Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

The dual activity of CaONPs as a cancer treatment substance and at the same time resistance to harmful microbes

Nanotechnology holds significant promise for the development of novel and necessary products that enhance human health. Pharmacology and nanotechnology have contributed to developing advanced and highly effective drugs for cancer treatment and combating microbial infections. The microbiological effectiveness against the variety of examined microorganisms was assessed using the time killer curve, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), MIC techniques, and the agar well diffusion method. SEM was utilized to enhance the analysis of the mechanisms underlying the bio-interface interaction and intracellular localization of calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs). The MTT test was used to examine the cytotoxicity of CaONP anticancer activity in various cancer cells, including colon, breast, and hepatic cells. The efficacy of CaONPs as an anticancer medication was elucidated by analyzing the gene expression of both treated and untreated cancer cells. MIC and MBC of CaONPs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis were 150, 150, 150, and 200 µg/ml, respectively. The MIC and MFC of CaONPs against Candida albicans were 200 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml, respectively. The IC50 values of various CaONPs vary depending on the type of cancer cells. The gene expression analysis of breast cancer cells undergoing treatment revealed the identification of several cancer-controlling genes, namely BAX, BCL2, P53, TERT, KRAS1, KRAS2, and RB1. The study demonstrated the notable antibacterial efficacy of CaONPs, highlighting their potential as cancer therapies.

Calcium oxide nanoparticles mitigate lead stress in Abelmoschus esculentus though improving the key antioxidative enzymes, nutritional content and modulation of stress markers

Lead (Pb) is thought to be one of most injurious metals on the earth. Lead stress in plants enhances synthesis of highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). During present research, impact of calcium-oxide nanoparticles (CaO-NPs) was observed on antioxidative defense mechanism in Abelmoschus esculentus plants prone to Pb stress. A CRD experiment was employed with 5 replicates having four treatments (T0 = Control, T1 = Pb stress (200 ppm), T2 = CaO-NPs and T3 = Pb + CaO-NPs). Pb-stressed seedlings exhibited decreased root growth, shoot growth, chlorophyll concentration and biomass accumulation. Moreover, higher synthesis of hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) resulting in cellular injuries were noted in plants growing in Pb spiked conditions. Similarly, stressed plants showed higher accumulation of total soluble sugar and proline content besides elevated activity of antioxidative enzymes counting catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). On the contrary side, CaO-NPs alleviated the Pb induced phytotoxicity through improving activity of antioxidative enzymes. The elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes reduced biosynthesis of H2O2 and MDA which was revealed through the increased growth parameters. In addition, CaO-NPs persuaded enhancement in plant defence machinery by decreased chlorophyll deprivation and augmented the uptake of plant nutrients including K and Ca content. Hence, CaO-NPs can be potent regulators of the antioxidative enzymes and stress markers to ameliorate abiotic stresses.

Green and sustainable synthesis of CaO nanoparticles: Its solicitation as a sensor material and electrochemical detection of urea

Urea is recognized as one of the most frequently used adulterants in milk to enhance artificial protein content, and whiteness. Drinking milk having high urea concentrations which causes innumerable health disputes like ulcers, indigestion, and kidney-related problems. Therefore, herein, a simple and rapid electroanalytical platform was developed to detect the presence of urea in milk using a modified electrode sensor. Calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) were green synthesized and used as a catalyst material for developing the sensor. Synthesized materials formation was confirmed by different techniques like FTIR, UV–visible, XRD, SEM–EDX, and Raman spectroscopy. The carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified using the CaO NPs and used as a working electrode during the analysis followed by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The fabricated calcium oxide modified carbon paste electrode (CaO/CPE) successfully detected the presence of urea in the lower concentration range (lower limit of detection (LLOD) = 0.032 µM) having a wide linear detection range of 10–150 µM. Adsorption-controlled electrode process was achieved at the scan rate variation parameter. The leading parameters like the selectivity, repeatability, and stability of the CaO/CPE were investigated. The relative standard deviation of sensor was ± 3.8% during the interference and stability study.

Recycling calcium oxide nanoparticles for sustainable biodiesel production from nonedible feedstock Argemone mexicana L.

Biodiesel, seen as a key alternative to fossil fuels, has drawn significant attention. In this study, we synthesised calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles and assessed their catalytic efficiency for biodiesel production from the nonedible seed oil of Argemone mexicana L. The nanoparticles were thoroughly characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. ASTM standard procedures were used to evaluate the fuel properties of biodiesel. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of biodiesel was conducted using gas chromatography –mass spectrometry (GC-MS), FT-IR, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and nuclear mangnetic resonance (13C-NMR). For biodiesel synthesis, the transesterification method was followed. The synthesised nanoparticles have a size of 28 nm, and the feedstock contains 43% oil content. Optimal biodiesel yield (96%) was achieved with a 1:9 oil to methanol ratio, 15 mg of catalyst, a temperature of 55 °C, and a reaction time of 50 min. Notably, the catalytic activity of CaO nanoparticles was diminished with repeated use. Most fuel properties were confirmed to the ASTM standard ranges. The results suggest the viability of the feedstock for large-scale biodiesel production.

A novel study of biological and structural analysis on Cissus quadrangularis fiber-reinforced CaO particulates epoxy composite for biomedical application

Natural fibers derived from renewable, environmentally sustainable sources are being considered for use as reinforcements in polymer composites. The current study focuses on the fabrication of composite materials using fiber extracted from the Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) natural plant as reinforcement, an epoxy polymer as a matrix, and calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles as filler material, with the weight ratio of Cissus quadrangularis fiber (CQF) and CaO filler materials are varied to quantify the biological and structural effects of CQF composite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrate a 58% amorphous zone in this composite, while Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) examination revealed the hydrophobic nature, chemical bonding, and cellulose content. Because of the increased amount of chopped CQF loading in this composite, the mechanical qualities result in an average of 23% better tensile strength. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis was used to analyze the failure analysis for fiber interaction with matrix, filler, and fiber pullouts under mechanical stress. The antibacterial research revealed that this CQF composite exhibits bacterial inhibitory activity suitable for biomedical applications.

Multi-functional xylanase from Aspergillus sydowii: biosynthesis of nanoconjugates, optimization by Taguchi approach and biodeinking potential

The search for effective production of xylanase which is an important industrial enzyme led to the present study that explored xylanase production by Aspergillus sydowii SF through Taguchi optimization that incorporated nanoconjugates in submerged fermentation. Calcium and zinc oxide nanoconjugates biosynthesized by xylanase were characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The xylanase-mediated calcium oxide and zinc oxide nanoconjugates with λmax of 374 and 316 nm, respectively, and were 5.32–17.69 nm in size. Xylanase production was improved by 2.90–10.58 folds (64.24–234.15 U/mL) through Taguchi optimization cum nanoconjugates, and ANOVA showed that nanoconjugates contributed 13.62–65.97% to improved production. The xylanase had up to 88.38% deinking activity, with 49.60–84.64% removal of blue color. The remarkable xylanase production, its use to biosynthesize nanoconjugates and biodeinking potentials contribute to the development of versatile biocatalysts with applications in biotechnology, nanotechnology, and sustainable paper production. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of xylanase for biosynthesis of calcium oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles, as well as nanosupplementation to induce xylanase production, which can open new vista in bioprocess optimization.

Surfactant-Capped Silver-Doped Calcium Oxide Nanocomposite: Efficient Sorbents for Rapid Lithium Uptake and Recovery from Aqueous Media

The demand for lithium is constantly increasing due to its wide range of uses in an excessive number of industrial applications. Typically, expensive lithium-based chemicals (LiOH, LiCl, LiNO3, etc.) have been used to fabricate adsorbents (i.e., lithium manganese oxide) for lithium ion (Li+) adsorption from aqueous sources. This type of lithium-based adsorbent does not seem to be very effective in recovering Li+ from water from an economic point of view. In this study, an innovative nanocomposite for Li+ adsorption was investigated for the first time, which eliminates the use of lithium-based chemicals for preparation. Here, calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO-NPs), silver-doped CaO nanoparticles (Ag-CaO-NPs), and surfactant (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS))-modified Ag-CaO (PVP@Ag-CaO and SDS@Ag-CaO) nanocomposites were designed by the chemical co-precipitation method. The PVP and SDS surfactants acted as stabilizing and capping agents to enhance the Li+ adsorption and recovery performance. The physicochemical properties of the designed samples (morphology, size, surface functionality, and crystallinity) were also investigated. Under optimized pH (10), contact time (8 h), and initial Li+ concentration (2 mg L−1), the highest Li+ adsorption efficiencies recorded by SDS@Ag-CaO and PVP@Ag-CaO were 3.28 mg/g and 2.99 mg/g, respectively. The nature of the Li+ adsorption process was examined by non-linear kinetic and isothermal studies, which revealed that the experimental data were best fit by the pseudo-first-order and Langmuir models. Furthermore, it was observed that the SDS@Ag-CaO nanocomposite exhibited the highest Li+ recovery potential (91%) compared to PVP@Ag-CaO (85%), Ag-CaO NPs (61%), and CaO NPs (43%), which demonstrates their regeneration potential. Therefore, this type of innovative adsorbents can provide new insights for the development of surfactant-capped nanocomposites for enhanced Li+ metal recovery from wastewater.

Calcium oxide nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity for application in yellow tartrazine dye removal

Dyes are substances that have a high polluting potential, due to their low biodegradability and chemical stability, causing serious environmental damage when disposed of incorrectly. Yellow tartrazine (YT) dye as an environmental liability requires attention, since it causes toxic effects in fish (Danio rerio) with a potential allergic effect in humans. In this context, the present study aims to synthesize and characterize calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO-NPs) to evaluate the photocatalytic activity for the YT photodegradation under visible irradiation. CaO-NPs were synthesized by the biosynthesis method from golden linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) extract. Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD 23) was used to determine the ideal condition for the photocatalytic tests. X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential (ZP), physical adsorption of N2, zero charge point (pHzcp), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) and Field Emission Gun – Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG-SEM) were used to the CaO-NPs characterization. Thus, CaO-NPs presented SBET = 14±0.02 m2g−1, Dp = 20.9±0.02 nm and Vp = 0.054±0.004 cm3g−1, characteristic of a mesoporous material. ATR-FTIR spectrum showed characteristic stretches of specific functional groups (–CH, –CO, C = C, Ca-O, –OH) from plant extract and metallic precursor. CaO-NPs showed pHZCP equal to 7.74, positive surface charge (+12.7 mV) and bang gap energy of 2.61 eV. FEG-SEM micrographs showed that has a small agglomeration with defined morphology, but with irregular particle size (around 48 nm), and SEM-EDS micrographs showed an elemental composition (in weight) of the 50.24% oxygen, 3.32% magnesium, 2.29% iron, 10.44% calcium, 14.07% silicon, 3.33% aluminum and 0.63% potassium. Regarding CCRD 23, the ideal condition was the pH = 7.0, [CaO-NPs] = 1.2 g/L and [YT] = 20 mg/L, with 76.2% of photodegradation and a pseudo first-order reaction specific reaction rate k = 0.089 min−1. After V cycles of CaO-NPs recycling, there was a decrease of around 22.83%, indicating a saturation of the active sites available in the nanocatalyst Therefore, CaO-NPs showed potential application for TY photodegradation to be used in wastewater treatment being an alternative nanocatalyst, meeting nanotechnology and sustainable development.

CaO Nanoparticles Seed Invigoration on Germination and Seedling Growth of Rice var. TRY 3

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a vital cereal and staple food crop in South East Asia. It faces significant challenges in cultivation worldwide, due to soil salinity. Seed enhancement techniques like priming have shown resilience against salt stress. In this study, the potential of nano-priming with calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) to enhance rice seed germination and growth was investigated. CaO NPs were synthesized from organic waste (eggshells) using a sol-gel technique and characterized using Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Paddy seeds were primed with varying concentrations of CaO NPs, and their germination and seedling growth were assessed. The results showed that nano-priming with 40 ppm of CaO NPs significantly improved germination, root and shoot length, dry matter production, and seedling vigour as compared to the control. However, higher concentrations of CaO NPs had a detrimental effect on germination. The study suggests that CaO NP seed priming has the potential to enhance rice germination and seedling development.

ACTIVITY OF EGGSHELL DERIVED CAO NANOPARTICLES AGAINST PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM HUMAN WOUNDS

Microbes show extreme resistance opposed to multiple drugs which makes the researchers to introduce alternative techniques which enhance healing of infections. The contemporary and revolutionary systems are required to develop modern way of treatment to tackle multidrug resistant properties of bacteria. Nanotechnology is a swift and easy approach to synthesize metallic nanoparticles from various sources. In current research, 50 samples were collected from human wounds without discrimination of age, gender and site of wound injury. The main objectives of the research were to isolate, characterize and identify pathogens from human wounds. These wound pathogens were treated with calcium oxide nanoparticles synthesized from waste hen eggshells. Total 35 samples showed growth on Blood and MacConkey agar with different morphologies. Among 35 positive growth, there were 41 different colonies belonged to 6 common genera named as Acinetobacter, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus. These bacterial isolates were distinguished by morphological and biochemical identification. Calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO) were synthesized from waste eggshells while their antimicrobial property was checked by well diffusion and disc diffusion method. These nanoparticles were further characterized by FTIR (Fourier transformed infrared) technique. CaO nanoparticles showed effective results against Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Proteus in decreasing order making remarkable steps in the field of research. This research demonstrates that CaO nanoparticles are effective against different bacteria and can be used to treat wound infections.

Laboratory Determination of Productivity of Bomu Oil Field (Oml 11 as Case Study) Using MEOR Process and Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles

The need for petroleum products in the world is increasing daily, this product can only be gotten from the refining of crude oil a naturally occurring mineral resource which is produced by degradation of organic materials. This crude is gotten from several wells drilled for the sole purpose of the production of this mineral resource but this wells are being shut-down and abandoned because of the decrease in the well’s productivity which causes losses to the operators and poor finances for the petroleum industry. Therefore, the need to increase the recovery of a well is been considered, these methods are called enhanced oil recovery method. These methods include Gas injection method, Steam Injection method, Chemical injection method (chemicals such as surfactants, polymers etc) Microbial method and the use of nanoparticles as additives to help increase the recovery process. The type of enhanced oil recovery used in this work is the microbial enhanced oil recovery, this method makes use of biosurfactants which can also be referred to as microbe surfactants. The biosurfactants are gotten from microorganism they act as surfactants which reduces the interfacial tension between the molecules of the substance and the interface, this biosurfactants can be used for many industrial purposes which includes bioremediation, oil recovery etc. Nanoparticles are also another aspect of the recent technology which can increase the recovery of our well providing more crude and finance for the petroleum industry. This work shows how biosurfactants and nanoparticles when used together can increase oil recovery. The ever-rising global demand for energy and the issue of large volumes of unrecovered oil after primary and secondary oil production operations are driving the development and/or advancement of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. Conventional EOR processes include thermal, immiscible and miscible gas injection, chemical, and microbial enhanced oil recovery

Preparation and characterization of novel poly (lactic acid)/calcium oxide nanocomposites by electrospinning as a potential bone tissue scaffold

Calcium oxide nanoparticles (n-CaO) ca. 22 nm were obtained from eggshell waste. The n-CaO was incorporated into the PLA matrix in 10 and 20 wt% of filler content by electrospinning process to get PLA/n-CaO fibers with homogenous morphology and diameter as a potential use in scaffold for bone tissue regeneration. The incorporation of n-CaO into PLA modifies the mechanical properties, having a reinforcement effect on the matrix. The Young modulus for PLA/n-CaO nanocomposites increased between 122 and 138 % concerning neat PLA fibers, showing a more rigid behavior. The PLA/n-CaO nanocomposite fibers showed in vitro bioactivity, capable of inducing the precipitation of hydroxyapatite (HA) layer in the fiber surface after seven days in SBF solution. The biocidal and biological properties of PLA/n-Cao with 20 wt% showed a 30 % reduction in bacterial viability against S. aureus and 11 % against E. coli after 6 h of bacterial exposure. Furthermore, the fibers did not show a cytotoxic effect on the bone marrow ST-2 cell line, allowing cell adhesion and proliferation in the RPMI medium. The PLA/n-CaO with 20 wt% of nanoparticles showed a higher capacity to promote osteogenic differentiation, significantly increasing the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression after seven days compared to PLA and cell control. The in vivo analysis corroborated the biocompatibility of the prepared scaffolds; the presence of n-CaO in PLA reduced the formation of fibrous encapsulation of the material, improving the healing process. These results validated using n-CaO to enhance the functionality of polymer matrices as a PLA, bringing bioactive, biocide, and biocompatible properties, opening a new and interesting route to develop new biomaterials as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

Biological Preparation, Characterization of CaO Nanoparticles from Egg Shell Waste and Insecticidal Activity against Seed Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. in Maize

Calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles was biologically synthesized by calcinating egg shells from kitchen waste and characterized using SEM, UV-Vis, XRD and FT-IR. Biosynthesized CaO nanoparticles are found to be an effective insecticide against seed weevil, Sitophilus oryzae in maize. The indiscriminate use of already available commercial pesticides has led to develop resistance among the pests and also occurrence of pesticide residues in produce. The SEM study revealed that the particles are granular in shape with a size of 189 nm. The diffraction peaks of XRD were observed at 2θ = 32.320, 37.48°, 48.40°, 53.96°, 64.18°, 67.52°and exhibited polycrystalline nature. In the FTIR spectrum, a broad band at 1410 cm-1, a sign of a C-O bond which indicated the association between the oxygen atom of carbonate and the calcium atom. The insecticidal activity of CaO nanoparticles was assessed against S. oryzae by contact toxicity bioassay method. The outcomes of the bioassay studies showed that the lethal dose (LD50) for maize seeds was 72.62 mg/100 g. and within seven days of exposure, 100% death of S. oryzae was attained at a dosage of 240 mg/100 gm of maize seeds. The current study concluded that biosynthesized CaO nanoparticles may be used as an effective management technique to successfully manage the S. oryzae under storage conditions as an alternative to chemical pesticides.

Mint leaves (Mentha arvensis) mediated CaO nanoparticles in dye degradation and their role in anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties

In ancient times, herbal plants were considered one of the greatest gifts from nature that human beings could receive, and about 80% of these plants have medicinal uses. In traditional medicine, Mentha arvensis, commonly known as mint, has many applications, and in the present study, the mint leaf extract has been used to synthesis nanoparticles using the mint leaf extract as a biosource for the extraction of nanoparticles. In addition to having a wide range of applications in various fields, calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles are also considered to be safe for human use. In order to assess the characteristics of the abstracted CaO nanoparticles, UV–visible absorption spectrophotometers, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometers (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and X-ray Diffraction Spectrophotometers (XRDs) were used. By conducting a protein denaturation assay and nitric oxide scavenging assay, mint leaf mediated CaO nanoparticles were evaluated for their therapeutic applications. MTT assays were used to prove that the CaO nanoparticles mediated by mint leaf had anti-cancer properties. By examining the ability of mint leaf mediated CaO nanoparticles to degrade various dyes such as methyl red, methyl orange, and methylene blue, which are the most used azo dyes in textile industries resulting in water contamination, the ability of these nanoparticles to act as a photocatalytic agent was examined.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Ficus carica-Mediated Calcium Oxide (CaONPs) Phyto-Nanoparticles.

The significance of nanomaterials in biomedicines served as the inspiration for the design of this study. In this particular investigation, we carried out the biosynthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) by employing a green-chemistry strategy and making use of an extract of Ficus carica (an edible fruit) as a capping and reducing agent. There is a dire need for new antimicrobial agents due to the alarming rise in antibiotic resistance. Nanoparticles' diverse antibacterial properties suggest that they might be standard alternatives to antimicrobial drugs in the future. We describe herein the use of a Ficus carica extract as a capping and reducing agent in the phyto-mediated synthesis of CaONPs for the evaluation of their antimicrobial properties. The phyto-mediated synthesis of NPs is considered a reliable approach due to its high yield, stability, non-toxicity, cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. The CaONPs were physiochemically characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The biological synthesis of the calcium oxide nanoparticles revealed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak (SPR) at 360 nm in UV-Vis spectroscopy, which clearly revealed the successful reduction of the Ca2+ ions to Ca0 nanoparticles. The characteristic FTIR peak seen at 767 cm-1 corresponded to Ca-O bond stretching and, thus, confirmed the biosynthesis of the CaONPs, while the scanning-electron micrographs revealed near-CaO aggregates with an average diameter of 84.87 ± 2.0 nm. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm analysis of the CaONPs showed inhibition of bacteria in the following order: P. aeruginosa (28 ± 1.0) > S. aureus (23 ± 0.3) > K. pneumoniae (18 ± 0.9) > P. vulgaris (13 ± 1.6) > E. coli (11 ± 0.5) mm. The CaONPs were shown to considerably inhibit biofilm formation, providing strong evidence for their major antibacterial activity. It is concluded that this straightforward environmentally friendly method is capable of synthesizing stable and effective CaONPs. The therapeutic value of CaONPs is indicated by their potential as a antibacterial and antibiofilm agents in future medications.

Modified millet extract-mediated NiO/CaO Nanocomposite potentiometric sensor for monitoring of ciprofloxacin in commercial products

The super useful capability of nickel oxide (NiO) and calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles (NPs) has inspired critical interest in the usage of these nanomaterials as a wonderful and potentially active nanocomposite in ion selecting and detecting studies. This study created a NiO/CaO nanocomposite (NiO/CaO NCS) functionalized wire sensor to quantify ciprofloxacin (CPX) in medicines. Ciprofloxacin was coupled with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) to give ciprofloxacin phosphomolybdate (CPX-PM) as an electrically active compound in the existence of polyvinyl chloride and the fluidizing medium o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE). The developed sensor exhibits exceptional sensitivity and selectivity for the measurement and estimation of CPX, with linearity ranging from 1.0 × 10−10 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1. EmV = −57.25 ± 0.5 (log [CPX]) + 832.61 was estimated as the regression equation. In contrast, the standard type CPX-PM showed a potential response in a concentration range of 1.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1 and a regression equation of EmV = −54.745 ± 0.7 (log [CPX]) + 469.34. The functionalized sensor was potentially utilized for the quantification of CPX in its commercial Tablets.

Synergistic Influence of Yeast Extract and Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles on the Synthesis of Bioactive Antioxidants and Metabolites in Swertia chirata In Vitro Callus Cultures.

The challenges in the production of metabolites of medicinal potential from wild plants include low yields, slow growth rates, seasonal variations, genetic variability and regulatory as well as ethical constraints. Overcoming these challenges is of paramount significance and interdisciplinary approaches and innovative strategies are prevalently applied to optimize phytoconstituents' production, enhance yield, biomass, ensure sustainable consistency and scalability. In this study, we investigated the effects of elicitation with yeast extract and calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) on in vitro cultures of Swertia chirata (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten. Specifically, we examined the effects of different concentrations of CaONPs in combination with different concentrations of yeast extract on various parameters related to callus growth, antioxidant activity, biomass and phytochemical contents. Our results showed that elicitation with yeast extract and CaONPs had significant effects on the growth and characteristics of callus cultures of S. chirata. The treatments involving yeast extract and CaONPs were found to be the most effective in increasing the contents of total flavonoid contents (TFC), total phenolic contents (TPC), amarogentin and mangiferin. These treatments also led to an improvement in the contents of total anthocyanin and alpha tocopherols. Additionally, the DPPH scavenging activity was significantly increased in the treated samples. Furthermore, the treatments involving elicitation with yeast extract and CaONPs also led to significant improvements in callus growth and characteristics. These treatments promoted callus response from an average to an excellent level and improved the color and nature of the callus from yellow to yellow-brown and greenish and from fragile to compact, respectively. The best response was observed in treatments involving 0.20 g/L yeast extract and 90 ug/L CaONPs. Overall, our findings suggest that elicitation with yeast extract and CaONPs can be a useful strategy for promoting the growth, biomass, phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of callus cultures of S. chirata in comparison to wild plant herbal drug samples.

Synthesis and characterization of calcium oxide nano particles obtained from biowaste and its combustion characteristics in a biodiesel operated compression ignition engine

The goal of this research is to use calcination to make calcium oxide (CaO) nano additives that can be used as fuel additives. Spectrum investigations using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) established the synthesis of nano particles. The fuel is a waste cooking oil bio diesel of B20 blend (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) mixed with nano Calcium oxide additives in five concentrations: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 ppm. The qualities of the fuel are examined in line with the criteria of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The combustion investigation of these fuel samples in a four-stroke compression ignition engine coupled to an eddy current dynamo-meter found a 3% improvement in average brake power. All of the fuel samples examined have a combustion efficiency of 90–98%. The CaO nano additions improved the heat release rate (HRR) of the engine. The average cylinder pressures (CP) of the additive blended samples are also higher. Peak pressures of the biodiesel samples investigated in the experiment ranged from 1° to 15° crank angle after top dead centre (aTDC) under all conditions. The mean pressure rise rate (MPRR) for WCOB20 + CaO25ppm is 4.7 bar/degree CA. According to this study, the synthesised micro CaO particles appear to be a viable candidate for usage as additives to improve the combustion characteristics of engines powered by bio-diesel blends. However a complete study on performance, emission along with combustion characteristics is required to evaluate the prominence of this fuel with prepared nano additives. In future, calcium oxide nano catalysts for the production biodiesel may also be an viable alternate.

Green synthesis of graphene-oxide based nanocomposites for efficient removal of methylene blue dye from wastewater

Water-soluble dyes are a common problem in wastewater treatment, requiring highly efficient methods for removal. In this study, novel sustainable adsorbents made from graphene-oxide (GO) and other materials, such as eggshell-derived calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs-ES), fish bone calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs-FB), and durian shell activated carbon (DSAC) were synthesized, characterized, and demonstrated for soluble dye removal from wastewater. Fermented maize grain extract (MES) was used as a green cross-linker in the synthesis process. The resulting nanocomposites, GO@CaONPs-ES/DSAC and GO@CaONPs-FB/DSAC, showed promising adsorption capabilities for methylene blue (MB) dye removal from aqueous environments. The prepared nanocomposites (GO@CaONPs-ES/DSAC and GO@CaONPs-FB/DSAC) were characterize using state-of-art instrumental techniques. The BET measurement revealed that the nanocomposites surface areas were enhanced due to the cross-linking phenomenon, improving their adsorption capability towards MB dye treatment. The adsorption data of GO@CaONPs-FB/DSAC and GO@CaONPs-ES/DSAC was well fitted to the Harkins-Jura and Freundlich models, respectively. The maximum sorption capacities of GO@CaONPs-ES/DSAC and GO@CaONPs-FB/DSAC were 1274.5 and 689.7 mg/g, respectively. The MB dye removal mechanism was driven by π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction and physical interactions and the adsorption process of the nanocomposites followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorptive performance of the nanocomposites was stable, showing ∼96.45 % and ∼85.18 % after 10 successive cycles for GO@CaONPs-ES/DSAC and GO@CaONPs-FB/DSAC respectively. Cost evaluation revealed that bulk synthesis of GO@CaONPs-ES/DSAC and GO@CaONPs-FB/DSAC nanocomposites is cost-effective for treating large quantities of MB contaminated water and other potential dyes as well. Finally, the independent and synergetic contributions between pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature on MB removal by GO@CaONPs-ES/DSAC and GO@CaONPs-FB/DSAC were studied and optimized by central composite design (CCD) an aspect of the response surface methodology (RSM). Finally, this study suggests that the novel green cross-linking approach has a significant impact in enhancing the adsorptive performances of the developed nanocomposites to effectively capture MB from aqueous environment.

Calcium Oxide Nanoparticle Production and its Application as Photocatalyst

This study aimed to synthesize and characterize calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles as a photocatalyst in the degradation process of indigo carmine (IC) dyes. Several steps were carried out to produce CaO nanoparticles by mixing 0.5 M of CaCl2 solution with various NaOH solutions (0.5; 0.8; and 1.0 M). Experimental results showed the prospective control of CaO particle sizes. The experiments also confirmed that the greater concentration of NaOH correlates with the greater yield of nanoparticles produced. The best condition to produce CaO nanoparticles was obtained when using the ratio of CaCl2: NaOH of 1:2. Additional results showed the difficulties in the production of CaO particles in the nanometer size, which is due to the existence of solid agglomeration, giving ideas to the need in putting some additional experimental steps. The photocatalytic degradation studies showed several factors affecting the photoreaction rate, including processing time, catalyst dosage, and dye concentration. CaO nanoparticles had the best performance in catalyzing indigo carmine in 50 minutes, which was shown by the combination of 10 mg of CaO nanoparticles and 80 ppm of dye concentration.