Heterostyly and gynodioecism have been found in Caesalpinia platyloba Watson, and this is a new record for section Coulteria of the genus Caesalpinia L. The morphology and fertility of short-and long-style flower types are described and discussed their taxonomic significance.

La tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) es una especie forestal originaria de Sudamérica, la cual presenta una gran potencialidad en la industria mundial en el campo de agroexportación y agroindustria, por el uso de sus derivados como taninos, mismo que tiene una demanda insatisfecha en el mercado al ser utilizado en industrias de curtiembre y alimentación; el trabajo de investigación se lo desarrolló en los meses de septiembre del 2019 a marzo del 2020 y tuvo como finalidad determinar la cantidad de taninos presentes en los frutos recolectados en el barrio El Portete, para ello se elaboró extractos acuosos por maceración y calentamiento, a los cuales se realizó los análisis organoléptico (color y olor) y físico – químico (pH y densidad), y, la cuantificación de taninos a cada extracto, considerando dos concentraciones de solución de permanganato de potasio (0,025 y 0,1 N). Los resultados muestran que las características organolépticas y físico – químicas de los extractos obtenidos por calentamiento y maceración no presentaron diferencias significativas entre ellas, excepto el pH que oscila entre moderadamente (3,7) y ligeramente ácido (4,3); en cuanto a la cuantificación de taninos se observa similitud entre los valores obtenidos con los dos métodos de extracción, sin embargo, existió diferencias entre los valores alcanzados con las dos concentraciones de permanganato de potasio, obteniendo los mejores rendimientos (52,5 %) a la concentración de KMnO4 al 0,1 N.

면직물의 젤라틴 전처리에 의한 소목염색의 염색성 향상

Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth, popularly known as sibipiruna or false brazilwood, is an ornamental species with wood potential and with great distribution in Brazil. The genus Caesalpinia has more than five hundred species, most of which have not yet been studied for their pharmacological potential. Several species of the genus are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sibipiruna leaf and flower extract on Cyclophosphamide (CP) induced DNA damage in male Swiss mice using the micronucleus test. The animals (6 animals/group) were treated for 15 consecutive days with ethanolic extract (via gavage) and on day 15 received intraperitoneally NaCl (0.9%) or CP (25 mg/Kg), being sacrificed 24 hours after treatment to evaluate the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs). The results showed that pretreatment with the ethanolic flower extract and sibipiruna leaf, under the conditions tested, did not reduce the frequency of MNPCEs induced by CP when compared to the positive control group. However, the groups treated only with the ethanolic extract of sibipiruna flowers and leaves significantly increased the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow when compared to the negative control group, thus demonstrating a possible mutagenic effect. Therefore, it was possible to verify that sibipiruna did not present antimutagenic activity, but a plant with possible mutagenic action in the concentrations used.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de métodos para superação de dormência tegumentar em sementes de <em>Caesalpinia ferrea</em>. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com doze tratamentos e quatro repetições de 25 sementes por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos pré-germinativos utilizados foram: testemunha (T1); imersão em água a 100, 80 e 65 °C por 5 minutos (T2, T3 e T4, respectivamente); imersão em ácido sulfúrico (98%) por 5 e 10 minutos (T5 e T6, respectivamente); escarificação em lixa n° 120 (T7); desponte na região oposta ao hilo e na extremidade do ponto de inserção da vagem (T8 e T9, respectivamente); imersão em vinagre de álcool, de vinho tinto e vinho branco, por 15 minutos (T10, T11 e T12, respectivamente). As características avaliadas foram: percentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, percentagem de sementes duras e mortas, comprimento de raiz, altura de plântulas e número de folhas. Os tratamentos com a imersão em ácido sulfúrico por 5 ou 10 minutos, escarificação com lixa n° 120 e o desponte do tegumento, tanto na região oposta ao hilo quanto na extremidade do ponto de inserção da vagem, são os mais adequados para a superação de dormência tegumentar nas sementes de <em>Caesalpinia ferrea</em>.

A dominant plant ( Caesalpinia spinosa ) drives plant-pollinator interactions for an understory species in arid Southern Peru

Background: Latakaranja [Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. (Caesalpiniaceae)] is a prickly shrub used to cure number of diseases in Ayurveda. Method: The present study has been carried for pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of plant material as per WHO guidelines. Result: Seeds of C. bonduc are greenish- grey to bluish grey in color, globous or rounded, smooth, shiny, 1.2 o 2.5 cm in diameter. Powdered seed showed the presence of columnar palisade cells, bone-shaped thick-walled, parenchymatous cells with resinous contents and roundish to polygonal bearer cells. TLC of the seed alcoholic extract was also performed in the present study. Physicochemical standards quantified includes foreign organic matter (1.0% w/w), loss on drying (2.88% w/w), total ash (10.4% w/w), water soluble ash (10.2% w/w), acid insoluble ash (3.2% w/w), water soluble extractive (14.6% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (26.68% w/w). Phytochemical screening of aqueous extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, triterpenoids, proteins, saponins, steroids, tannins and glycosides. Safety profile of plant material was established by quantify microbial load, pesticide residue content and heavy metals (Hg, Zn, Cd and Pb) analysis. Total aerobic organisams (cfu/g) was found to be 1.75 x 103 but no visible microbial growths were observed in seed sample. Pesticide residue content and heavy metals were found to be present within the permissible limits. Conclusion: In conclusion, the diagnostic characters obtained from the seed of C. bonduc will provide necessary information in identifying the crude drugs and comparing this plant from other closely related Caesalpinia species.

The aim of the study was to investigate phytochemical properties, antimicrobial activity and trace metal concentrations of Caesalpinia bonducella . The phytochemical screening of the extracts of leaves of C. bonducella revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as Steroid, Triterpenoids, Reducing Sugar(A), Reducing Sugar(B), Sugars, Flavonoids, Saponin, Amino acids with absence of Alkaloids, Phenolic Compounds, Catachins, Tannins, Anthroquinones. The ethanol solvent was used for extraction and was used to screen the antimicrobial activity of C. bonducella leaves against certain pathogens by disc diffusion method. In the antimicrobial study, in bacteria, the test sample was most effective against Escherichia coli NCIM 2931 (B2) while smaller effect was noticed from Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021 (B3). In fungi, this was effective against Epidermophyton floccosum var. nigricans MTCC 613 (F2) whereas smaller effect was observed in Candida glabrata MTCC 3984 (F1). All the microbial strains depict higher sensitivity to the higher concentration (1.2 mg / disc) for the test sample when compared to the positive control except bacterial strains such as Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2920 (B1) and Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021 (B3). The result was supported the view that C. bonducella is a potent antimicrobial agent compared with the conventional antibiotic. The concentrations of trace metals in plants were not cross the standard level. Hence, it is signified that Aloe vera plant extract is safe to be used as an antimicrobial agent.

A comparative study of phytochemicals was made on leaf extracts of two herbal plants- Caesalpinia pulcherrima Swartz (a domesticated striking ornamental shrub) and Caesalpinia bonduc (L) Roxb (a wild spiny shrub) belonging to the family Caesalpinaceae. The leaf extracts were prepared with 4 different selected solvents for each plant to adjudge the major active principle in the solvent that has value in rational drug design. The qualitative analysis of phytochemicals encompasses carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, betacyanins, quinones, terepenoids, phenols, glycosides, cardiac glycosides and the results were the mean values of the triplet readings. The quantitative total phenol estimation has carved out the fact that the wild plants is contributing high values for the secondary metabolites than the domesticated plant triggering the notion domestication, the need of the hour for the distinct endangered wild medicinal plants shall be done without the loss of the quality of the drug, the property of the medicinal plants as a boon to the future generation.

A regulação da calogênese é o primeiro passo para a embriogênese somática indireta in vitro. Nesse sentido, foram investigados os efeitos de diferentes meios de cultura, reguladores de crescimento e fontes nitrogenadas no desenvolvimento de calos em tecidos foliares de Caesalpinia echinata (pau-brasil). Explantes foliares foram cultivados em meios de cultura MS, B5, White e WPM. Testou-se, também, o efeito dos compostos nitrogenados (NH4NO3, KNO3 e glutamina) e a interação entre auxinas (2,4-D, AIA e AIB) e citocininas (BAP e KIN) na desdiferenciação celular indicado pela formação de calos. Os meios MS, B5 e White não foram significantemente diferentes e proporcionaram melhores resultados. Em meio MS contendo as fontes nitrogenadas 2,4 g L-1 NH4NO3 e 1,35 g L-1 glutamina + 4,11 g L-1 de KNO3 na presença de 1,0 mg L-1 2,4-D e 5,0 mg L-1 BAP ocorreu maior proliferação celular indicada pela massa fresca dos calos. As combinações dos reguladores 0,5 mg L-1 2,4-D + 5 mg L-1 BAP e 0,5 mg L-1 AIB + 5,0 mg L-1 BAP suplementado com 2,4 g L-1 NH4NO3 em meio MS estimularam o crescimento dos calos. De maneira geral, os calos apresentaram aspectos friáveis, não embriogênicos, com acúmulo de fenóis e presença de áreas meristemáticas (meristemóides).

In the present study, the growing behavior was evaluated for stem cuttings of two ethno-medicinally important shrub species Embelia tsjeriam and Caesalpinia bonduc. In vivo experiment was conducted on the effect of cutting length (two and four nodes), cutting diameter (thick - 0.65 cm, medium - 0.52 cm and thin - 0.43 cm) and pre-treatment of exogenous hormones in powder formulation (Indole 3 Acetic Acid, α- Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Indole 3 Butyric Acid) on percent cutting sprouted, node sprouted and survival. Results revealed a significant effect of all factors on sprouting and survival of both plant species under green house conditions. Maximum percentage of sprouting, node sprouting and survival were recorded when cuttings were treated with NAA and IBA @ 1000 ppm for E. tsjeriam and C. bonduc, respectively irrespective of diameter and length. Sprouting and survival rate of C. bonduc cuttings were considerably higher than E. tsjeriamcuttings. Thin and medium stem cuttings at four nodal lengths found to be the best for higher sprouting and survival of both plant species. Our study concluded that vegetative propagation of these two important plant species is feasible through application of exogenous hormone on stem cuttings. Key words: Embelia tsjeriam, Caesalpinia bonduc, ethno-medicinal herb, stem cutting, sprouting, hormones.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of oaesalpinia sappan aqueous extract's apoptosis-inducing on human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3.Methods With different concentration of eaesalpinia sappan aqueous extract acting on cells,immunocytochemistry was used to detect the expression of Caspase-3,9 and survivin assay in ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3.Results The positive rate of Caspase-3,9 were increased with the increasing concentration of caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract,while the gray scale was decreased.The positive rates of surviving were decreased with the increasing concentration of caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract,while the gray scale were increased.At the concentration of 0,25 μg/ml,50μg,ml,100μs/ml,200μg/ml,the positive rates of Caspase-3 were 5.29%,12.61%,24.60%,100.00%,100.00%,respectively;the positive rates of Caspase-9 were 12.32%,29.17%,57.42%,100.00%,100.00%,respectively;the positive rates of survivin were 8 1.62%,60.53%,36.94%,55.69%,36.92%,respectively.Conclusion Caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract can obviously induce apoptosis of human ovarian cancer ceil line SKOV3 by increasing expression of Caspase-3,9 and decreasing expression of survivin. Key words: Ovarian neoplasms; Ceils; Apoptosis inducing factor; Lignum sappan

Objective To observe caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract's growth inhibiting and apoptosis inducing effects on human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3. Methods Cell growth inhibiting effect was detected by cytometry; Examined were by trypan blue staining under a light microscope; Electronic microscopy was used to observe ultrastructure of SKOV3 cell affected by caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract's;With different concentration of caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract's acting on cells, cells cycle and apoptosis rate were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). Results The growth of SKOV3 was inhibited effectively by caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract's; typical morphology of apoptosis (cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation) were observed and in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometry detection showed: the experiment in vitro revealed growth of SKOV3 after treatment by caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract's at the different concentration. Apoptosis rate was increased with the increasing of the concentration of caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract's. Conclusion Caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract's can obviously inhibit growth of human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 and induce its apoptosis. Key words: Neoplasms, experimental; Ovarian neoplasms; Caesalpinia sappan aqueous extract's; Apoptosis

A new homoflavonoid from the seed of Caesalpinia minax Hance

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut, Dept Ciencias Farmaceut, BR-14040903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil

Constituents of Caesalpinia pyramidalis

Validation of Caesalpinia Subgenus Mezoneuron (Desf.) Vidal and New Combinations in Caesalpinia for Two Species of Mezoneuron from Africa

Homoisoflavonoids from Caesalpinia sappan