Cadmium Sulfide Nanocomposites Research Articles

Role of donor/acceptor of doping on nonlinear optical properties of CdS nanocomposite decorated by carbon quantum dots and reduced graphene oxide

Cadmium sulfide (CdS), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), CQDs/CdS and RGO/CdS nanocomposites have been synthesized. The products have been characterized by FESEM, XRD, UV–visible spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of all products are measured using Z-scan technique at 532 nm wavelength. The results reveal that the formation of structures resulting in dπ–pπ delocalized systems makes the samples a perfect choice for NLO devices. NLO properties of CQDs/CdS is attributed to the charges or energy transfer between CQDs and CdS, in the CQDs/CdS hybrid. Overall, the laser excitation of the small CdS (36 nm) in the RGO/CdS hybrid material promotes electron and/or energy transfer to the RGO component. Therefore, RGO has more effect on NLO properties of CdS than CQDs on CdS nanocomposites. This enhanced electron transfer process leads to improved NLO performances, making the hybrid material a promising candidate for various optoelectronic applications.

Leveraging electronic interactions in poly (O-toluidine)/ cadmium sulfide nanocomposite for improved nitrogen dioxide sensing

Detecting nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at room temperature remains challenging for current gas sensor technologies. This study aims to address these limitations by developing chemiresistive sensors based on poly (O-toluidine) (POT)/Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocomposites. The combination of POT and CdS nanoparticles creates a specialized architecture to enable swift and sensitive NO2 detection at room temperature. Gas sensing evaluations demonstrated significant performance enhancements including 104/73 s response/recovery times and 73% sensitivity at 60 ppm NO2. The sensors also showed repeatability over cycles and stability over 60 days. Comparative analysis confirmed that integrating POT with CdS amplifies sensitivity and reduces response times compared to using POT alone. This establishes a materials-by-design strategy to surpass existing gas sensing limitations.

Hydrothermally grown optically enhanced CdS-GO nanocomposites

Nanocomposites based on graphene oxide have shown significant potential in various applications, including solar devices. In this paper, hydrothermally synthesized cadmium sulfide (CdS)-embedded graphene oxide (GO–CdS) nanocomposites were reported. The resulting powder was black and was filtered and washed with distilled water. The samples were then characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, optical transmission and photoluminescence studies. The samples demonstrated a polycrystalline phase with a rutile structure and high luminescence peaks. As the amount of cadmium sulfide in the graphene oxide increased, the particle size of the nanocomposites also increased. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of GO–CdS nanocomposites. Furthermore, the samples exhibited excellent photoluminescence, which made these composites highly suitable for optoelectronic applications.

Influence of the Filler Content on the Structure of Poly(p-xylylene)–Cadmium Sulfide Nanocomposites Obtained by Vapor Deposition Polymerization

Influence of the Filler Content on the Structure of Poly(p-xylylene)–Cadmium Sulfide Nanocomposites Obtained by Vapor Deposition Polymerization

Enhancement in incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of manganese-decorated activated carbon-supported cadmium sulfide nanocomposite

Enhancement in incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of manganese-decorated activated carbon-supported cadmium sulfide nanocomposite

Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of photo degradation efficiency of Reduced Graphene Oxide – Cadmium sulfide Nanocomposite

A simple hydrothermal process has been followed to prepare rGO/CdS Nanocomposite. The structural, chemical and surface properties of the prepared nanocomposites were diagnosed and studied using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Surface functional groups were analyzed using FTIR and Raman analysis. FE-SEM was employed to illustrate the particle size and surface morphology of the (rGO/CdS) nanocomposite. Surface area and porosity analysis (BET, BJH)and the elemental composition of the composite was study using EDX analysis.rGO sheets effectively improve the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Crystal violet dye under visible light irradiation, rGO–CdS nanocomposite possessed high photodegradation efficiency of dye about 85% which was 2.8 time higher than the control CdSrGO sheets accepting photo induced electrons from cadmium sulfide which reduces the recombination of (electron-hole) in the CdS. These well separated photocatalytic charges also demonstrated the photocatalytic activity of the rGO/CdS composite.

Polyaniline film decorated with cadmium sulfide- NrGO nanosheet heterostructure hybrid as highly efficient photoelectrocatalyst for water splitting

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots and CdS- nitrogen functionalized reduced graphene oxide (CdS-NrGO) were assembled on polyaniline (PANI)- coated FTO glass to obtain sufficient photoanodes for solar photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting and oxygen generation. The PANI film was electrodeposited on FTO glass in the electrochemical cell. The CdS and CdS-NrGO nanocomposites were deposited on PANI- coated FTO glass via spin coating. The as-prepared photoanodes were evaluated by physical and PEC measurements. The obtained FTO/PANI/CdS-NrGO heterostructure photoanode indicated considerably improved photoelctrocatalytic activity for oxygen generation from water splitting in comparison with FTO/PANI and FTO/PANI/CdS photoanodes. The FTO/PANI/CdS-NrGO photoanode displayed a photocurrent density (J) of 18.73 mA cm−2 (at 1.23V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) for oxygen generations, which was 3.3 and 1.3 times higher than those obtained for FTO/PANI and FTO/PANI/CdS photoanodes, respectively. The improved photoelectrocatalytic performance of this photoanode can be attributed to several positive factors, such as the tiny size impact of CdS quantum dots, the extremely high active sites of the NrGO, and the effective contact between CdS quantum dots and PANI, leading to a downturn in the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and the lowest migration resistance of charge carrier.

Organic molecule embedded CdS nanocomposite for hydrogen generation from water: Effect of precursors’ concentrations

Organic molecule (Histidine) embedded cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocomposites are prepared by the solvothermal method. CdS nanocomposite, prepared with 1:1 M ratio of S2− to Cd2+, shows the highest crystallinity and highest hydrogen production via water splitting. Optimization of Pt deposition indicates that 5.5 wt% of Pt deposition on CdS nanocomposite produces the highest amount of H2 gas. Moreover, the contents of histidine in CdS were changed from 0.0 to 2.5 mmol, and the result shows that CdS nanocomposite with 1 mmol of histidine has the highest rate of hydrogen production (21.35 mmol/g/h). This is one of the highest rates of hydrogen production from a single semiconductor photocatalyst system under visible light irradiation. These results indicate that organic molecules embedded CdS nanocomposites could be a promising photocatalyst for hydrogen production via water splitting.

Nanostructured CdS for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution: A review

Cadmium sulfide (CdS)-based photocatalysts have attracted extensive attention owing to their strong visible light absorption, suitable band energy levels, and excellent electronic charge transportation properties. This review focuses on the recent progress related to the design, modification, and construction of CdS-based photocatalysts with excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution performances. First, the basic concepts and mechanisms of photocatalytic H2 evolution are briefly introduced. Thereafter, the fundamental properties, important advancements, and bottlenecks of CdS in photocatalytic H2 generation are presented in detail to provide an overview of the potential of this material. Subsequently, various modification strategies adopted for CdS-based photocatalysts to yield solar H2 are discussed, among which the effective approaches aim at generating more charge carriers, promoting efficient charge separation, boosting interfacial charge transfer, accelerating charge utilization, and suppressing charge-induced self-photocorrosion. The critical factors governing the performance of the photocatalyst and the feasibility of each modification strategy toward shaping future research directions are comprehensively discussed with examples. Finally, the prospects and challenges encountered in developing nanostructured CdS and CdS-based nanocomposites in photocatalytic H2 evolution are presented.

Histidine Decorated Nanoparticles of CdS for Highly Efficient H2 Production via Water Splitting

Pure cadmium sulfide and histidine decorated cadmium sulfide nanocomposites are prepared by the hydrothermal or solvothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the particle sizes of pure cadmium sulfide (pu/CdS) and histidine decorated cadmium sulfide prepared by the hydrothermal method (hi/CdS) range from 0.75 to 3.0 μm. However, when a solvothermal method is used, the particle size of histidine decorated cadmium sulfide (so/CdS) ranges from 50 to 300 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that all samples (pu/CdS, hi/CdS and so/CdS) have a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure but so/CdS has a poor crystallinity compared to the others. The as-prepared samples are applied to photocatalytic hydrogen production via water splitting and the results show that the highest H2 evolution rate for pu/CdS and hi/CdS are 1250 and 1950 μmol·g−1·h−1, respectively. On the other hand, the so/CdS sample has a rate of 6020 μmol·g−1·h−1, which is about five times higher than that of the pu/CdS sample. The increased specific surface area of so/CdS nanoparticles and effective charge separation by histidine molecules are attributed to the improved H2 evolution.

Preparation of carbon-supported CdS photocatalysts with high performance of dye photodegradation using cadmium-enriched Perilla frutescens biomass

Cadmium sulfide (CdS), which is a typical and important semiconductor, has become enormous research concern in photocatalysis for environmental remediation. However, the practical usage of CdS in photocatalysis was largely limited because of photocorrosion, and the toxic Cd2+ ions would be released which leading to the potential environmental risks. To improve this defect, specific research has been focusing on fabrication of stable CdS nanocomposites by supporting with carbon-based materials. In this study, cadmium-enriched Perilla frutescens root was selected to in situ fabricate carbon-supported CdS nanocomposite photocatalyst. It was found that the CdS@CP contained CdS nanoparticles which were indexed to mixed-phase cubic and hexagonal CdS. Estimated band gap energy of CdS@CP (2.21 eV) was obviously lower than the pure CdS (2.57 eV), which implying that the new synthesis of CdS@CP was more easily to be motivated by visible light and required less energy compared with pure CdS. Moreover, the photodegradation rate of Rhodamine B (RhB) by CdS@CP was ca. 98%, and it exhibited high catalytic performance and durability in photodegradation of dye. The synthesis of CdS@CP photocatalysts with high performance of dye photodegradation would be a facile and low-cost pathway for achieving high value utilization of Cd-enrich biomass.

Acoustic Wave Catalyzed Urea Detection Utilizing a Pulsatile Microdroplet Sensor

We observe variations in the electrical resistance across a conducting water microdroplet when it was placed on a glass substrate before being mechanically vibrated at natural frequency with the help of an acoustic source. The reduction in the resistance across the droplet was magnified owing to the formation of vortices in the matrix when the periodic oscillation of the surface was increased. The variation in the resistance could be tuned with the frequency of the sound source, which was found to be maximum when a 10 μL droplet was vibrated at ∼320 Hz. Interestingly, the variation in resistance across the oscillating droplet could follow and distinguish the musical notes in the octaves (“sur”) or rhythmic cycles (“taal”) originating from musical instruments such as flute, harmonium, whistle, and tabla. Further, when a suspension of urease-stabilized gold–cadmium–sulfide nanocomposite was suspended inside the droplet and mixed with an analyte containing urea solution, the change in the resistance during the operational time period was found to monotonically vary with the concentration of urea in the analyte. The enzymatic reaction between urea and urease was found to follow a faster first-order chemical kinetics than the commonly observed Michaelis–Menten pathway owing to the presence of the moving nanocomposites and mixing vortices under the optimal acoustic excitations. The specific lock-and-key enzymatic reaction helped in extending these experimental results to estimate the unknown levels of urea in human blood serum samples.

Synthesis and optical properties of PVC-CdS-based nanocomposites

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)–cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocomposite films were successfully synthesized by ex situ solution casting method. Scanning electron microscopy showed that CdS nanoparticles are well monodispersed in the PVC matrix. From the ultraviolet (UV) spectra of nanocomposites, the width of the forbidden band for polymer nanocomposites was determined by extrapolation method. UV-visible optical spectra revealed that the optical band of nanocomposites is increased with increasing concentration of CdS nanoparticles in the PVC matrix. It was found that the band gap is 3.8 eV for PVC-3% CdS nanocomposites, 2.7 eV for PVC-5% CdS, and 2.35 eV for PVC-10% CdS nanocomposites. Photoluminescence spectrum of PVC-CdS-based nanocomposites shows two luminescent peaks at the wavelengths of 436 nm and 472 nm at the luminescence spectrum which belongs to CdS nanoparticles. Photoluminescence study shows that PVC-CdS nanocomposites exhibit a great blue shift (approximately 100 nm) compared with bulk CdS nanoparticles.

Preparation and characterization of polyaniline–cadmium sulfide nanocomposite for gas sensor application

Polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline monomers as emeraldine salt form. By the same method, polyaniline–cadmium sulfide nanocomposites were synthesized in the presence of different percentages (10–50 wt.%) of cadmium sulfide (CdS) which was prepared by using sol–gel method. The optical band gap was decrease with increasing of CdS concentration, that is obtained from UV-VIS measurements. From SEM and AFM, there is uniform distribution for cadmium sulfide nanoparticles in the PANI matrix. The electrical measurements of nanocomposites exhibit the effect of crystallite size and the high resistivity of CdS on the resistivity of nanocomposites. Emeraldine salt PANI, CdS and PANI–CdS nanocomposites were investigated as gas sensors. From this investigation, the sensitivity of PANI–CdS for NO2 gas increase with the increasing of operation temperature and the optimum sensitivity was obtained at 200[Formula: see text]C. The sensitivity of nanocomposites at best temperature (200[Formula: see text]C) was increased and faster response time with the increasing of CdS contents.

Synthesis and photoluminescence study of hyperbranched poly(arylene ether ketone) nanocomposites containing cadmium sulfide nanoparticles

In the present research, it reported the synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched poly(arylene ether ketone) (HPAEK)‐cadmium sulfide nanocomposites prepared using carboxylic‐functionalized HPAEK (ACA‐HPAEK) as the ligand in N,N‐dimethylformamide solution from Cd(Ac)2 and thiourea. The optical characterization of the CdS/ACA‐HPAEK nanocomposites had been carried out by UV‐vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy while the morphological properties had been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The results of PL measurement showed that the nanocomposite exhibited distinct luminescence properties. Furthermore, the thermal properties had been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The analyses had shown that CdS quantum dots with diameter about 4 nm could be synthesized by such route and the nanocomposites exhibited not only good light emission in the UV range but also excellent heat resistance. In general, a new CdS/ACA‐HPAEK nanohybrid was synthesized without ligand exchange, and had good optical properties and excellent heat resistance. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E508–E514, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Reduced graphene–cadmium sulfide hybrid nanopowders: solvothermal synthesis and enhanced electrochemical performance

Graphene–cadmium sulfide nanocomposite (G–CdS) was prepared by one pot solvothermal route. Graphite oxide (GO) was well dispersed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution of ions Cd2+, where DMSO acted as a sulphide source as well as reducing agent, resulting in the formation of G–CdS nanocomposite and simultaneous reduction of GO to graphene nanosheets (GNs). The size of CdS nanoparticles (NPs) in G–CdS was around 10 nm, and the large 2D flexible atom-thin layer of graphene made it easier to control the distribution of CdS NPs. The electrochemical performances of G–CdS nanocomposite were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge techniques. It showed that the G–CdS nanocomposite had a high electrochemical activity, durability, and stability. And the electronic conductivity of nanocomposite was improved and the stability of electrode was enhanced because of the introduction of GNs.

5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-carboxyl phenyl)porphyrin–CdS nanocomposites with intrinsic peroxidase-like activity for glucose colorimetric detection

Here, we describe the design of a novel mimic peroxidase, nanocomposites composed by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyl phenyl)-porphyrin (H2TCPP) and cadmium sulfide (CdS). The H2TCPP–CdS nanocomposites can catalyze oxidation of substrate 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of H2O2 and form a blue product which can be seen by the naked eye in 5min. The mechanism of the catalytic reaction originated from the generation of hydroxyl radical (·OH), which is a powerful oxidizing agent to oxidize TMB to produce a blue product. Then, we developed a colorimetric method that is highly sensitive and selective to detect glucose, combined with glucose oxidase (GOx). The proposed method allowed the detection of H2O2 concentration in the range of 4×10−6–1.4×10−5M and glucose in the range of 1.875×10−5–1×10−4M with detectable H2O2 concentration as low as 4.6×10−7M and glucose as low as 7.02×10−6M, respectively. The results provided the theoretical basis of practical application in glucose detecting and peroxidase mimetic enzymes.

Liquid phase synthesis of pectin–cadmium sulfide nanocomposite and its photocatalytic and antibacterial activity

We report the synthesis of pectin–cadmium sulfide nanocomposite (Pc/CSNC) in aqueous phase at 60°C using pectin as the coupling negotiator. The nanocomposite was characterized by using techniques such as X-ray powdered diffraction (XRD), transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TEM results indicated that the average size of particles in Pc/CSNC was in the range from 4nm to 10nm. These results were consistent with the results obtained from XRD data. Pc/CSNC was explored for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye from waste water in the presence of sunlight and sodium lamp source. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye was recorded to be higher under visible light irradiation (95.5%) as compared to that under sodium lamp source (88.9%) after 6h of irradiation. Pc/CSNC offered excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria culture.

Revisiting the construction of graphene–CdS nanocomposites as efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for selective organic transformation

Various kinds of cadmium sulfide (CdS) microsphere decorated graphene (GR) nanocomposites (GR–CdS) were prepared by various approaches and their photocatalytic performances for selective organic transformation were systematically investigated and compared.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production over Graphene Oxide–Cadmium Sulfide Nanocomposite under Visible Light Irradiation

A series of graphene oxide (GO)–cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocomposites were fabricated via a facile precipitation process by using Cd(Ac)2, Na2S, and prefabricated GO as raw materials. The obtained GO–CdS nanocomposites are composed of CdS nanoparticles with an average diameter of ca.10 nm, which are well dispersed and immobilized on GO sheets. By using Na2S/Na2SO3 as sacrificial reagent, the GO–CdS nanocomposites exhibit higher photoactivity for hydrogen production than the bare CdS under visible-light irradiation. Among various composite photocatalysts prepared, 5 wt % GO–CdS shows maximum hydrogen production efficiency. Our findings demonstrate that the coupled GO can serve as CdS supporting matrix, cocatalyst, and electron acceptor for effective charge separation, and therefore provide an inexpensive means to achieve high-performance visible-light-driven photocatalysts for hydrogen production without noble metal-loading.