Cage Arrangement Research Articles

Dislodgment Effects of Different Cage Arrangements in Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Finite Element Study.

The vertebral cage has been widely used in posterior lumbar interbody fusion. The risk of cage dislodgment is high for patients undergoing lumbar fusion surgery. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to use a lumbar fusion model to investigate the effects of cage dislodgment on different cage arrangements after PLIF. Finite element analysis was used to compare three PEEK cage placements, together with the fibula-type cage, with respect to the four kinds of lumbar movements. The results revealed that a horizontal cage arrangement could provide a better ability to resist cage dislodgment. Overall lumbar flexion movements were confirmed to produce a greater amount of cage slip than the other three lumbar movements. The lower part of the lumbar fusion segment could create a greater amount of cage dislodgment for all of the lumbar movements. Using an autograft with a fibula as a vertebral cage cannot effectively reduce cage dislodgment. Considering the maximum movement type in lumbar flexion, we suggest that a horizontal arrangement of the PEEK cage might be considered when a single PEEK cage is placed in the fusion segment, as doing so can effectively reduce the extent of cage dislodgment.

Real-world waste dispersion modelling for benthic integrated multi-trophic aquaculture.

In real-world situations, marine fish farms accommodate multiple fish species and cohorts within the farm, leading to diverse farm layouts influenced by cage dimensions, configurations, and intricate arrangements. These cage management practices are essential to meet production demands, however, farm-level complexities can impact model predictions of waste deposition and benthic impact near fish cages. This is of particular importance when the cages are used for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) with benthic feeders, where this waste not only affects environmental conditions but also provides a potential food source. The Cage Aquaculture Particulate Output and Transport (CAPOT) model incorporated multiple species, cohorts, and cage arrangements to estimate waste distribution from a commercial fish farm in the Mediterranean between October 2018 and July 2019. This spreadsheet model estimated dispersion for individual fish cages using a grid resolution of 5 m x 5 m. The study categorized discrete production periods for each fish cage every month, aligning with intermittent changes in biomass and food inputs due to different cage management practices throughout production. This approach facilitated the use of detailed input data and enhanced model representativeness by considering variations in cage biomass, food types, settling velocities, and configurations. Model outputs, represented in contour plots, indicated higher deposition directly below fish cages that varied monthly throughout fish production cycles. Deposition footprints reflected changes in cage biomass, food inputs, and farm-level practices reflecting this real-world scenario where aquaculture does not follow a production continuum. Moreover, cohort dynamics and cage movements associated with the cage management practices of the fish farm influenced the quantity and fate of wastes distributed around fish cages, revealing variability in deposition footprints. Clearly, these findings have important implications for the design of benthic IMTA systems, with species such as sea cucumber and polychaetes. Variability in waste deposition creates challenges in identifying where the benthic organisms should be placed to allow optimal uptake of waste to meet their food requirements and increase survivability. Evidently, models have an important role to play and this study emphasizes the need for representative input data to describe actual food inputs, cage biomass changes, and management practices for more representative farm-scale modelling and essentially to improve particulate waste management. To effectively mitigate benthic impacts through IMTA, models must quantify and resolve particulate waste distribution and impact around fish farms to maintain a balanced system with net removal of wastes. Resolving farm-level complexities provides vital information about the variability of food availability and quality for extractive organisms that helps improve recycling of organic wastes in integrated systems, demanding a more representative modelling approach.

Organizational Strengthening Through HR Management Assistance & Financial Reporting in Chicken Farming SMEs

Abstract. The development of chicken farming in Indonesia over several decades has increased and created many business opportunities. In breeding and getting the appropriate results, good business management needs to be considered. One of the laying hen breeders in Yapah hamlet is Ayam Barokah. Based on the phenomenon in the field, the implementation of financial records has difficulties due to limited knowledge of accounting science, the complexity of the financial recording process, and the assumption that financial reports are not important for laying hen breeders. Thus, there is often a shift in the recording between the number of eggs produced, weighing eggs, and financial records that are not the same. The objectives of the service are 1) to improve HR competencies through training and competency development, especially organizational governance; 2) to improve the governance of Ayam Barokah through the preparation of SOP and SOM so that they can be a reference in carrying out operational activities; 3) to increase understanding of standardized financial records. The results and implications of this service increase HR competence in the field of cage arrangement and better financial records so it can increase the amount of chicken coop income.

Insight into Ion Transport in Discrete Frameworks of Porous Organic Cage Membranes

Porous organic cages (POCs) of discrete frameworks are promising candidates for separation membranes of high ion permeability and selectivity. Here, we investigate the ion transport properties of POC (i.e., CC1, CC3, and CC19) membranes with different cage arrangements, channel wettabilities, and surface charges. Compared to CC1, the window-to-window alignment of CC3 membranes leads to continuous channels with the window-cavity structure and guarantees a high ion permeability and ion selectivity. In comparison with CC19, the hydrophobic channels of CC3 membranes suppress the hydrogen-bonding interaction between hydrated ions and the channel wall, facilitating fast ion transport. Tuning the surface charge of CC3 membranes from the negative to positive state, the mono-/divalent cation selectivity increases obviously due to the enhanced electrostatic repulsion toward divalent cations. This work reveals ion transport behaviors in POCs with various channel configurations and surface chemistries, offering guidelines for the construction of efficient ion separation membranes.

Solvent‐mediated single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation of metal–organic cage self‐assembly

AbstractMetal–organic polyhedra (MOPs) are intrinsically porous cage‐like structures; however, they frequently display low porosity due to their agglomeration caused by solvent exchange and removal, which results in the blockage of pore windows. This study presents the unprecedented single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation of a cuboctahedral MOP‐OH ([Cu24L24], H2L = 5‐hydroxybenzene‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid) using a simple solvent exchange from coordinating N,N‐diethylformamide to weakly coordinating chloroform. Following the solvent exchange, the interaction between the cages in the resultant MOP self‐assembly is strengthened while the interaction between the cages and solvents is decreased. The N2 uptake and the surface areas of the MOPs are highly correlated with the cage arrangements: the tightly packed MOPs in chloroform are the most porous among the prepared samples, whereas the loosely packed MOPs are less porous. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the tight packing of MOPs prevents the crystals from being deteriorating during solvent removal.

Bridging and Fixing Metal–Organic Cages

Despite their well-defined and intrinsic porous structures, metal–organic cages (MOCs) readily lose their crystalline arrangement upon solvent exchange and desolvation, which significantly reduces their porosity. Herein, we report a novel bridging and fixing strategy for retaining the ordered arrangement of MOCs. In the bridging process, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions involving the 4,6-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylate (m-DOBDC2–) ligands of cuboctahedral MOCs and formaldehyde connect the cages by methylene bridges, which are among the shortest linkers. In the subsequent fixing process, pore-filling and coordinating solvents are exchanged with or removed by low surface tension, noncoordinating solvents (such as mesitylene) in which MOCs are poorly soluble. This mild activation process avoids altering the cage arrangement, thereby further increasing the porosity of the bridged MOCs. The general applicability of this fixing process is demonstrated using cuboctahedral MOCs with different functional groups. As a result, after the fixing process, MOP-1-H displays the highest surface area of 1090.7 m2/g among Cu-paddlewheel-based MOCs. This study extends the potential applications of MOCs as functional porous materials by providing a simple and pragmatic method for preserving their porosities.

Steering Lu3N clusters in C76-78 cages: cluster configuration dominated by cage transformation.

While the strong interaction between the internal unit and the fullerene cage inside metallofullerenes is widely acknowledged, how the cage transformation interacts with the cluster configuration remains elusive. For this purpose, we herein synthesized three metallofullerene molecules with an easy-to-compare cluster configuration and cage arrangement, namely Lu3N@Cs(17 490)-C76, Lu3N@C2(22 010)-C78, and Lu3N@D3h(5)-C78. The three lutetium-based nitride clusterfullerenes (NCFs) with small C76-78 carbon cages were synthesized by a modified arc-discharge method and their structures were unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Notably, the cage transformation from Cs(17 490)-C76 to C2(22 010)-C78via a simple C2-unit insertion leads to a remarkable configuration change of the encapsulated Lu3N cluster from an unusual asymmetric plane to a common symmetric one. This close correlation between the cluster configuration and cage transformation is further confirmed by the pyramidal Lu3N cluster in Lu3N@D3h(5)-C78 other than the symmetric planar Lu3N unit in Lu3N@C2(22 010)-C78, as a result of an even larger difference in the cage arrangement. Astonishingly, such a cluster shrinkage, accompanied by an increase in the cage size from Cs(17 490)-C76 to D3h(5)-C78, is dramatically opposite to the cluster expansion with cage elongation found in La2C2- or Y2C2-based metallofullerenes.

The state of the fish farming industry and its development trends in Ukraine and the world

The article analyzes the current state and trends of fisheries in Ukraine and the world for the period from 1996 till2020. The authors showed the changes in the extraction ofaquatic bioresources, considered the indicators of export-import operations of the industry and also considered how fishproducts were consumed by the population. The article identifies the main prospects and desirable strategies for fisheries development. Measures such as catch regulation, control over the condition of certain industrial facilities, rational ecologically balanced functioning of aquaculture and mariculture farms remain relevant for the stable supply of fish, crustaceans and other seafood to consumers. Analysis of industry trends shows that in the near future most of the world's fish stocks will be caught in steadyvolumes. In that case aquaculture will have to meet the difference between the supply of wild fish and the demand ofthe growing population of the planet. On the other hand, the development of aquaculture raises a number of issues relatedto the resources it needs and the threats posed by externalfactors, including diseases and challenges related to climatechange. The competition of technologies in the framework of sustainable development of aquaculture contributes to theimprovement of closed recirculation systems, the operationof which does not depend on climatic conditions. They alsoensure the receipt fry of fish at an early date and have proven their effectiveness in the cultivation of valuable fish species: sturgeon, catfish, tilapia, salmon. nalysis of world experience shows that the cultivationof fish in mariculture farms is optimal arrangement of largesea cages away from the shore.It is substantiated that today one of the stable ways of obtaining aquatic bioresources in Ukraine is the cultivation ofaquatic organisms in inland waters. It is expected that in thenear future in this sector will be concentrated the potential for increasing fish products and feed use. Key words: aquaculture, fisheries, aquatic biologicalresources, fish, molluscs, crustaceans.

Хом’як звичайний (Cricetus cricetus) в умовах неволі: досвід утримання та розведення

Hamsters have long been considered agricultural pests and their abundance has been controlled. Now in many countries they are recognized as rare and endangered species that are at a risk of extinction. Among conservation measures to preserve and restore the population of many species is to gain experience in their keeping and reproduction in captivity. The experiments were carried out with hamsters obtained from the Crimea at different times. The keeping experience of hamsters in an ordinary residential apartment and the specifics of domestication of the animals caught in the nature are described. Their captivity, cage arrangement, nutrition, reproduction, specifics of communication, seasonal and circadian rhythms, territorial behaviour, threats and factors influencing their well-being are described in detail. Practice has shown that these are friendly and interacting animals to keep at home, and their breeding as pets is promising. Even adults caught in a trap get used to people in 2–4 weeks, take food from hands, go to the cage door when they are called, remember their nickname, calmly walk on the hands and do not bite at all, even when their babies are taken to the hands. Although hamsters are nocturnal in the nature, they are often active during the day at home. They do not hibernate and are active all-year-round, and even breed in winter. Hamsters are highly sensitive to overheating and draft; both are harmful to them and lead to death. In the evenings, while walking around the room hamsters do not run away and do not hide; the cage is considered their territory, safe, and cosy. Therefore, after walks, they go to the cages themselves or ask to be placed in the cage. Quickly master the treadmill and run in it for hours. Hamsters are very different by their individual behaviour and preferences. The purpose of keeping hamsters in captivity is to introduce the species as pets and to form so-called ‘reserve populations’ to restore populations of the species in the wild. Being among the pets, this species will be preserved in the culture and will be able to be released in places where their existence would be desirable. Based on the experience gained from keeping hamsters in captivity, steps to form "wild" behaviour are recommended. The formation of artificial breeding groups, which together form a reserve population, is an important measure in restoration programmes of natural populations of Cricetus cricetus.

POTENTIAL OF INCOME INCREASE OBTAINED FROM VISITORS’ PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS SERULINGMAS WILDLIFE RECREATION PARK BANJARNEGARA

The needs for a large amount of fund demand the conservation agency to be more creative and able to compromise the visitors` necessities as an effort to guarantee wildlife welfare by providing suitable environment and its infrastructure. The objective of this study is to obtain the data and information related to the potential of income increase gained from the visitors’ perception and behavior towards Serulingmas Wildlife Recreation Park (TRM) in order to optimize many resources owned through tourism service innovations offered to visitors. The data were collected by delivering questionnaires to 150 visitors. The data collected included characteristics, motivations, and perceptions of visitors toward animal collection which were categorized into four, i.e.knowledge about animal, visitor behavior towards animals, collection rating, and animals` condition. Moreover, the condition of facilities in Serulingmas TRM was also evaluated. Furthermore, the management will be able to find the recent condition of collection animals based on the current information obtained from visitors. Thus, the information could be used to improve the management and increase the attractiveness about the animals for visitors. The results showed that seeing animals was the most popular activity for visitors and tiger was the favorite animal selected by the visitors of Serulingmas TRM. Visitors had a perception that the existence of Serulingmas TRM could increase knowledge and positive behaviors towards animals supported by a good and attractive cage arrangement, healthy animal condition, good facilities and service condition. Moreover, the visitor's interest in seeing animals along with the willingness of visitors to pay the entrance fee by adding the animal attraction could increase the income estimation by 36.67% started from 2019 only if the management increased the entrance fee to Rp25,000.00 (based on visitors` Willingness to Pay value). The improvement of attraction that pays attention on the visitors` desire and needs by also considering animals` welfare can support a sustainable conservation agency. 
 Key words: ex situ conservation, Serulingmas Wildlife Recreation Park Banjarnegara visitors` perception, willingness to pay

Front Cover: Deuteration and Vibrational Spectra of Dimethylammonium Paratungstate‐B Hydrates (Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 6/2021)

The cover picture shows the arrangement of polyoxotungstate cages in the lattice of decakis(dimethylammonium)[dihydrogendodecatungstate] polymorphs, strong multifurcated bounds of cations and some water molecules via hydrogen bonds (represents by chains), which hinder free proton-deuterium isotope exchange. Inside the unit cells, there are water clusters, which can partially be deuterated, represented by an open door. At the same time, the wall of the associated polytungstate cages acts as a barrier against deuterium oxide molecules. We acknowledge Anita Rácz for the artwork. More details can be found in the Article by László Kótai et al.

The Gay Divorce of Music and Dance: Choreomusicality and the Early Works of Cage-Cunningham

This article explores the early collaborations of John Cage and Merce Cunningham, in which music and dance were united structurally and in expressive intent. Drawing on unexamined archival materials, I begin by highlighting the thematic content of the earliest Cage-Cunningham collaborations, Credo in Us (1942) and Four Walls (1944), of Cunningham's (rather than Martha Graham's) choreography for the Revivalist's solo in Appalachian Spring (1944), and of Cage's The Perilous Night (1943–44), premiered at the couple's debut concert. These works all portray a conflict between sexual desire and social conformity through marriage, a theme of pressing import as Cage left his wife to become Cunningham's partner. I then elucidate the programmatic nature of the first and last works that Cunningham choreographed to the music of Satie, Idyllic Song (1944) and Second Hand (1970), both of which use Cage's arrangements for piano of Satie's Socrate. Placing Cunningham's personal choreographic notes in dialogue with my own observation of rehearsals and performances, I suggest that Second Hand dramatizes not only the Socratic texts set in Satie's score but also the couple's relationship and their earlier dependence on and subsequent rejection of personal expression, a rejection that heightened their status within the postwar avant-garde. Instead of dismissing the collaborations of the 1940s as “early” or “anomalous,” I suggest that they are fundamental to understanding how Cage and Cunningham's relationship prior to their de facto marriage led to one of the most productive divorces in the history of artistic collaboration.

Controlling Structure and Reactivity in Cationic Solid-State Molecular Organometallic Systems Using Anion Templating

The role that the supporting anion has on the stability, structure, and catalytic performance, in solid-state molecular organometallic systems (SMOM) based upon [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(η2η2-NBD)][BArX4], [1-NBD][BArX4], is reported (X = Cl, F, H; NBD = norbornadiene). The tetra-aryl borate anion is systematically varied at the 3,5-position, ArX= 3,5-X2C6H3, and the stability and structure in the solid-state compared with the previously reported [1-NBD][BArCF34] complex. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography shows that the three complexes have different packing motifs, in which the cation sits on the shared face of two parallelepipeds for [1-NBD][BArCl4], is surrounded by eight anions in a gyrobifastigium arrangement for [1-NBD][BArF4], or the six anions show an octahedral cage arrangement in [1-NBD][BArH4], similar to that of [1-NBD][BArCF34]. C–X···X–C contacts, commonly encountered in crystal-engineering, are suggested to be important in determining structure. Addition of H2 in a solid/gas reaction affords the resulting σ-alkane complexes, [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(η2η2-NBA)][BArX4] [1-NBA][BArX4] (NBA = norbornane), which can then proceed to lose the alkane and form the zwitterionic, anion-coordinated, complexes. The relative rates at which hydrogenation and then decomposition of σ-alkane complexes proceed are shown to be anion dependent. [BArCF34]– promotes fast hydrogenation and an indefinitely stable σ-alkane complex. With [BArH4]– hydrogenation is slow and the σ-alkane complex so unstable it is not observed. [BArCl4]– and [BArF4]– promote intermediate reactivity profiles, and for [BArCl4]–, a single-crystal to single-crystal hydrogenation results in [1-NBA][BArCl4]. The molecular structure derived from X-ray diffraction reveals a σ-alkane complex in which the NBA fragment is bound through two exo Rh···H–C interactions-different from the endo selective binding observed with [1-NBA][BArCF34]. Periodic DFT calculations demonstrate that this selectivity is driven by the microenvironment dictated by the surrounding anions. [1-NBA][BArX4] are catalysts for gas/solid 1-butene isomerization (298 K, 1 atm), and their activity can be directly correlated to the stability of the σ-alkane complex compared to the anion-coordinated decomposition products.

Eliciting Local Ecological Knowledge and Community Perception on Fishkill in Taal Lake through Participatory Approaches

Aquaculture of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and bangus or milkfish (Chanos chanos) is a predominant activity in Taal Lake since 1975. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was conducted to collect and synthesize indigenous knowledge and perceptions regarding environmental conditions and fishkills in Taal Lake. Specifically, this study aimed to document anecdotes on land- and lake-use changes through time, commodity shifts and utilization, technological flow, and environmental phenomena. The community’s perceptions on probable causes of fishkills were also elicited. Finally, the people’s view on the different internal and external factors linked to environmental management as well as their proposed solutions to problems were accounted and analyzed.The major trends and changes in natural resource utilization, urbanization, terrestrial and aquatic livelihood activities, and occurrence of fishkill in the four municipalities in the past seven decades were illustrated using Timeline activity. Increase in human population is the major driver of changes in the natural resources of these municipalities. The local communities in the four municipalities depend on agricultural farming and fish–based activities in Taal Lake for their livelihood. The various factors involved in the occurrence of fishkill in Taal Lake could be categorized into environmental (climatic and volcanic) and anthropogenic factors. Oxygen depletion, volcanic activity, lake overturn, sudden changes in water color, seasonal changes, wind, hydrothermal vents, poor water quality, improper aquaculture practices, and various forms of pollution-generating anthropogenic activities were cited to have influenced the occurrence of fishkills. The devastation brought by fishkill events prompted the community to formulate solutions based on experiences, knowledge of aquaculture industry, and the physical conditions of the lake. The cage operators, for instance, conduct oxygenation of fish cages when low dissolved oxygen (DO) is observed and during transfer of fish cages to other areas. In addition, efforts towards efficient aquaculture practices such as continuous reduction and systematic arrangement of fish cages in the respective zones, reduced stocking density and feeding rates in fish cages, and proper disposal and management of wastes from domestic, industrial and agricultural (poultry and piggery) sources are the suggested solutions to avoid fishkill. The response of the community to reduce the impact of fishkill is anchored on local ecological knowledge, technology, governance and vigilance.

Antiferromagnetic phase transition of K-Rb alloy nanoclusters incorporated in sodalite

We prepared Rb-rich K-Rb alloy nanoclusters arrayed in the regular nanospace of aluminosilicate sodalite which has a bcc arrangement of cages. The average chemical formula of the cluster is (K1.5Rb2.5)3+, where one unpaired s-electron is shared by four alkali cations and is confined in a cage. The magnetic susceptibility and the electron spin resonance clearly show an antiferromagnetic phase transition at a Neel temperature TN of approximately 90–100 K. The observed TN is higher than that in K43+ (TN = 72 K) and (K3Rb)3+ clusters (TN = 80 K) in sodalites. This result indicates a systematic enhancement of the antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the adjacent nanoclusters by substituting Rb atoms for K ones. The size and the spatial distribution of the s-electron wave function in the nanocluster play a key role in the exchange coupling.

Comparative study of high voltage bushing designs suitable for apparatus containing cryogenic helium gas

The high voltage bushing forms a critical part of any termination on cables, transformers and other power system devices. Cryogenic entities such as superconducting cables or fault current limiters add more complexity to the design of the bushing. Even more complex are bushings designed for superconducting devices which are cooled by high pressure helium gas. When looking for a bushing suitable for dielectric cable tests in a helium gas cryostat no appropriate device could be found that fulfilled the criterion regarding partial discharge inception voltage level. Therefore we decided to design and manufacture a bushing in-house. In the present work we describe the dielectric tests and operational experience on three types of bushings: One was a modified commercially available ceramics feed through which we adopted for our special need. The second bushing was made of an epoxy resin, with an embedded copper squirrel cage arrangement at the flange, extending down about 30cm into the cold end of the bushing. This feature reduced the electric field on the surface of the bushing to a negligible value. The third bushing was based on a hollow body consisting of glass fiber reinforced polymer and stainless steel filled with liquid nitrogen. The measurements showed that the dielectric quality of all three bushings exceeded the requirements for the intended purpose. The partial discharge (PD) data from these studies will be used for the design and fabrication of a cable termination for a specialized application on board a US Navy ship.

Tight Encapsulation of a “Naked” Chloride in an Imidotitanium Hexanuclear Host

Treating the imidotitanium dimer [Ti(μ-NAr)(NMe2)2]2 (Ar = 2,6-(i)Pr2C6H3) with excess Me3SiCl affords the hexanuclear complex [{Ti(═NAr)Cl2}6(Cl)](-)[Q](+). The self-assembled hexameric cage arrangement encapsulates a chloride ion guest that provides evidence of new host-guest chemistry in this area, while the cationic part is composed of mixtures of the Q(+) cations Me2NHSiMe3(+) and Me2N(SiMe3)2(+).

Aerothermal Analysis of a Turbine Casing Impingement Cooling System

Heat transfer and pressure drop for a representative part of a turbine active cooling system were numerically investigated by means of an in-house code. This code has been developed in the framework of an internal research program and has been validated by experiments and CFD. The analysed system represents the classical open bird cage arrangement that consists of an air supply pipe with a control valve and the present system with a collector box and pipes, which distribute cooling air in circumferential direction of the casing. The cooling air leaves the ACC system through small holes at the bottom of the tubes. These tubes extend at about 180° around the casing and may involve a huge number of impinging holes; as a consequence, the impinging jets mass flow rate may vary considerably along the feeding manifold with a direct impact on the achievable heat transfer levels. This study focuses on the performance, in terms of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop, of several impinging tube geometries. As a result of this analysis, several design solutions have been compared and discussed.

Numerical investigation of the hydrodynamic behaviors of multiple net cages in waves

Large fish farms that include multiple-cages are becoming common in the aquaculture industry. Selecting an appropriate mooring structure and arrangement of cages is necessary to avoid fish cage and mooring grid system failures. A numerical model based on the lumped mass method and the principle of rigid body kinematics is developed to predict the hydrodynamic response of a fish cage and mooring grid system to regular waves. To validate the numerical model, a series of experiments is conducted. The numerical results of this model correspond with those obtained from experimental observations. Then, two cage arrangements are investigated, and the effect of the wave direction is analyzed. The results show that when the wave incident angle is 0°, the maximum tension forces on the anchor lines of the two cage arrangements are close to each other. There is not a significant difference between the effective fish cage volumes of the two cage arrangements. However, if one anchor line is broken, the two cage arrangements have different degrees of risk of having the cage structures swept away. When the propagation direction of the incident wave changes, the tension forces on the anchor lines also change due to different transfer load paths.

Fabrication of high surface area mesoporous silicon via magnesiothermic reduction for drug delivery

In this study, mesoporous silicon was achieved from ordered mesoporous silica via magnesiothermic reduction reaction, while preserving the original shape, mesoporous structure as well as high surface area. Rod-like SBA-15 with hexagonal array of 2D channels and crystal-like SBA-16 with body centered arrangement of cages were used as precursors, suitable wall thickness and mesoporous structures facilitated the formation of products with high porosity and the preservation of original morphologies. X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman spectra revealed that high crystallinity and purity of the resulted products were obtained. N 2 sorption isotherm results showed that the mesoporous silicon derived from hexagonal SBA-15 has much higher surface area than that from cubic SBA-16, which is reasonably attributed to the difference of wall thickness and porous structures of the precursors. High surface area Si-SBA-15 was selected as vector and ibuprofen as a model drug for drug release, and the system displayed superior drug loading and good release profile.