Cadastral System Research Articles

Implementation of the LADM-Based Cadastral Model for Mongolia towards Transition to a 3D Cadastre

Most countries have considered the adoption of the international standard ISO 19152—Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) mostly for the improvement of their cadastral systems in the context of developing the 3D cadastre. However, the adoption of LADM is yet to be considered in Mongolia. The aim of the study is to create an LADM-based cadastral data model–Country profile for Mongolia, presenting how the standard can be tailored to the cadastral systems based on an understanding of current legal and systematic requirements. We conducted this study by taking steps to understand the current cadastral system in Mongolia, the implementation of the LADM Country profile, and the LADM conformance test for the developed model. The LADM Country profile has been created based on two parts–Administrative and Spatial. The developed country profile conformed to all classes from the low and medium levels and several classes from the high level of the Abstract Test Suite provided by the standard. In addition, we provide object-instance diagrams to help understand how the developed model can be applied to real situations. The study results will be used when considering the adoption of the standard and moving towards fulfilling modern cadastral requirements (e.g., multi-dimensional cadastres) in Mongolia.

Integration of linear and non-linear regression for estimating land value

Land valuation is one aspect of the cadastral system that is integrated with land use and land tenure. Land can be valued on the basis of the benefits that can be given. High and low land values are influenced by many factors, including economic, social, government, and physical factors. Based on factors that can determine the value of the land, it is known that the use of land (zoning) can also affect the formation of land values. The statistical analysis of a good land value model must take into account the effect of the location (X, Y) of the land parcels with the variable determining the land value comprehensively plus the city service center variable. The estimation model of land values resulting from the integration of linear regression and non-linear regression can be used as a reference to a single value for various purposes. The resulting land value estimation model is expected to reflect the true value.

LAND LEGAL RELATIONS UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF POLAND AND UKRAINE: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS

The article carres out a professional comparative legal analysis of the legislation of Ukraine and Poland in the field of land law regulation. Attention was primarily focused on the directions of development of land relations for completeness and a comprehensive presentation of the research , the concepts and terms most open to the understanding of the society were considered, in particular – «land legal relations», «land plot», «real estate», «land ownership», «land real estate», «real estate» and the general features and differences of these concepts in Ukrainian and Polish legislation are outlined. The article discloses the features of land management and cadastre in the system of land legal relations of both states, highlights the differences in the basic approaches of modern land management, in particular, the use of an innovative type of documentation for the Ukrainian legislator – a comprehensive spatial development plan. It has been studied that the cadastre system of Poland, unlike the cadastre system of Ukraine, is multifunctional and contains information about land plots and other real estate objects. It was found that land relations in Ukraine and Poland are regulated by a number of normative legal acts, while the essence of normative legal regulation is the division of land legal relations into relations of a public and private nature, which is a kind of standard of land relations regarding a land plot as a part of the earth surface and the corresponding natural resource. It was also found that at the current stage of the development of land legal relations, the formation of the latest approaches in understanding the infrastructure of geospatial data is decisive for both states, which is a potentially new step in the development of land relations in a systemic relationship with other types of natural resources (water, forest, plant life, etc.). Special attention is paid to the results of the study, based on the own analysis, a number of inherent and distinctive features of the legislation of Poland and Ukraine in the field of land law regulation have been singled out. It is noted that turning to the experience of other countries is a potentially important and promising direction in the development of modern Ukrainian legislation. Attention is focused on the importance of studying the experience of other countries, in particular Poland, which will contribute to the transformation of Ukrainian land legislation in the formation of norms that will contribute to the development of Ukrainian society.

Research on how to Implement the Systematic Cadastre within Medias Municipality, Sibiu County


 The paper aims to conduct a research, in order to analyze how to systematically register properties in the integrated system of cadastre and land book of buildings on the territory of three cadastral sectors belonging to the administrative-territorial unit Mediaș, Sibiu County. The objective of the work is represented by the accomplishment of the systematic cadastral works in the analyzed area. The instrument used to carry out the geodetic and topographic works necessary to carry out this project is the Leica TC (R) 407 total station, which is part of the TPS400 range. The verification of the support network was performed both from a planimetric point of view using the conditional measurements method and altimetrically using the trigonometrical leveling at long distance method. Two new points were included, the compensation of their coordinates was made using the indirect measurements method. In the present paper, the real estate fund cadastre was made, the evidence and the systematic inventory were made, from a quantitative, qualitative and legal point of view of the 56 buildings from the 3 cadastral sectors afferent to the studied administrative-territorial unit. Following the work, it is found that the method of registration in the Land Book through the Systematic Cadastre is an efficient solution and an alternative to the Sporadic Cadastre addressed at national level that facilitates field work, time and allows the determination of land areas in cadastral sectors. with better accuracy.

BUILDING DIGITAL TWINS FOR SMART CITIES: A CASE STUDY IN GREECE

Abstract. The recent emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), the latest technological innovations and the widespread use and embrace of Building Information Models (BIMs) offer several new ideas and decision-making capabilities throughout the life cycle of the built environment. The ability to connect and monitor data from sensor networks remotely in real time as well as the simulation and optimization of engineering systems, have led to the emergence of the Digital Twin (DT) concept of the structured environment. Although BIM lacks semantic completeness in areas beyond the scope of building modelling such as control systems, cadastral systems, networking of sensors, meteorological networks, etc., the DTs aim to achieve the synchronization of big data from various sources and simulate the real world into a virtual platform for the seamless management and control of the construction process, facility management, environmental monitoring, disaster management and disaster prevention, and other life cycle processes within the built environment. DTs in the built environment are still in nascent stages and thus a more in-depth investigation is required to explore and establish the best practices and technologies to serve this evolution. In this paper, we propose a methodology for providing the DT of a building; by crossing from the BIM static world to the dynamic cyber-world of DTs. A practical application is implemented for a two-storey ‘smart’ building with sensor systems installed in its assets and in the surrounding landscape area. As the practical experiment is successfully completed, we conclude that such an endeavour can actually be achieved at building level offering several economic, environmental and social benefits.

Quantitative Analysis of Land Use Classification in Agricultural and Forest Areas

The article deals with the research on the quantitative classification of land use, which directly affects the amount of land use data collected in the real estate cadastre.For the purpose of this article, the cadastral systems of seven European countries – Austria, Bulgaria, Estonia, Spain, Lithuania, Germany and Poland – have been examined, taking into account how detailed is the classification in agricultural and forest areas. The research covered the provisions of legal acts applicable in the researched seven European countries and made available in national languages by the government bodies.The article asks the following three questions:1) whether the researched countries adopted the same approach to isolatingclasses of items related to agricultural and forest areas;2) whether the researched countries feature the same number of classes ofitems recorded at various levels of detail;3) what is the percentage of the distinguished item classes of land uses in theagricultural and forest areas in relation to all of the distinguished item classes at all the levels of detail.The conducted research can be used as a material supporting works consisting of the modernization of the functioning of land registration in the real estate cadastre in Poland.

CADASTRE PROJECT-2014: RESULTS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN UZBEKISTAN

The article reveals the content of the Cadastre-2014 project prepared by the International Federation of Geodesists (FIG) and analyzes the results of the implementation of its main directions in Uzbekistan. The author analyzes the purpose and content of the cadastre, the organization of cadastral systems, as well as the possibilities of privatization of existing domestic cadastral systems. In the course of the analysis, the results of the development of the domestic natural resource cadastral system within the framework of the ratio of public and private law, the influence of political decisions on the formation and application of cadastral information on natural resources, the possibility of using modeling instead of mapping, the transfer of the right to form primary cadastral information to private entities against the background of strengthening cadastral supervision by the competent state body are considered.

Too Much, Too Soon? The Changes in Greece’s Land Administration Organizations during the Economic Crisis Period 2009 to 2018

Land administration is the managing of spatial and legal data pertaining to land. Land administration organizations provide services for land ownership and are essential to a well-functioning land administration system to secure land and property rights for all and support real estate markets. This article reviews the case of the Hellenic Land Administration Reform and the associated changes in the land administration organizations during the economic crisis period (2009–2018). We qualitatively analyze these changes and their actual effects through a set of legislative initiatives according to the orders of change of the enactive theory of reforms and the concept of isomorphism. The study is informed by interviews with key informants involved in the land administration policy domain, and by secondary data, such as legislative documents and reports. Findings show that the legislative initiatives aimed to bring efficiency, transparency, and rationalization to the land administration policy domain by centralizing the collection of land transaction fees and nationalizing the land administration organizations., The enacted legislative initiatives encompassed organizational (second-order) changes within a short period, instead of incremental technical or managerial measures (first-order) to improve ineffective practices and services for citizens. They ended with a drastic organizational transformation, resulting in “premature load bearing” in the involved organizations, which complexified the implementation of an ambitious land administration reform and impacted the smooth operation of the real estate market. The article increases the current insight on the merger of land administration organizations and its implications. It contributes to the land administration scholarly literature on the establishment of new organizations to create a modern cadastral system from a public policy perspective through the orders of change of the enactive theory of reforms.

The impact of digitalization on the practice of determining economical cadastral valuation

Cadastral appraisers often use only those pricing factors that are mentioned in the National Standard of Cadastral Appraisal which leads to overestimation or underestimation of the cadastral value, therefore a shortage of budget funds and dissatisfaction among the citizens over the cadastral system of value for the taxation. This study aims to analyze the territory for the presence of local pricing factors, i.e. those that can be identified directly during zoning. Such factors can be, for example, soil quality, environmental health, proximity to waste storage, cell towers, etc. The work consists of the following steps: substantiating the composition of local cadastral value factors, collecting qualitative and quantitative values of cost factors ranking and normalizing the values of factors, checking market data for compliance with the normal distribution law, determining the type of functional dependence of prices on factors, building a model for calculating the cadastral value, analyzing the quality of a statistical calculation model. Approbation was carried out on the example of garden and garden plots located in the Belgorod region of the Russian Federation. The test results showed that the cadastral value model, which included local factors, is statistically significant and better describes the market.

Передумови виникнення 3D-кадастру в Україні

Purpose. The purpose of scientific work is to prove the importance and necessity of the development of the national cadastre system, namely the introduction of 3D-cadastre technology. This technology will allow you to implement realtime real estate measurements. Methodology. The cadastre is always linked to the land. Cadastral information is the basis for the rational use and protection of land, which form the land cadastral and information system of real estate. This structure includes basic registers and general registers, which form the basic system of 3D-cadastre. Results. Intensive development of cities in Ukraine, combined with complex cases of spatial delimitation, in terms of property rights, requires a new approach to land management, which would allow to register real estate and rights to them in 3D. Therefore, there is a need to create a 3D-cadastre system that can solve these problems. To create a 3D-cadastre in Ukraine, it is necessary to improve the national cadastral system. In particular, fill it with information about buildings and structures, as well as combine registers that contain information about land and real estate located on them. Scientific novelty and practical significance. 3D-cadastral databases can be used by those involved in land development processes, including land registrars, surveyors, architects, developers, designers, real estate agents, local governments and corporate owners. The 3D-cadastre system can provide important information on various aspects of land and property management. Foreign experience shows the effectiveness of such a system in integrated resource management at the municipal level; on increasing the investment attractiveness of territories due to the guaranteed realization by the owners of all rights to any three-dimensional real estate object; on the reduction of property disputes, as the altitude coordinate is a control and 98% protects the cadastral system from overlays and incorrect registration of the boundaries of objects.

MAIN RESULTS OF URBAN PLANNING MONITORING OF THE GENERAL PLAN OF THE CITY OF KYIV

The article is devoted to determining the state of implementation of the General Plan of the city of Kyiv and the planning project of its suburban zone for the period until 2020. A comparative analysis of the actual indicators of the state of development of the city of Kyiv and the forecast indicators of the General Plan of the city of Kyiv, which are determined for the calculation period until 2020, was carried out. It was established that the level of deviation of actual and forecast indicators is up to 34%. Some deviations are related to exceeding the forecasted indicators, and part of the deviations are related to overestimated expectations for the calculation period of the General Plan of the city of Kyiv. In the future, in order to carry out urban planning monitoring, it is necessary to organize the process of data exchange between the Unified State Electronic System in the field of construction and local urban planning cadastre systems. A significant amount of documentation, which is subject to monitoring, is created and stored in the Unified State Electronic System in the field of construction. The Ministry of Development of Communities and Territories of Ukraine has adopted a new procedure for conducting urban planning monitoring. The updated Procedure for conducting urban planning monitoring defines the mechanism for conducting urban planning monitoring, in particular: determines the bodies responsible for conducting urban planning monitoring, establishes the sequence of conducting urban planning monitoring activities, the composition and content of the analytical report based on the results of urban planning monitoring.

INFORMATION PROVISION OF LAND ADMINISTRATION

Land is the vital base of a nation. Land is not only a natural economic resource, but also a special cultural and social basis for establishing our identity. Land is also the creative space of a nation. Among the many challenges facing to the Georgian state today is resolving the land issue. The issue of land is most fundamentally linked to the fate of the country, as territorial identity is the ground of national consciousness, and its maintenance is impossible without regulating land ownership and land use. The primary attribute of the creation of a state is the possession of a certain territory, and the determining factor in the strength of the state is a detailed study of the wealth of this territory, its successful management and the development of a strategy for the development of the country. It all depends a lot on who lives in the area and how it is managed. Therefore, the issue of land management and accounting is vital not only for our country, but for all countries of the world and for humanity in general. The historical aspiration of the Georgian state to become a full member of the European family, which includes the integration and compatibility of various fields or spheres with European standards. There is also the area of land administration. The ongoing democratic transformations in Georgia and the need to fully manage land reform, as one of its organic and important components, have raised the issue of improving the land market formation-development mechanism. World experience shows that the formation of the land market should be preceded by the creation of a unified state information system, a comprehensive land code, a land registration system, a land cadastre, which legally secures the land market. The development of the land (real estate) market should be preceded by land registration and cadastre, which are interrelated systems and complement each other. The Cadastre and all other registers containing officially registered data on land and land ownership constitute the land administration infrastructure. Cadastre is a French word meaning a description of something, a set of data about something. Cadastre This is a set of data compiled by an official body or agency (eg land, water, forestry, city, etc. cadastre). The land cadastre is used in a dual sense - narrow and territorial in the narrow sense, cadastral data are accurate graphical and textual information about the configuration and location of the border of the land, buildings on it, including a linear construction, as well as easements or other legal restrictions. And in a broad sense, a land cadastre is a set of data that includes information about the natural, economic, legal, environmental, economic state of the land and answers the questions "Who? Where? How much? How?" The land registry is to some extent maintained by the LEPP - the National Public Registry Agency. The land registry prepared by the agency answers the questions: Where? whose? How much? This information is also incomplete at the moment, because, despite the reforms carried out, the number of unregistered land plots is still high. It also doesn't answer the question, what kind? In Georgia, there is no complete production of the land cadastre, a single database has not been created, which should contain information on the natural, economic, legal, ecological and economic state of lands and fully answer the questions “Who?” Where? How much? as?" The land cadastre in Georgia was last conducted in 1985 at a time when there was only state ownership of land in the country. Georgia does not currently have a complete land cadastre production, therefore, a land cadastre production methodology should be developed, which, in the presence of various forms of land ownership, will allow us to obtain comprehensive information on land plots. The land cadastre system is the basis for the functioning of the economy of any country. Having a sound land registration system is one of the most important factors in promoting an effective land administration policy for all countries and ensuring the protection of private and public interests related to land ownership and investment. Effective systems of land administration and comprehensive land registration are the basis for the productive functioning of the market economy, the development of the agricultural sector and the sustainable and efficient management of land resources, which will significantly contribute to the sustainable growth and development of the economy.

Real estate cadastre as a register of land, buildings and premises. Proposal to repeal the term land and buildings register introduced by the 1947 decree.

The article concerns the necessity to change the regulations contained in the Act of 17th May 1989 Geodetic and Cartographic Law within the scope of concepts indicated in it: land and buildings register and real estate cadastre. The concept of land cadaster, at that time called a land cadaster, appeared in the Polish law of the interwar period together with the beginning the process of unification of the cadastral system in Poland after the partitions of the country. After the Second World War, the term cadastre was introduced and defined by the Decree of 24th September 1947 on land and building cadastre, which was in force until 1955. Afterwards, by a virtue of the Decree of 2nd February 1955, the legislator replaced the definition of term cadastre with another term - the land and building register. The definition of the land and building register, which was then inherited by the Act of 17th May 1989 the Geodetic and Cartographic Law, was functioning independently until the amendment of the Act Geodetic and Cartographic Law in 1998. In this amendment, the legislator added Article 53a, according to which "Until the transformation of the land and building register into a real estate cadastre the term >>cadastre<<, as used in the Act, shall denote the register mentioned above". The article hypothesises that the addition of the transitional regulation contained in Article 53a as a result of the amendment of the Geodetic and Cartographic Law practically causes that the term "register of land and buildings" introduced by the decree of 1955 may never be removed from the content of the Geodetic and Cartographic Law. On the basis of an analysis of 17 acts, the article shows that such a provision causes negative effects resulting in the application of conceptual dualism in many created and amended laws. As a result of the research, mostly of a dogmatic and legal nature based on the analysis of the legislation in force, it was stated that the Geodetic and Cartographic Law lacks any regulations aimed at implementing the content of Article 53a. Therefore, this study proposes an amendment to the content of Article 53a, which would result in return to the name of the real estate cadastre, which is a system of real estate registration that is widely accepted worldwide and has been used for 2000 years.

RESEARCH OF DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF LAND MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTATION TAKING INTO ACCOUNT OF MODERN LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

Today in Ukraine the issue of defining land as an element in the system of land management, cadastre and evaluation remains relevant. The term "land" means a part of the land that has clearly defined boundaries, a certain location, natural properties, physical parameters, it also describes the legal and economic status. The main properties of the land plot can be considered: boundaries, area, cadastral number and address, as well as legal properties, namely the rights and obligations of the land owner, restrictions and encumbrances, land easements. In addition to these characteristics, there are also so-called quality, they include: the cost of use or exchange. When a land plot is formed, it becomes an object of civil law, and it is for this purpose that it is formed. Nowadays, with the creation of the land market, it is necessary that every owner or user of land has the right to draw up documents necessary for the sale or lease of land, and this includes work on the formation of land, which is also a job. on drawing up according to the project of land management. The purpose of the article is to study the principles and technological aspects of land formation for further creation of land management documentation. The study presents the principles and technological aspects of land formation for their further evaluation in the structure of existing land use and land tenure. The directions of development of technical documentation in the system of land management and cadastre are determined. The mechanism of development of land management projects taking into account modern legal restrictions and market needs is analyzed. It is proved that the necessary condition of land management is to take into account the principles of data collection, processing and preparation of technical documentation. Particular attention is paid to defining modern principles of development of urban planning documentation, based on the latest developments in the industry. The researched issues in the article make a significant contribution to the areas of land management design, formation of cadastral data, development and updating of urban planning documentation and more.

The development of the North Macedonian Cadastral System An overview of the cadastral system

This article is mainly concerned to present an overview situation of the cadastral system, passing through a historical outline to the present day. This study provides a brief overview of the cadastral system and its development, a review of the North Macedonian Cadastral System, especially establishing of the Agency (AREC), principles of the cadastral system, a historical outline, laws on establishing the cadastral system - especially Law on Real Estate Cadastre, structure and organization, responsibilities, works, tasks, obligations, financing, and priorities of the Agency in the future. Analyzing the current situation of the Agency and identifying the actual problems which the Agency faces, helps us to ensure a safer approach to the problems and challenges of the future. Furthermore, this review has represented the involvement of the private sector and the importance of its involvement. Although, the concept of Cadastre is unique – it is a public register for real estate registration and includes some basic elements such as immovable ownership information, areas, values of the land, and boundaries. As a final summary, we can freely conclude that the focus, priorities, and goals of the Agency are strengthening, coopering with international institutions, being more efficient and effective, and being closer to the citizens.

Role of cadastre in general and private law

The thorough implementation of the cadastre and removal of the shortfalls existing therein and, especially, the creation of a legal mandate in favor of the proper cadastre system’s execution would play a very effective role in compelling the veneration of citizenship rights in the private law within the urban community as well as human rights in the general law within the international community. Considering the fact that the exact placement of cadastre in the country and the delimitation of the counties’ borders would seminally cause the discrepancies to be reduced to a minimum and, secondly, other individuals or governments would be prevented from abusing and invading the borders of the adjacent and neighboring persons and countries through the specification of a legal mandate in this regard.

About the features of collecting three-dimensional cadastral information in urban areas

The article deals with the actual problem of information support with 3D models for the system of accounting and registration of real estate objects and systems of "smart city". The authors considered a methodology that allows for continuous modeling of real estate objects in urban areas for the purposes of 3D cadastre and effective management in the "smart city" paradigm. The proposed technique is based on the joint use and processing of laser scanning and aerial photography from UAVs. To study the effectiveness of the proposed technique, a number of experiments were carried out on real objects. The obtained dense point clouds from TLS/MLS and UAVs were combined in the CloudCompare open source software product. As a result of experimental work, the optimal parameters for performing TLS/MLS and aerial photography from UAVs, combining heterogeneous point clouds were determined. The results of experimental work have shown that the proposed technique allows performing 3D modeling of real estate with an accuracy that meets the current requirements of the legislation and various levels of details. The resulting models of real estate objects are suitable for the formation of a single three-dimensional database of cadastral data and can be used as an information basis for the development of public digital services and services, as well as to improve the efficiency of urban management. The proposed solution can be used as one of the methods for collecting spatial data on real estate objects during the transition of the Russian Federation to the 3D cadastre system.

Technological aspects of the development of principles for the effective use of land resources

The organization of an effective land use system is an important state task. Modern technologies allow us to find a balance, optimality in the use of land resources. At the same time, it can be said that the combination of technologies and their integrated application gives a more powerful synergetic effect, which is expressed, among other things, in the prevention of global environmental disasters, and currently can contribute to solving a number of economic breakdowns, in particular the food crisis. Among the technological solutions and geotechnologies developed and currently used in the field of land and property relations, it is possible to single out the main ones that allow organizing effective land use on the territory of the state: Unified State Register of Real Estate, automated cadastral systems, geoinformation basis of the territory, Unified electronic cartographic basis, geoinformation analysis, information modeling, geodesign technology, smart technologies, digital twin. As examples of the practical application of geotechnologies for the design and organization of an effective land use system, the following are considered: a study of the destruction of the shoreline of the Novosibirsk reservoir in the periods from 1970 to 2020, a study of seasonal flooding of the territory of dacha societies in the Soviet and Pervomaisky districts of Novosibirsk, the design of the placement of solid municipal waste accumulation sites (MSW) on the territory of the private sector of Novosibirsk, analysis of the road network of the city of Novosibirsk for the development of solutions to improve capacity, a comprehensive study of the level of development of social and household comfort of the population on the territory of the city of Novosibirsk, three-dimensional modeling of zones of accumulation of environmental damage on the territory of the city of Novosibirsk, geoinformation analysis of the provision of the territory of the city of Novosibirsk with recreational zones. The considered geotechnologies form the general geospatial structure of the rational land use system. A distinctive feature of their complex application is the possibility of predictive modeling and pre-project analysis of the consequences of economic use of land resources.

ASSESSING CADASTRE 2034 TO DEVELOP A FEDERATED CADASTRAL SYSTEM IN NEW SOUTH WALES AUSTRALIA: MIXED METHODS RESEARCH APPROACH

Abstract. Cadastre 2034 is a National Strategy developed by the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) for cadastral reform and innovation for Australia and one of the goals is to develop a federated cadastral system. It states to define governance and administration on a federal level by unifying the existing systems with uniform standards, policies, guidelines and legislation and to allow further work towards a global cadastre. The aim of this research paper is to explore the behaviours and attitudes of New South Wales (NSW) cadastre towards a federated cadastral system assessing the best practice of federated cadastre global cases that may be applied locally in Australia. Mixed Methods Research (MMR) methodology was used, involving both quantitative and qualitative research to understand, identify and frame the cadastral data to determine and analyse the key issues and factors in implementing a federated cadastral system in New South Wales (NSW). A literature review, a questionnaire survey and interviews were used to collect the quantitative and qualitative data. A sequential MMR design framework was used a questionnaire survey followed by interviews. The questionnaire was sent out to 215 industry and government participants and resulted 71 completed surveys. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 9 participants. The linking of quantitative and qualitative data occurred at the design-level, where results from the first phase were used to build the second phase of research design.It was explored that strong historical foundations, regressive reaction of governments and institutions, and a lack of understanding of the significance of cadastral reform were the key hindering factors to develop a federated cadastral system in NSW. The resulting analysis could be contributed to a better implementation of a federated cadastral system in NSW benefitting private, and public institutions.

Revising Cadastral Data on Land Boundaries Using Deep Learning in Image-Based Mapping

One of the main concerns of land administration in developed countries is to keep the cadastral system up to date. The goal of this research was to develop an approach to detect visible land boundaries and revise existing cadastral data using deep learning. The convolutional neural network (CNN), based on a modified architecture, was trained using the Berkeley segmentation data set 500 (BSDS500) available online. This dataset is known for edge and boundary detection. The model was tested in two rural areas in Slovenia. The results were evaluated using recall, precision, and the F1 score—as a more appropriate method for unbalanced classes. In terms of detection quality, balanced recall and precision resulted in F1 scores of 0.60 and 0.54 for Ponova vas and Odranci, respectively. With lower recall (completeness), the model was able to predict the boundaries with a precision (correctness) of 0.71 and 0.61. When the cadastral data were revised, the low values were interpreted to mean that the lower the recall, the greater the need to update the existing cadastral data. In the case of Ponova vas, the recall value was less than 0.1, which means that the boundaries did not overlap. In Odranci, 21% of the predicted and cadastral boundaries overlapped. Since the direction of the lines was not a problem, the low recall value (0.21) was mainly due to overly fragmented plots. Overall, the automatic methods are faster (once the model is trained) but less accurate than the manual methods. For a rapid revision of existing cadastral boundaries, an automatic approach is certainly desirable for many national mapping and cadastral agencies, especially in developed countries.