Sappan Research Articles

Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolation and Impregnation with Sappan Wood Extracts as Antioxidant Dietary Fiber for Bread Preparation.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has gained considerable attention as a functional ingredient in bread making. This work demonstrates the isolation of MCC from sugar cane bagasse (SCB) for preparing bread. The effect of MCC on bread attributes and antioxidant activity by impregnation with sappan wood extract (SAP) was evaluated. The highest crystallinity index and suitable size of MCC were achieved at 85 °C under 90 min hydrolysis condition. Increasing MCC/SAP levels in bread showed a significant increase in bread color with decreases in the specific volume and baking loss. There was a positive correlation between bread texture and the MCC/SAP level. The addition of MCC/SAP interfered with the bread hardness. Low MCC/SAP levels have no effect on springiness and cohesiveness; however, 4% MCC/SAP has significantly decreased these attributes, with the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Therefore, MCC can be functionalized with SAP as an antioxidant fiber additive for health benefits in bakery products.

Potential of Sappan Wood, Purple Cabbage and Beetroot Extract in Sperm Staining

Examination of sperm morphology is an essential criterion for evaluating male fertility. This examination can be done by staining sperm cells with various techniques to facilitate the visualization of sperm cells. Several other methods that can be used to evaluate sperm morphology are Eosin-nigrosin, AgNO3 staining, Papanicolaou, Diff Quick and Giemsa. However, using these synthetic dyes can harm the environment and water sources because they prefer to decompose. The natural dye derived from environmentally friendly plants expected to minimize hazardous waste. This study aimed to identify and compare the potency of several natural dyes derived from purple cabbage, sappan wood and beetroot, which have not been studied in sperm studies. Sperm obtained from 30 men in the campus area and underwent 3-5 days of abstinence from intercourse in preparation for sampling. The sperm stained with natural dye, and their quality compared with WHO standard Papanicolaou. Extracts of sappan wood, purple cabbage and beetroot are made with various mordant alum, ethanol and acetic acid compositions. The study's results showed that the presence of mordant increased the staining quality of sperm with sappan wood and purple cabbage extracts. The use of acid improves the quality of sperm staining with beet extract. There was no different between dyeing with beetroot extract in various solvent compositions and dyeing with Papanicolaou to color all sperm components (p> 0.05). The results showed that beetroot extract has a high potential to evaluate sperm morphology.

Assessment of Teratogenic Effects of Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) Extract In Rats (Rattus novergicus)

Treatment using plant materials has been widely researched and observed to assist in curing a disease. Medicinal products derived from herbal plants are proven useful as drugs must follow guidelines not to cause acute or chronic toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the teratogenic potential of an ethanolic sappan wood extract on the growth of unborn rats. Six groups of pregnant rats are created: Aquadest was administered to the Control group, whereas the Treatment groups received 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg.kg-1 BW of an ethanolic extract of Sappan wood. On the twenty-first day of gestation, pregnant rats were CO2-euthanized and delivered vaginally. Rats' body weight during pregnancy was observed, along with fetal growth measurements, viscoelastic examination, and skeletal development. Wistar rats' reproductive systems, fetal body weight, body length, and tail length were all unaffected by ethanol extract of Sappan wood at doses from 100 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg. In fetuse rat from the control group and the five dosage groups, no skeletal development had taken place and there were no obvious external abnormalities. Even at the maximum dose of 500 mg, sappan wood extract demonstrated no teratogenic effects on the development of fetal rats.kg-1 BW.

Designing Bio-Based Color Sensor from Myofibrillar-Protein-Based Edible Film Incorporated with Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Extract for Smart Food Packaging

The use of intelligent sensor-based packaging in food products allows the quick evaluation of food quality. This study aimed to design a color sensor from surimi utilizing sappan wood extract (SWE) for intelligent food packaging. The myofibrillar-protein-based edible film incorporated the SWE at different concentrations (0.15%, 0.25%, and 0.35%). The physical properties of the sappan wood–surimi edible film (SSEF) were analyzed, and the color changes at various pH levels and soaking times under different conditions were assessed. According to the results, different concentrations of the SWE significantly affected the thickness, transparency, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the film. However, the values were still within the acceptable range. The pH values increased the film’s darkness, redness, and blueness. Based on the evaluation of the SSEF under different soaking conditions, the color changes of the film in acidic conditions were more stable than in neutral and alkaline conditions. This study showed that SSEF can be used as intelligent food packaging. It can act as a color sensor due to its sensitivity to the changes in the pH condition of the product.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Edible Film Sodium Caseinate with Sappan Wood Extract Addition

Physicochemical Characteristics of Edible Film Sodium Caseinate with Sappan Wood Extract Addition

The Effect of Secang (Caesalpinia sappan) Masks on the Healing of Acne (Acne vulgaris) in Women Aged 21–25 Years Old

Introduction: Acne can be caused by the presence of acne-causing bacteria. Currently, various studies of acne treatment with herbal ingredients both topically and orally have been carried out with the aim of reducing acne-causing bacteria. Several studies have shown that the active compound of Secang, namely brazilin extracted with methanol and 50% ethanol in Propionibacterium acnes, has been shown to have anti-bacterial, lipase inhibitor, and antioxidant activity. So that researchers are interested in conducting research on "The Effect of a Secang Mask (Caesalpinia sappan) on Healing Acne (Acne vulgaris) in Women Aged 21-25 Years".
 Material and Methods: This type of research is a paired numerical comparative analytical study using experimental methods and data collection methods with repeated measurements of Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. 15 samples with acne were examined before given Secang mask with a composition of 0.5 grams of secang extract and 9.5 grams of rice flour. data was taken every 2 weeks for 4 weeks. The research data obtained will be presented in tabular form and then tested with the T-test in analyzing the results of the differences between pre-test and post-test
 Results: Based on the results of the study the effect of a secang mask (Caesalpinia sappan) on the healing of acne (Acne vulgaris) in women aged 21-25 years which was carried out for 30 days with a frequency of once every 2 days showed a significant decrease in the average total number of acne lesions (p = 0.00) compared to posttest, with a mean decrease of 33.38.
 Conclusion: From these statistical results, it can be concluded that secang mask therapy can improve acne healing in women aged 21-25 years which is characterized by a decrease in the total number of acne lesions, both comedones and inflammatory acne.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Ethanol Extract Against Streptococcus mutans

Dental caries is caused by the Streptococcus mutans bacteria, which causes a food deposit to harden and adhere to the tooth surface. Cavities will develop if food residue is not removed. Herbal plants, specifically sappan wood, can be used as an antibiotic. The purpose of this study was to look at the secondary metabolite content of sappan wood extract, antibacterial activity, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of sappan wood extract against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. This research method includes the maceration of sappan wood extract with 96% ethanol solvent, phytochemical screening of sappan wood extract, inhibition zone test with paper disc method, and MIC and MBC tests. Qualitative testing revealed that the sappan wood extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. Flavonoids, tannins, and saponins are all constituents of plants. Secang wood extract has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, as evidenced by the formation of inhibition zones at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, namely 8.75±0.354; 11±1.41;, 12.75±0.354; 16.25±0.354; and 17.5±0.000 mm. Sappan wood ethanol extract had a MIC of 12.5% against Streptococcus mutans and an MBC of 25%.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SERBUK KAYU SECANG (Caesalpinia sappan L) DAN KALIUM SORBAT TERHADAP MUTU KECAP KELAPA BORNEO

Borneo Coconut Soy Sauce produced by a home industry in Jawai District is a type of coconut soy sauce made with coconut water as raw material. The drawback of Borneo Coconut Soy Sauce is the occurrence of quality degradation in a short time, causing Borneo Coconut Soy Sauce to have a short shelf life. Therefore, efforts need to be made to extend the shelf life by adding potassium sorbate as synthetic preservatives and sappan wood as natural preservatives. The study was conducted at the Quality Analysis Laboratory of the Sambas State Polytechnic and the Chemistry and Biology Laboratory of the Pontianak State Polytechnic using the non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) experiment method with 3 repetitions using 6 types of treatment on samples with the type of concentration of potassium sorbate and secang wood powder. different. From the research, it was found that the addition of secang sawdust increased sugar and protein content, maintained the organoleptic quality of the product and found no contamination or bacterial contamination. From this study it can be concluded that the addition of potassium sorbate and secang wood powder can maintain quality so that it can increase the shelf life of Borneo Coconut Soy Sauce

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Polivinil Alkohol terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Sediaan Peel-off Mask Ekstrak Etanol Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.)

Free radicals can be prevented with antioxidant agents. Secang wood contains anthocyanin and flavonoid which have the potential as an antioxidant. Peel-off Mask is a gel cosmetic preparation that is practical because it does not require water. Secang wood extract can be developed as an active ingredient in peel-off mask preparations for the treatment of skin problems caused by exposure to free radicals. The formation of the plastic film on the peel-off mask depends on the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a polymer. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of PVA concentration on the physicaochemical properties of the peel-off mask preparation of sappan wood ethanolic extract. This research is a laboratory experimental study, the sappan wood was macerated with 96% ethanol solvent for three days with a ratio of 1:5. Peel-off mask formula with variations in PVA concentration of 12%, 13%, and 14%. Evaluation of the physical properties of the preparations carried out were organoleptic test, homogeneity test, dry time test, viscosity test, dispersion test and evaluation of chemical properties, namely pH test for four weeks. The data obtained were analyzed theoretically and statistically using the One-Way ANOVA method with SPSS 21. The results showed that variations in concentration had a significant effect on the consistency, viscosity, dispersion, and drying time of the peel-off mask of sappan wood ethanolic extract. The concentration of PVA that had the best evaluation was PVA 14% with a thick consistency; drying time 19,77±1,86 minutes; pH 6,33±0,21; viscosity 80,0±12,06 dPa.s; and spreadibility 5,76±0,41cm.

Converting sawdust to biochar and its mineral content: A preliminary analysis

In Indonesia, soil degradation is occurring. A strategy to improve soil conditions is by applying biochar as a soil amendment. On the other hand, Indonesia is an agricultural country with many types of biomass that can be converted into biochar. Sawdust of mahogany, teak, and sappan wood from the furniture industry is easy to find and has great potential as raw materials for biochar. This study used X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determine the mineral content of sawdust biochar from mahogany, teak, and sappan wood sawdust, especially the ash fraction. Biochar was created by burning sawdust woods in a furnace at temperatures ranging from 250°C to 350°C. In general, the main mineral (ash fraction) content of wood sawdust biochar was calcium (CaO) at concentrations ranging from 51 to 72%, with sappan sawdust biochar having the highest concentration at 70–72%. The potassium (K2O) concentration ranged from 9–23%, with mahogany sawdust biochar having the highest concentration (23%). The phosphorus (P2O5) content ranged from 2 to 10%, with teak sawdust biochar having the highest concentration at 7–10%. Moreover, teak sawdust contained 15-20% silica, and sappan sawdust biochar contained 6-8% Fe. The mineral content in biochar ash included alkaline cations; if the biochar is applied to the soil, then a mineralization process may occur and the cations could improve pH conditions through a liming mechanism. This result is only general information; further research is required to produce more comprehensive data.

Physicochemical characteristic of effervesence tablet from red ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)

The study aims to obtain the best formulation for the production of effervescent tablets made from red ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, lemongrass, and sappan wood, as well as to determine their physicochemical characteristics. The research method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) monofactorial using a concentration of effervescent mix (citric acid, tartaric acid, and Natrium Bicarbonate) 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, and 60% of 200 g effervescent mix. The results showed that the water content in herbs effervescent tablets ranged from 1.79 – 2.19%. The highest levels of phenols and flavonoids were found in the E1 treatment, namely 932.37 mg/g GAE and 159.96 µg/g QE. The weight uniformity of the effervescent tablets ranged from 9-10.63 g. The solubility of herbs effervescent tablets in water ranges from 8.2-12.3 minutes. The hardness of herbs effervescent tablets ranges from 300-430 N/cm2. The brightest herbs effervescent tablet was treatment E3, while the reddest and yellowest color was treatment E1. Based on sensory analysis, the preferred color and taste is E1.

Antioxidant Activity and Irritation Potency of Face Tonic Formulation from Ethanol Fraction of Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.)

Sappan wood is a medicinal plant that contains phenolic compounds such as brazilin. It can be used to treat photoaging due to oxidative stress. Face tonic is one type of facial skin care cosmetic that has this purpose. The research aims to determine the formula, IC50 value, and irritation potency of face tonic from the ethanol fraction of sappan wood. The ethanol fraction of sappan wood was formulated into a face tonic preparation using glycerin and propylene glycol as cosolvents. The evaluation of face tonic involved antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Meanwhile, the irritation-potential test was conducted using the HET-CAM method. The results showed that face tonic formulas had an antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 639.904 ppm (FI) and 620.365 ppm (FII). The irritation score of each formula was 0 (non-irritant) and 5.44 (moderate irritant). Face tonic with glycerin as a cosolvent has antioxidant activity and is safe to use.

Pengembangan dan Pertambahan Nilai Pada Produk Purun Inovatif Berpeluang Lolos Kurasi Ekspor

Kampung Purun, Palam, Banjarbaru is well-known as the development of creative industries making purun woven products. The products are in the form of various bags, hats, mats and tissue boxes as well as many other various products. The resulting product has a variety of colors, but in the coloring process the craftsmen still use chemical dyes which are not environmentally friendly. Besides that, the product design is still not varied. This service aimed at innovating purun products produced by the villagers of Kampung Purun, especially the Galoeh Bandjar group by redesigning and innovating the dyes used, namely using natural dyes to boost the chances of purun products being able to pass the export curation. Natural dyes were produced from a combination of jengkol skin and sappan wood, with various formulations developed based on previous research results. The best formula used was 12 : 1 : 7 consisting of water : cup : jengkol skin. The jengkol skin used was waste from the Jaring culinary production process. Dyes were made by boiling the two ingredients. Furthermore, the production stages by designing, coloring, determining color composition and evaluating product quality were carried out at the Banjarbaru Government Packaging House. The resulting color was brownish red and ready to be applied to purun products. The results of the curation by the Packaging House stated that the innovative purun product was feasible to be marketed from a quality standpoint. The selling price of the product was set at Rp. 46,000, - with a production cost of Rp. 36,621, - per unit. This means that there is an additional value of IDR 10,379.

Dyeing of Wool with Sappan Wood Natural Dye Using Metal Salts for Enhancement in Color and Fastness Properties

ABSTRACT In this study, we explore the dyeing properties of the extract of sappan wood natural dye for coloration of wool yarn to find the potential use of natural dyed wool yarn in the development of eco-friendly textiles. Different characterizations were used to know the chemistry of sappan wood dye and its interaction with metal salts and wool. Interestingly, we found that metal salts, which are called as mordants in reference to unmordanted dyed sample, play an important role in fixing the dye molecule on wool as well as in creating different shades with a variety of hues and tones. The typical color of fabric dyed with extracts of sappan wood without mordant varies from yellowish to red. Light yellowish shades were obtained in case of aluminum sulfate-mordanted samples, whereas yellowish shades were obtained in case of ferrous sulfate mordant. Light colorfastness of the premordanted dyed samples was relatively better than that of the unmordanted dyed samples. The wash fastness of all samples mordanted as well as unmordanted shows color change fairly good to good level, whereas the color staining on wool and cotton was found to be negligible.

Parametric Study and Characterization of Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia Sappan Linn) Natural Red Colorant Extract with Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method

In this study, the optimization and characterization of the colorant extraction process from sappan wood were carried out using the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Sappan is proposed as a source of natural material wealth, producing a natural red colorant that is being needed by the community in the food sector. Based on this research, the optimum operating conditions for the extraction of sappan wood were obtained using a frequency of 40 kHz, a temperature of 60 °C, a ratio of 0.0050 g mL-1, an extraction time of 20 min, and the use of 60% ethanol solvent. Sappan wood extract created a yellow to reddish orange color at acidic pH (2-6), red at neutral pH (7) and shifted towards purplish red with increasing pH. The extract was qualitatively positive containing quinone, flavonoid, quinone, and tannin compounds, as well as several phenolic compounds detected in the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy qualitative test.

Sappan Heartwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Extract as a Natural Antimicrobial used in Beetroot Juice by Accelerated Solvent Extraction

After accelerated solvent extraction using ethanol-water solvent (at a weight ratio of 3 to 1) at extraction temperatures of 60C, 120C, and 180C for 5 min under 1500 psi extraction pressure, the brazilin content in the extracts was determined and also the obtained sappan heartwood extracts (SHE) were used to inhibit some pathogenic bacteria in food, including B. cereus, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. Typhimurium, using agar disc diffusion method. According to the findings of this study, the average yield of SHE using ethanol-water solvent at different extraction temperatures of 60C, 120C, and 180C was 9.16, 13.64 and 16.81%, respectively, providing that the brazilin compound was found in the extracts to be approximately 3.36, 2.69 and 2.68%, respectively. SHE samples were found to be antibacterial against all bacteria tested. These extracts' minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at 37°C for E. coli were 3.91 and 5.64-6.51 mg/ml, respectively; S. aureus, 3.69-3.91 and 3.69-3.91 mg/ml, respectively; B. cereus, 0.150.16 and 0.20 mg/ml, respectively, and S. Typhimurium, 0.96 and 1.31-1.96 mg/ml, respectively. SHE obtained at 120C extraction temperature were suitable and selected for addition into beetroot juice stored at 4C for 7 days and 37C for 24 hr, with the lowest SHE concentrations found to completely and simultaneously kill B. cereus, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. Typhimurium in beetroot juice being 11.73 and 3.91 mg/ml, respectively.

The Effect Of Secang Wood Detection Water In Treating Prickly Heat In Infants 0-12 Months

Secang wood decoction can be used to treat prickly heat of the infants Aged 0-12 months because secang wood contains gallic acid, flavonoids, tannins, resins, resorcin, d-alpha-phellandrene, oscimene, essential oils and brazilin which function as anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-biotic and anti-oxidant. This study aimed to determine the effect of giving water Decoction of Secang Wood in Healing Prickly Heat in Babies Aged 0-12 Month in the working area of the Kassi-Kassi Makassar public Health Center in makassar in 2021. The type of research conducted is quantitative research Quasi-Experimental approach. sampling technique ussing Purposive Sampling with Posttest-only Control Group Design.The respondents of this study were 30 babies, 15 babies in the treatment group and 15 control group babies. Secang wood boiled water is used for bathing baby 2 times a day for 7 days. After being given sappan wood boiled water monitoring the healing of prickly heat with statistical tests using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that 15 babies were given boiled water seccang wood has the result of healing prickly heat (100%), meanwhile Of the 15 babies who were not given sappan wood boiled water, there were 2 babies who were experienced recovery (13.3%) and 13 infants who did not recover (86.7%). The results after statistical tests were carried out using the Chi-Square test the value of ρ = 0.000 < α = 0.05 is obtained, then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. So it can be concluded that in this study there is influence Giving Water Boiled Secang Wood in Healing Prickly Heat Infants Aged 0-12 Months in the Kassi-Kassi Makassar Health Center Working Area 2020. As advice for mothers whose babies experience prickly heat, you can applying the use of boiled water of secang wood to cure the prickly heat sweat in babies, so they can avoid prickly heat.

Guided Isolation of New Cytotoxic Cassane Diterpenoids from Caesalpinia sappan.

Guided by an MS/MS-based molecular networking, six undescribed cassane diterpenoids and three known ones were isolated and identified from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan. Their structures were unequivocally elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Cytotoxic evaluation showed that phanginin JA exhibited significant antiproliferative activities against human non-small cell lung cancer (A549) cells with IC50 values of 16.79±0.83 μM. Further flow cytometry analysis revealed that phanginin JA could exert apoptotic effect of A549 cells by arresting cell cycle in G0/G1 phase.

Phytochemical Profile and Antibacterial Activity Test of Medicine Plants in Southeast Sulawesi Against Salmonella Typhi YCTC as An Alternative Addition to Substitution Ingredients for Halal Products

Phytochemical profile and antibacterial activity test performed on several medicinal plants methanol extracts of plants Keji beling (Strobilanthes crispus BI), Starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.), Kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica), Secang (Caesalpinia sappan Linn.) and Jathropa (Jatropha curcas Linn.) existing in the Southeast Sulawesi. Phytochemical screening carried out by TLC method to identify classes of secondary metabolic compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids, while the antibacterial activity test against the bacteria Salmonella typhi YCTC using the agar diffusion method with chloramphenicol as a positive control. The results obtained show that the extract of the roots and leaves of plants of S. crispus yield a diameter of 9 mm and 5 mm clear zone, the extract of the leaves of plants A. bilimbi yield a diameter of 9 mm clear zone, while the extract of the trunks and flowers of C. sappan. plants produce a clear zone diameter of 3,5 mm and 6 mm against the bacteria. extracts from plant parts that have activity against salmonella bacteria can then be further investigated to obtain compounds that have potential as antibacterial and can be used as alternatives as herbal medicinal ingredients in halal products.

Moisturized and non-irritating hand gel based on sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan l.) and limau citrus peel (Citrus amblycarpa (hassk.) ochse) extracts.

Hand gel is a preparation used to protect hand skin from dryness. The antioxidant compounds in sappan wood and limau citrus peel can moisturize hands by preventing the oxidation of oils and fats on the surface of the (sebaceous glands). This study aims to formulate hand gel from ethanol extract of sappan wood with a combination of limau citrus peel extract that can moisturize hands and not to cause irritation. Sappan wood and limau citrus peel simplicia were macerated using 96% ethanol. The ethanolic extracts were then formulated into hand gel by varying the concentration of the ethanol extracts. The evaluation of the hand gel involved an organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, viscosity test, and skin moisture test. A primary irritation test was carried out to ensure the hand gel's safety. The results shows that the three hand gel formulas produce an orange-red color and soft scent of roses and citrus, with a pH of 7.8 and with good homogeneity. The formulas also have a spreading level of FI (5 cm), FII (5.2 cm), and FIII (5, 1 cm), and viscosity values were FI 12000 mPas, F II 12500 mPas, and F III 12400 mPas. The humidity test results on the three formulas shows different moisture values of 45.16%, 46.17%, and 45.09%, respectively (category of normal or moisture). The hand gel formulas have an irritation index of 0 (no irritation category). The hand gel formulas meet the quality requirements of hand gel, have moisturizing agent, and are not irritating.