Cadastral System Research Articles

Pastoralism within the cadastral system: Seasonal interactions and access agreements between pastoralists and non-pastoralists in Northern Kenya

The imposition of exclusive statutory real property rights in or near pastoralists’ areas and their migration corridors permanently excludes and extinguishes pastoralist rights to mobility and access to required resources. Seasonal interactions with non-pastoralist land use actors often occur during pastoralist migrations between rangelands and highlands or dry season grazing areas. In an embedded case study in Northern Kenya, in which interviews based on semi-structured questionnaires were held with pastoralists and non-pastoralists, we investigated how non-pastoralist land use actors manage encounters with migrating pastoralists within the context of the Land Administration system. We found that the majority of non-pastoralist land use actors encounter migrating pastoralists during distinct periods. Most never allow herders access to privately owned land. A small proportion allow access and make temporary verbal or written access agreements containing provisions on grazing fees, grazing regulations and rules to protect private property. The majority of non-pastoralists are unwilling to have access arrangements formalized. We argue that land rights adjudication should identify and confer all existing land rights to all users to avoid obstruction or renegotiation for access, and recommend the inclusion of pastoralists’ access rights as real property rights in the Land Administration system.

Building 3D cadastral system based on 2D survey plans with SketchUp

Three-dimensional (3D) land development and utilization has become the trend for urban planning in the current metropolis. This paper presents a method for building a 3D cadastral management system from survey plans with SketchUp. It concentrates on the geometric representation and topological consistent maintenance of 3D cadastral objects. In this system a complete topological model is built to express the body construction and spatial relationships among 3D property units. SketchUp is used to automatically construct 3D models with attributes and thematic information from 2D survey plans. Spatial topologic relationships and operations are analyzed with the programming and development of Ruby language. The resulting system can manage 3D cadastral objects and manipulate them with spatial operations to support spatial analysis.

Načini vzpostavitve digitalnih katastrskih načrtov v primerljivih državah

When using and comparing land cadastral data in the framework of different land administration systems at the international level, it must be acknowledged that there are common known facts and definitions relating to the registration of land or real property With deeper study it is soon evident that the historic development of the country or even region, together with the legal framework in the field of real property registration and management strongly influence the basic functions of land cadastre, and for this reason there is often missing knowledge on the unique features of land cadastres in the particular country or region. The purpose of this article is neither the comparison of land cadastral systems regarding the level of adoption of information technology, nor a demonstration of approaches for maintenance of land cadastre. The main focus is on the influence of information technology on the development of graphical subsystems of land cadastres in Austria, Denmark, Sweden and Slovenia. The establishment and improvement of digital cadastral maps are emphasized. The final remarks are meant as the comparison of Slovenian system of land cadastre layer with the experiences in the selected countries.

Design research for cadastral systems

Cadastral information is a reference data component, of any spatial data infrastructure (SDI). During recent years, several organisational and individual research projects have investigated the cadastral domain. Two paradigms characterize much of this research and their methodologies: a behavioural paradigm or, alternatively, a ‘design research’ paradigm. While some efforts have focused on behavioural research methodologies, design research methodologies have not been addressed by the cadastral, geographical information system (GIS) and SDI research community so far. The present article, therefore, aims to demonstrate usage of the design research paradigm through a methodological analysis of recent cadastral research, which addresses information system issues and within this context, designs information system artefact. The analysis is based on five doctoral dissertations and an array of papers representing the development of the ISO/WD 19152.3 Land Administration Domain Model. The analysis is supplemented with a review of related theory. The main contribution of this article is an explication of a design research methodology and a theoretical framework for research in cadastral information, cadastral systems and the units of property rights reflected in these systems.

A Study on Composed Process of Cadastral System in Japan

A Study on Composed Process of Cadastral System in Japan

Revealing coseismic displacements and the deformation zones of the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake in the Tsaotung area, central Taiwan, using digital cadastral data

The 1999 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan, earthquake (Mw 7.6) was the largest earthquake to strike Taiwan in the twentieth century. This earthquake is associated with a 100 km long surface rupture. In order to reveal the details of displacement near the surface rupture, we use a digital cadastral system to calculate coseismic displacement around the Tsaotung area, central Taiwan. The digital cadastral system was originally conceived to survey land and building boundaries. In the Tsaotung area, Taiwan authorities have taken digital cadastral measurements before and after the Chi‐Chi earthquake. The cadastral system affords high‐density control points that reach ∼1421 points/km2, a system denser than that of the GPS. Accuracy is to within ±11 cm, a level that is higher than spot imaging and one that allows us to study surface deformation in detail. Coseismic displacement is ∼4.3–4.6 m at distance from the surface rupture and decreases to 3–4 m near the surface rupture. The azimuth of horizontal displacements is ∼310°–315° and rotates to 280°–305° near the surface rupture. This produced a compression, left‐lateral deformation zone with ∼10−3 compression strain near the surface rupture. Coseismic displacement of the footwall is 1–1.2 m in 110°, which is similar to that from using GPS data. In the Tsaotung thrust slice, we observed that the azimuth of horizontal displacement rotates from a NW trend to a south trend as a result of slip partitioning and gravity slide effect.

Comparison of data driven models for the valuation of residential premises using KEEL

The experiments aimed to compare data driven models for the valuation of residential premises were conducted using KEEL (Knowledge Extraction based on Evolutionary Learning) system. Twelve different regression algorithms were applied to an actual data set derived from the cadastral system and the registry of real estate transactions. The 10-fold cross validation and statistical tests were applied. The lowest values of MSE provided models constructed and optimized by means of support vector machine, artificial neural network, decision trees for regression and quadratic regression, however differences between them were not statistically significant. Worse performance revealed algorithms employing evolutionary fuzzy rule learning. The experiments confirmed the usefulness of KEEL as a powerful tool with its numerous evolutionary algorithms together with classical learning approaches to carry out laborious investigation on a practical problem in a relatively short time.

Spatial data modeling in the real estate cadastre using ISO 19100 series of standards

Introduction Standardization in geo-information technologies contributes to the establishment of efficient information functions, their greater stability and easier transition. Application of international, national and internal standards in the process of developing software products in the field of geo-information technology creates conditions for the development of efficient, low cost, reliable and secure software products. Spatial data modeling basics for real estate cadastre In terms of modeling, the spatial information of real estate cadastre is based on the vector data model which is suitable for modeling objects with a smaller number of properties with emphasis on the position. The vector spatial data model consists of two components: spatial and descriptive. The basis of the spatial one is geometry that contains metric data usually given in coordinates of a reference system. Geometry and Topology uniquely determine the shape, size and position of the object model in space, i.e. they represent its spatial component. Merging the spatial component with the descriptive one results in a completely defined object from the real world. Elements of spatial data quality Spatial data quality can be reviewed through a set of the following elements: origin, positional accuracy, attribute accuracy, completeness, logical consistency, semantic accuracy and the time information. The elements of spatial data quality listed above are provided using ISO 19100 series of standards. Application of ISO19100 series of standards in spatial data modeling for real estate cadastre Standards brought by the ISO organization have their wide application in the field of geographic information systems, including the cadastre and real estate, primarily in spatial data modeling. Cadastral systems must be generic and flexible to meet the demands that arise or change over time. Flexible information systems are one of the most important items of Driving Model Architecture (MDA). MDA is based on information systems models described in UML language. Other advantages of the MDA approach are especially prominent in today's highly variable IT environment. These advantages are portability, interoperability, platform independence. Series of ISO19100 standards are supporting the implementation of MDA. A model of a modern cadastre would be defined in accordance with current ISO standards and structured in a logically related components - document: business processes (UML Use Case Diagrams), UML Application Scheme, GML Schema Application, catalog of objects, metadata catalog, symbol catalog, coordinate system. ISO standards integration Components of the modern real estate cadastre model integrate several ISO standards simultaneously. A cadastral application scheme is a crucial component of the model data. The application Schema defines: data structure, attributes of object classes, specification of operations for manipulating and processing, conditions of integrity. The cadastral Application UML schema is an object-oriented conceptual scheme of the real estate cadastre, intended for implementation in modern geospatial databases. International Standard ISO 19109 defines rules for creating a consistent Application Scheme (including a consistent definition of object classes), for the purpose of collecting, processing, analyzing, accessing, presentation and distribution of spatial data. ISO 19109 standard for creating Application Schemes, relies on other standards from the ISO 19100 series, primarily in the 19103, 19107, 19108 and 19110. ISO 19103 standard specifies the use of Unified Modeling Language (UML) in geographic information modeling. ISO 19107 standard provides a conceptual scheme for describing and manipulating features of spatial objects. The standard operations for access, query, management, processing and sharing spatial data are defined during the modeling. Standardization in this area is the basis for other geographic standards. Conclusion Spatial data modeling is given greater importance. High costs of collecting and processing spatial data require special attention in all phases of design and implementation of geographic information systems. Therefore, it is necessary to comply with the current international ISO standards in modeling spatial data for real estate cadastre. The paper describes possibilities of application of relevant standards from ISO 19100 in modeling spatial data for real estate cadastre. .

Research on Data Sharing between AutoCAD and MapGIS in Cadastral Database Construction

In the Second Chinese Country Survey, MAPGIS (Map Geographic Information System) is widely used all over the country in the Cadastral Database Construction. There are plenty original data is saved in the AutoCAD (Auto Computer Aided Design) data format. Therefore it is important to find a way which can exchange and share the data between AutoCAD and MAPGIS effectively and efficiently. In order to use MapGIS cadastral management system building cadastral database, it researched the current transformation methods between data of MapGIS and AutoCAD, including analysis defects of ObjectARX technology, southern CASS conversion interface, DXF file conversion. Combining the characteristics of MAPSUV data and southern CASS data, it found a data conversion method through the DWGdirectX control. This method actually read and wrote files provided by the library of MAPSUV and AutoCAD. This way avoids exchange process which can better transform the southern CASS DWG file containing graphics and attributes information to the SUV. The example which showed how DWG file transformed into SUV file. It improves the effectiveness and efficiency of conversion.

A principle of forming and developing geodetic bases in the Czech Republic

Abstract The development of satellite geodesy and creation of geocentric and geodetic bases have become an impulse for the integration and modernization of national geodesic bases into the global continental frame. In the area of cadastral practice classic planar coordinate systems and established figures have been used for a long time. Nowadays, searching for the relationship between standard (classic) geodetic systems and the newly existing geocentric system is still the current issue of geodetic practice.

Notes on the Birth of Russian Turkestan’s Fiscal System: A View from the Fergana Oblast’

AbstractJust after the conquest of the Kokand khanate in 1876, the new Russian rulers carried out land surveying and land-tax assessment in the rich and densely populated Fergana province. These “organisation works” constituted the most consistent attempt ever to establish a cadastral system in Russian Turkestan. Differently from what would happen later, they incorporated tentative claims to bring under control the land rights of the Muslim rural population and to internalise the process of land-tax raising. In this context, Russian local officials tested alternative and partly contradictory policies, and their results served as a background experience for the Turkestan Statute of 1886.

A proposal for the cadastral system in Turkey

Cadastral and title deed services constitute the basic information for the design and implementation of any aspect of land use. This includes: taxation; judicial; urbanisation; development; nationalisation; plot and landscape planning; the preparation and implementation of engineering projects; social, tourism and economic planning. Cadastral systems are therefore crucial for the proper administration of land and property in any modern country by public institutions and organisations. This paper describes the current state of the Turkish cadastral system and, through the use of a case study of a rural village near Konya, proposes methods by which it can be improved.

System of the 1:28 800 scale sheets of the Second Military Survey in Tyrol and Salzburg

The Second Military Survey of the Habsburg Empire (Franziszeische Landesaufnahme) was based on the first triangulation net of the Empire, ordered by Emperor Francis I in 1806. Eight horizontal control points were later used as projection centers for the different parts of the Empire. However, two provinces, mapped in the very early phase of the survey, have no real terrain objects as projection centers. In spite of the earlier literature items, mainly concerning the cadastral systems, the map sheet systems of the Second Military Survey of Tyrol and Salzburg do not follow the Soldner-Cassini projections centered at Innsbruck and Gusterberg, respectively. Indeed, the design of these sheets is similar to the one of the First Military Survey in cartographic point of view also with respect to their projection. The systems of the 1:28 800 sheets in these provinces are not centered at Vienna (St. Stephen) or Gusterberg as it was indicated in the literature. Projection analysis shows that for these provinces a unified sheet system was introduced. It can be connected to an Innsbruck-Pfarrturm-centered Cassini projection but the projection center is not at any distinct point (sheet center, corner or boundary halving point) of the sheet system. This Cassini projection, however, is not suitable for precise georeferencing of the sheets of Tyrol and Salzburg as it results errors up to one kilometer. The map sheets of these provinces can be rectified using quadratic formulae with remnant errors of maximum 220 meters (Tyrol) and 500 meters (Salzburg), which are much higher values than the fitting accuracy of the sheets in other parts of the Empire. According to the analysis, Liechtenstein is also without definite projection center but it is covered by only one extended sheet and its rectification can be done with an accuracy of 30 meters.

Identifying barriers to GIS-based land management in Guatemala

The development of a cadastral system for the Republic of Guatemala was one of the priorities of the 1997 Peace Accord which ended 30 years of civil war. In response to uncertainty about land ownership and land titles, the development of a national cadastre, the equitable distribution of land, and transparent records of land tenancy are viewed as key to maintaining peace in Guatemala. This article addresses the most significant barriers to developing a National Land Information System to support cadastral reform. Interviews with government agencies indicate that, although technical improvements can be readily implemented, social problems and governance factors seriously hinder the completion of the cadastral process. These findings are discussed in the light of international aid and development policy.

Doctoral research on cadastral development

The multitude of rights in land and the recording of these rights are addressed by a number of studies, yet a recognized paradigm for such studies seems missing. Rights in land are recorded and managed through either cadastral systems or land administration systems depending on the legal system of the countries concerned. The cadastre, however, is the core of both systems as it provides for systematic and official descriptions of land parcels or real property units. The research mentioned often has a development perspective, and in this article we will motivate the introduction of the research domain of cadastral development. This research is multi-disciplinary and draws on elements of theories and methodologies from the natural, the social, the behavioral, and the formal sciences. During the last decade or so, doctoral dissertations have come to constitute a substantial part of this research effort. The article focuses on the methodological aspect of doctoral research by analyzing ten doctoral dissertations. Our analysis is based on a taxonomy of methodological elements and aims at identifying commonalities and differences among the dissertations in the use of concepts and methods. Having completed the main analysis, we invited the authors of the dissertations to comment upon our analysis of their work and the developed taxonomy. The responses corroborate the view that the taxonomy could be used for further analyses and provide for a framework for further doctoral research. The article concludes with a call for a shared terminology and a shared set of concepts which may contribute to further theory building within the cadastral domain.

Usage of Underground Space for 3D Cadastre Purposes and Related Problems in Turkey.

Modern cities have been trying to meet their needs for space by using not only surface structures but also by considering subsurface space use. It is also anticipated that without planning of underground spaces for supporting surface city life in the years and generations to come, there will be serious and unavoidable problems with growing populations. The current Turkish cadastral system, including land right registrations, has been trying to meet users' needs in all aspects since 1924. Today Turkey's national cadastre services are carried out by the General Directorate of Land Titles and Cadastre (TKGM). The Cadastre Law, Number 3402, was approved in 1985 to eliminate problems by gathering all existing cadastral regulations under one law and also to produce 3D cadastral bases to include underground spaces and determine their legal status in Turkey. Although the mandate for 3D cadastre works is described and explained by the laws, until now the bases have been created in 2D and the reality is that legal gaps and deficiencies presently exist in them. In this study, the usage of underground spaces for the current cadastral system in Turkey was briefly evaluated, the concept of 3D cadastral data is examined and the need for using subsurface and 3D cadastre in addition to the traditional 2D register system, related problems and registration are mentioned with specific examples, but without focusing on a specific model.

Integration of cadastral and financial-accounting systems

Cadastral systems are mission critical systems designed for the registration of parcels, buildings and apartments as well as their owners and users. The maintenance of real estate cadastre registers is in Poland dispersed. So the attempt to create a unified cadastral system is one of the goals of Polish government. Two main IT projects aimed at the creation of an integrated system are presented and discussed. Moreover approaches to assure interoperability between cadastral system and real estate management system and financial-accounting one at the level of a district or a municipality are shown. Bidirectional communication between both systems synchronising data could be feasible.

Turkish cadastral system

In Turkey, cadastral works were started after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. These studies were carried out in such manner that ownership of the land was given to the people who were using it. Firstly, in 1924, the process was started in urban areas where one fourth of the total population of the country lived. Because of various problems including economic difficulties, technical deficiencies, personal insufficiencies, these cadastral works were only carried out in cities within the first 25 years from 1925 to 1950. Then the cadastral works were speeded up and most were carried out between 1950 and 1990. In this period, the work was achieved utilizing the available technology at that time in rural and urban areas. Today, 97% of the urban cadastral areas and 67% of the rural cadastral areas have been completed in Turkey. Generally, graphic, photogrammetric, orthogonal, and tachometric measurement methods have been used in this work. While 45% of the Turkish cadastral maps have been produced using graphic method which does not have a coordinate system, the other maps have been produced using the different measurement methods. These are also in different coordinate systems and scales. Only 7% of the whole cadastral maps are in digital format. On the other hand, because of the factors mentioned above, Turkish cadastral bases do not contain sufficient information to be converted to digital system in accordance with field. Since 1990, different methods have been used to digitize these non-digital cadastral maps. However, these attempts have failed. The main goals of this study are identifying historical background of cadastre and existing situation of it in Turkey.

Cadastral Mapping of Forestlands in Greece

The Hellenic Cadastre Program (HCP) of Greece aims at developing a modern cadastral system for the first time in the Hellenic history. This paper is focused on the issues related to cadastral forestlands digital mapping, an indispensable part of HCP. Mapping the forestlands is a challenge of multiple disciplines. It includes photogrammetry, photointerpretation, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and a clear understanding of the current institutional and legislative setting. The process requires both historical and current information pertaining to land-cover in order to identify forestland changes over time. Historical and current digital orthoimagery is generated through photogrammetric operations. Forestlands are delineated in a spatiotemporal environment; state property rights in forestlands are allocated and land ownership is established within the framework of HCP. This paper demonstrates that the integration of airborne remote sensing and collateral data with a GIS is an effective approach for cadastral forest mapping. The produced GIS databases and large-scale Forest Maps may serve as a data foundation towards a land register of forests.

A PRECISÃO POSSÍVEL COM GPS L1/CA EM GEORREFERENCIAMENTO: O DESAFIO DO MULTICAMINHO – ANÁLISE DE UM RECEPTOR

Since the creation of the NAVSTAR/GPS several sources of observational errors have been identified and studied. They include, among others, ionospheric delay and clock offsets. The error caused by multipath, however, persists as a challenge, especially for applications that demand high accuracy. In Brazil, with the promulgation of Law 10267/2001 creating the National Cadastre of Rural Properties (CNIR), this challenge assumes a specific feature since it influences the applicability of the new cadastral system. The GPS receiver manufacturing companies have been making large investments in research to deal with multipath, especially at receiver design level. This work performs an analysis of the applied technologies involved in the Ashtech Promark 2 GPS receiver in field conditions as realistic as possible similar to the ones encountered in geodetic surveys satisfying CNIR’s specifications. The results show the potential of using such receivers to certification works by the Instituto Nacional de Colonizacao e Reforma Agraria (INCRA). It also makes evident their limitations.