation in mild steel, stainless steel, sodium and boron carbide. Together with the other JANUS phases (up to Phase 9) they represent invaluable experimental database for improving nuclear data for fast reactor applications. Several detectors were used to measure reaction rates at different energy domains. These experiments are interpreted using multiple nuclear data for iron 56 and sodium 23 with the TRIPOLI-4® Monte-Carlo code. Discrepancies up to 30% are obtained between calculated reaction rates and experimental results, which points out that the nuclear data of iron, sodium as well as some other isotopes contained in stainless steel should be improved. The JANUS Phase 4 is inconclusive as it is similar to Phase 2 replacing some steel shields with boron carbide, but the introduced boron carbide zone is too small to give significantly different results.