CaCl2 Applications Research Articles

Unraveling Calcium Absorption and Distribution in Peach and Nectarine during Fruit Development through 44Ca Isotope Labeling.

Calcium foliar applications are known to effectively enhance peach quality; however, the optimal implementation strategy regarding fruit developmental stages and cultivars remains unclear. In this study, three different moments of fruit Ca applications in peach and nectarine are tested: Early season, Mid-season, and Late season. For this aim, the 44Ca isotope was used as a tracer, enabling the quantification and location of the Ca derived from the foliar fertilizer. Stone, flesh, and skin 44Ca enrichment was separately analyzed at harvest. The results indicate that Ca absorption in the fruits from external CaCl2 applications was influenced by the timing of the application during fruit development, with Late-season applications proving to be the most effective in increasing the Ca content in the fruit, corresponding with a higher fruit size at the application moment. Nevertheless, no differences in the absorption efficiency were found between the three timings of the application. Furthermore, the Ca from the foliar fertilizer in the fruit predominately remained in the flesh, followed by the skin. The Ca derived from the foliar fertilizer reached the stone in all of the experimental situations, but the Early- and Mid-season applications resulted in the highest amount of Ca derived from the fertilizer in this part of the fruit. Interestingly, the peach exhibited a higher Ca absorption efficiency compared to the nectarine, likely due to the presence of trichomes that retain the foliar fertilizer on the fruit surface. In conclusion, the Ca absorption and distribution in peaches depends on the cultivar and timing of the Ca application.

Cold Hardiness in ‘Alphonse Lavallee’ (Vitis vinifera L. cv) Grape Dormant Buds and Phloem Tissue: Seasonal Insights and Some Treatment Impacts

Grapes are highly susceptible to cold damage during critical developmental stages, impacting viticulture. Understanding the intricate dynamics of cold hardiness in grape dormant buds and phloem tissue is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. In this study, we investigated the LT50 values, representing the temperature at which 50% of buds are damaged, under different treatments and sampling times. In our research, we evaluated the effects of four treatments—potassium oxide (K2O), calcium chloride (CaCl2), seaweed (SW), and a control—on the cold hardiness of grapevine buds and phloem tissue. Primary bud LT50 values varied across seasons, with January at −22.46 °C, February at −22.35 °C, and March at −20.45 °C. K2O treatment showed a trend toward improvement, although the difference from the control (−21.99 °C) was not statistically significant. Regarding LT50 values, CaCl2 and SW applications did not significantly differ from the control. Tertiary buds, however, exhibited a substantial enhancement in cold hardiness with K2O application, displaying significantly lower LT50 values compared to the control (−23.55 °C). Phloem tissue LT50 values did not significantly differ among treatments, showing less variability. Bud water content significantly increased with K2O application in all sampling periods (January: 35.41% vs. 35.61%; February: 34.03% vs. 39.16%; March: 42.40% vs. 37.82%), while shoot water content remained stable. In conclusion, K2O emerges as a key influencer, particularly in enhancing the cold hardiness of tertiary buds. These insights contribute to the knowledge base for targeted frost mitigation strategies in viticulture.

Foliar applications improves grapevine plant cold hardiness

Understanding and enhancing the cold hardiness of vines is crucial for viticulture, as it directly impacts the sustainability and productivity of vineyards in diverse climatic regions. This study, therefore, meticulously examined grapevine responses to various treatments and sampling times, revealing nuanced dynamics in cold tolerance, physiological parameters, and growth outcomes. Our study found that treatments like K2SO4 significantly enhanced grapevine cold hardiness. Specifically, K2SO4 showed high R² values, indicating a substantial improvement in low-temperature hardiness for primary buds and in processes like bud burst and sprouting. Our results also revealed significant differences in cold hardiness across various treatments and sampling times, with K2SO4 leading to the highest LT50 value for primary buds. Additionally, in single-bud cuttings, K2SO4 application improved viability rates, root and shoot growth, and rooting rates, particularly observed in January. Growth parameters in single-bud cuttings further illustrated the impact of treatments, with the viability rate of primary buds being 61.5 % in the K2SO4 application and 62.0 % in the CaCl2 application. The highest root length of 2.5 cm and shoot length of 3.4 cm, along with a rooting rate of 61.0 %, root scale of 1.4, root number of 6.9, and basal callus rate of 24.6 % were obtained from the K2SO4 application. Our research found that the applications of K2SO4 and CaCl2 increased the cold hardiness of the buds and phloem tissue of the vine by approximately 1 °C compared to the control. It has been concluded that K2SO4 and CaCl2 applications during development can reduce the cold injury rate and economic losses in vines in areas with high risk of winter cold damaging events. The comprehensive findings of this study offer actionable insights that can significantly contribute to the refinement of vineyard management practices, promoting optimal grapevine performance and hardiness in the face of varying cold conditions.

Efficiency of Sodium and Calcium Chloride in Conferring Cross-Tolerance to Water Deficit in Periwinkle

The potential of using pre-stress NaCl or CaCl2 applications to confer a cross-tolerance to a water deficit was evaluated in periwinkle. The plants initially received five applications of NaCl (0, 30 and 50 mM), or CaCl2 (15 and 25 mM) via irrigation, and then they were cultivated under different water deficit regimes (80, 50 and 20% available water content). The water deficit induced smaller and denser stomata. It promoted a water use efficiency, a proline content and antioxidant enzyme activity. However, it downgraded the aesthetic value (plant stature, flower size and vegetation greenness), magnified the stem bending probability and strongly decreased the floral longevity. It additionally impeded the growth by reductions in the leaf area and photosynthesis. Plants undergoing a water deficit maintained a lower hydration and expressed oxidative damage symptoms, including enhanced chlorophyll and membrane degradation. As the water deficit intensified, these effects were more pronounced. Pre-stress CaCl2 or NaCl applications generally restored most of the water severity-induced effects, with the former being more effective. For CaCl2, the highest concentration (25 mM) was generally optimal, whereas NaCl was the lowest concentration (30 mM). In conclusion, pre-stress CaCl2 or NaCl applications effectively confer a cross-tolerance to the water deficit by promoting the aesthetic value and extending the floral longevity, with the promotive effects being incremental as the water deficit becomes more severe.

Effects of GA3, CACl2 and Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Applications on Fruit Quality of Sweet Cherry at Cold Storage

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-harvest gibberellic acid (GA3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) and post-harvest modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) applications on fruit quality of sweet cherry during the cold storage. At the end of the cold storage, GA3+CaCl2 applications in MAP-applied fruit and CaCl2 in non-MAP-applied fruit significantly delayed weight loss compared to the control. During the cold storage, the decay of CaCl2-applied fruit has not been observed. At the end of cold storage, the a* and firmness values of the fruit treated with GA3 and CaCl2 were significantly higher than the control. The CaCl2-applied fruit had less soluble solids than the control, but they had significantly higher acidity compared to other applications. In MAP, GA3- and CaCl2-applied fruit had higher vitamin C and antioxidant activity values than the control fruit, but their total phenolics were higher. However, the total flavonoids of CaCl2-applied fruit were higher than the control. On fruit in non-MAP, with GA3 application, less anthocyanin was obtained compared to the control. As a result, GA3-treated fruit had a relatively lower bioactive compound content compared to the fruit of the CaCl2 and control applications both during the harvest and the cold storage. However, it has been revealed that GA3 and CaCl2 applications can be used as significant pre-harvest tools to delay the loss of the fruit firmness.

Calcium Sprays and Crop Load Reduction Increase Fruit Quality and Postharvest Storage in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.)

In many fruit trees, the thinning of buds, flowers, or fruits is used to increase the leaf area-to-fruit ratio (LA:F) and reduce competition for carbohydrates. Meanwhile, calcium (Ca) sprays during fruit development are also used to increase fruit quality and postharvest storage. Such practices have been recommended to increase fruit firmness and reduce fruit cracking in sweet cherries. To understand the effects of foliar Ca sprays and crop load reductions in the combination ‘Lapins’/‘Colt’, trained as the Kym Green Bush, a factorial experiment to determine the interactions between both managements was established in the Central Valley of Chile during the 2018/2019 growing season. Two levels of crop load (CL) were established—thinned (50% crop load) and unthinned (100% crop load) during Stage I of fruit development (31 days after full bloom, DAFB). Three timings of foliar applications of CaCl2 (TFA; 0.8%) were evaluated: early 26 DAFB, later 39 DAFB, or late 62 DAFB. Natural fruit contents and concentrations of Ca were determined on unsprayed control trees. Fruit from the thinned trees were significantly larger and heavier and had a higher titratable acidity than unthinned trees did. Significant interactions between TFA and CL were observed for SSC, without a clear trend. Thinned trees were less affected by pedicel detachment, browning, and fruit decay after 45 d of storage (0 °C). In unthinned trees, a foliar CaCl2 spray at Stage I allowed a higher fruit firmness than CaCl2 sprays at Stage II and III of fruit development. The CaCl2 applications at 39 or 62 DAFB reduced the incidence of cracking in thinned trees. Natural Ca concentrations decreased during fruit development, indicating a cessation of Ca import and a dilution by subsequent growth. Our results suggest that the early reduction of crop load has positive effects on fruit quality and condition during storage, and early Ca sprays (Stage I) improve fruit textural properties, even under high crop loads.

CaCl2 Solution Sprayed on Leaves Changes the Nutrition and Qualitative Properties of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Hicaznar)

The purpose of this experiment was to define the influence of different doses of calcium chloride (CaCl2) applications on fruit yield, some quality properties, and nutrition of plant in Hicaznar pomegranate cultivar during 2016 and 2017 in Aydın (Turkey) ecological condition. In the study, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0% solutions of calcium chloride (CaCl2) were applied by spraying except the control dose to the trees. The solution doses were twice applied during the fruit growing season in June and August. According to the results, fruit yield, peel thickness, fruit length, diameter, and weights were increased compared to control dose with CaCl2 applications. Foliar CaCl2 applications increased foliar Ca content by 60%. Concentrations of other plant nutrients other than N and Ca were decreased in parallel with increasing CaCl2 doses. Foliar P content was not affected in this case. As a result, the amount of CaCl2 solution to be applied to leaves in Hicaznar pomegranate was determined as 0.6%.

Hasat Sonrası Bazı Uygulamaların Autumn Giant Erik Çeşidinin Muhafaza Performansı Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışmada, Autumn Giant erik çeşitlerinin depolama süresi üzerine hasat sonrası salisilik asit (2 mM), oksalik asit (5 mM), putresin (2 mM) ve kalsiyum (%4 CaCl2) uygulamalarının etkisi araştırılmıştır. Uygulamalardan sonra erikler modifiye atmosfer poşetlerine (MAP) yerleştirilmiş ve 0,5±0,5°C‘de %85-90 oransal nem koşullarında 40 gün süreyle depolanmıştır. Meyve kalite özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla 10 gün arayla ağırlık kaybı, suda çözünür kuru madde miktarı, titre edilebilir asit miktarı, meyve eti sertliği, askorbik asit miktarı, toplam flavonoid miktarı, toplam fenolik madde miktarı ve toplam antioksidan miktarı analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre uygulamaların ağırlık kaybına etkisi önemli bulunmamıştır. Depolama süresince meyve eti sertliği, titre edilebilir asit ve askorbik asit miktarında en fazla azalış kontrol meyvelerinde belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak biyokimyasal bileşiklerde artış veya azalış şeklinde dalgalanmalar olmakla birlikte, muhafaza süresi sonunda hasat değerine göre azalmalar meydana gelmiştir. Tüm analiz dönemleri ve yapılan ölçümler dikkate alındığında salisilik asit ve putresin uygulamasının diğer uygulamalara göre depolama süresince Autumn Giant erik çeşidinin meyve kalite özellikleri ve biyokimyasal içeriğinin korunumu üzerine daha olumlu etki gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.

UPAYA MEMPERPANJANG MASA SIMPAN ANDALIMAN (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium D) STUDI KASUS DESA BANDAR HUTA USANG KABUPATEN DAIRI

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is a plant with characteristic is easily rotten and moldy, so postnatal care is needed after harvest. The proper method is preservation technique. This study was meant to know the effect of the CaCl2 (Calsium chloride) applications on long-storage andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC).In previous study came the result that its best treatment was with infantile andaliman with Calsium chloride at a concentration of 0,45% for 40 minutes. On this research will be applied Calsium chloride 0,45% to see the old influence of andaliman storage. Andaliman will be stored at an old level of storage 4 days, 5 days, 6 days and 7 days. The parameters observed are water levels, weight shards, oil levels and organological tests of color, scent and texture. Research usess the complete design methods of factorial design that long storage consist of 4 levels L1=4 days : L2=5 days : L3=6 days : L4=7 days. This study has the target of the publication of a scientific article in the national journal with ISSN. It refers to postexilic technologies and engineering food processing technologies of diversified and illiegal agricultural products. The benefit of this study yielded an underlying theory that could be used as afurther research reference and useful to a society of farmers who would market andaliman.

Maintenance of postharvest quality of blackberry (Rubus fructicosus L.) fruits through salicylic acid and CaCl2 immersions

Blackberries (Rubus spp.) have significant nutraceutical properties, providing phenolic compounds for the consumers. These compounds are useful to human health due to their high antioxidant activity. However, most blackberries destined for fresh markets become unmarketable in 2 to 3 days due to decay and leakage, because they have thin and fragile skin. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on extending the postharvest quality and bioactive compounds of blackberry during refrigerated storage. Blackberry fruits cv. ‘Jumbo’ were dipped in 2% CaCl2, or in 2.0 mM salicylic acid (SA) for 10 min. Total soluble solids contents, titratable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid contents, total phenolics contents, and total antioxidant activity were investigated initially on 4th, 7th, or 10th day (d) of storage. Changes in fresh weight, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and total phenol contents were markedly delayed by both treatments. Berries treated with 2 mM SA or 2% CaCl2 exhibited markedly better visual quality during the storage period. Considering the overall findings, this study revealed that postharvest SA or CaCl2 applications maintained the storage-life and conserved the valuable marketing features of blackberries over 10 d in cold storage, presumably due to their inhibitory effects on fruit senescence.

Effect of preharvest CaCl2 spray and postharvest UV-B radiation on storage quality of broccoli microgreens, a richer source of glucosinolates

Glucosinolates (GLS), namely glucoraphanin (GLR) and glucoerucin (GLE), are a class of phytonutrients which are beneficial to human health. Broccoli flower buds (florets) have been known to be rich in GLS. The present study indicated that the florets, mature leaves and microgreen of broccoli varied in their GLR, GLE and total aliphatic GLS contents. GLE is the unique glucosinolate in broccoli microgreens while GLR is primarily condensed in broccoli florets and mature leaves. Microgreens contained four-fold greater total aliphatic GLS content than mature broccoli leaves and florets. In addition, we investigated the effects of preharvest CaCl2 and postharvest UV-B applications on the levels of GLR and GLE. Total aliphatic GLS levels increased significantly after 10 mM CaCl2 treatment, while postharvest UV-B radiation further boosted GLS levels in microgreens. Furthermore, preharvest calcium spray showed improved overall visual quality and longer storage life. Hence, CaCl2 application is the major factor to increase GLS levels and postharvest quality. Our results indicated that broccoli microgreens are a better source of GLS intake than florets, and preharvest CaCl2 and postharvest UV have positive influence on maintaining the health-beneficial compounds and extending the shelf life of broccoli microgreens.

Quantifying the Effects of Foliar-applied Calcium Chloride and Its Contribution to Postharvest Durability of Unrooted Cuttings

Vegetatively propagated unrooted cuttings are typically imported to the United States from Central America. Death or damage of cuttings during shipping and propagation can be reduced if cuttings can be made more resistant to external forces, such as physical damage or pathogen infection. However, strategies to develop durable cuttings via treating stock plants have not been previously quantified in controlled studies. During the current study, mechanical strength of leaves and resistance to infection by Botrytis cinerea were evaluated after weekly applications of calcium chloride (CaCl2) as a foliar spray to stock plants that delivered calcium (Ca) at the concentrations of 0, 400, or 800 mg·L−1. A texture analyzer quantified the peak force required to fracture the leaf and the work of penetration,or area under the force–displacement curve, and these measurements were indicators of mechanical strength. For poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) cuttings at the time of harvest from the stock plant, work of penetration increased by 10% with the application of 800 mg·L−1 Ca compared with the control, whereas peak force by 9%. For zonal geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey), work of penetration increased 15% with the application of 800 mg·L−1 Ca compared with the control. Calcium concentration in the leaves increased from 1.2% to 2.0% in geranium and from 1.0% to 1.6% in poinsettia with increasing application from 0 to 800 mg·L−1 Ca. In poinsettia, disease incidence in response to inoculation with B. cinerea spores was 55% and 15% less with CaCl2 applications compared with controls with water and surfactant, respectively, whereas CaCl2 application to geranium did not affect disease incidence.

Effect of post-harvest UV-C irradiation and calcium chloride on enzymatic activity and decay of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruit during storage

Tomato is one of the extensively consumed vegetable crops worldwide. The regular consumption of tomato decreases the incidence of chronic degenerative diseases such as certain types of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to find an appropriate method that not only reduces tomatoes decay, but also maintains its post-harvest quality. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted to evaluate effects of ultraviolet (UV)-C and CaCl2 applications on tomato during storage. The traits studied included ethylene, polygalacturonase (PG) activity, pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity, firmness, total phenol content, and fungal-induced decay were measured weekly during 35 days of storage. Both UV-C and CaCl2 treatments had positive effects on tomato quality as compared to control treatment. The 3 and 4.5 kJ m−2 levels of UV-C and 2% CaCl2 had positive effects on quality characteristics, respectivly. Fruits treated by UV-C and CaCl2 had higher phenol and firmness, and less PME activity, PG activity, ethylene production, and decay than the control fruits. In conclusion, increasing in storage duration significantly affected the fruits quality by increasing in ethylene, PME activity, PG activity, decay and decreasing the phenol content and firmness. But UV-C and CaCl2 led to significant decrease in this adverse impact relative to control treatment.

Standardization of postharvest calcium treatment for retaining storage quality of pear cv. ‘bartlett’

The study was undertaken to assess the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) treatment and storage condition on quality of pear fruit cv. Bartlett. The experiment was carried out in 2014–15 freshly harvested pear fruits were treated (dip treatment) with different concentrations of CaCl2 (1, 2, 3, 4%) for different time interval (10, 20 and 30 min) respectively. The effects of postharvest CaCl2 applications on shelflife and quality attributes during storage were determined as physiological loss in weight (PLW), fruit firmness, total phenols, calcium concentration, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, TSS and sugars (total and reducing). The fruits treated with calcium chloride showed improved fruit firmness and fruit calcium content at the same time reduced physiological loss in weight and retained higher total phenols, TSS and sugars (total and reducing) after 19 days of storage period while, the control fruits spoiled on 13th day of sampling. Present investigation suggested that 4% calcium chloride dip for 20, 30 min and 3% for 30 min, retained highest physico-chemical characteristics and maintained storage quality of fruits up to 19 days thus, dipping the fresh fruits in 3% CaCl2 solution for 30 min can maintain the storage quality of the fruits near to fresh fruits and facilitate distribution of the fruits over longer distances.

The effects of CaCl2 on fruit yield, quality and nutrient contents of tomato under NaCl stress conditions

In this study, the effects of CaCl2 on fruit yield, quality Ca/Na and K/Na ratios and Na content of tomato leaves under NaCl stress conditions were determined. The doses of 0, 6.8 and 16.8 mM CaCl2 were combined with the doses of 0, 44.4, 70.4 mM NaCl in complete nutrient solution. General, NaCl and CaCl2 decreased fruit yield, NaCl decreased stem amount, whereas it increased at 6.8 mM CaCl2. CaCl2 decreased fruit yield without NaCl, but it increased fruit yield significantly at 44.4 mM dose and caused tolerance to NaCl. The 6.8 mM dose of CaCl2 increased stem amount without NaCl. However, CaCl2 did not cause tolerance at high doses of NaCl in terms of growth. CaCl2 decreased brix of fruit, while NaCl increased it. CaCl2 increased brix without NaCl, but decreased it at 44.4 and 70.4 mM NaCl. CaCl2 and NaCl decreased fruit juice pH significantly. Besides, CaCl2 decreased fruit juice pH at 0 and 44.4 mM of NaCl. The number of fruits which were found to have blossom-end rot (NFBER) did not change without NaCl with the influence of CaCl2. However, CaCl2 applied at high doses of NaCl decreased the NFBER and provided tolerance to NaCl. Increasing dose of NaCl increased significantly the Na content in leaves, but the addition CaCl2 decreased significantly the Na content in leaves. Increasing the dose of CaCl2 applications at 0 and 44.4 mM NaCl levels increased the Ca/Na ratio in tomato leaves. But, the effect of CaCl2 on Ca/Na ratio of leaves was statistically insignificant. The addition of NaCl into the solution nutrient decreased the Ca/Na and K/Na ratios in tomato leaves. The effect of CaCl2 on the K/Na ratio of leaves was not found significant.

Effects of γ-Aminobutyric Acid, Glutamic Acid, and Calcium Chloride on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Cold Stress During the Early Vegetative Stage

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereals grown worldwide, mostly in warm regions. However, cold temperature is a major environmental factor that limits rice cultivation in temperate climates. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid (Glu), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) play significant roles in key regulatory pathways throughout plant development. Here, we investigated the effects of Glu, CaCl2, and GABA in the culture medium on the cold tolerance of rice at the seedling stage. The medium components for cold tolerance of rice were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Plants treated with cold stress alone (without Glu, CaCl2, or GABA applications) displayed decreased weight, lower relative water content (RWC), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F v/F m) and PSII efficiency, and higher relative electrolyte leakage (REL). However, after application of Glu, CaCl2, and GABA, the opposite results were documented, which could be due to an alleviation of cold-induced effects by restoration of membrane integrity. However, the levels of REL were considerably decreased due to Glu, CaCl2, and GABA treatment. RWC, F v/F m, PSII efficiency, and the average of subordinate functional values (ASFV) increased with the addition of Glu, CaCl2 and GABA. A central composite design indicated that the optimal concentrations of culture components for the cold tolerance of rice were 2.21 mg/mL, 2.94 mM and 2.68 mM of Glu, CaCl2, and GABA, respectively, and the maximal ASFV (0.987) was obtained under optimal conditions. Analysis of variance for the regression model suggested that the model can predict exactly the cold tolerance of rice seedlings, and the optimal culture components can be used to enhance the cold tolerance of rice seedlings.

APLlKASI KALSIUM KLORIDA DAN ETHEPHON DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN KUALITAS BUAH NANAS (Ananas comosus (L) Merr)

The objective of research was to obtain the treatmenttime of CaCl2 applications, dosage of CaCl2 and ethephonapplications to improve the fruit quality of pineapple. Thisresearch used Split-Split Plot Design and each treatmentreplicated 3times. The main plot is time ofCaCl2 applicationsthat consists of three levels, those are 90 day after flowering(daf), 120 daf and twice of CaCl2 applications at 90 and 120daf The sub plot is dosage of CaCl2 that consists of threelevels, those are 50 kg ha', 75 kg ha' and 100 kg ha', The subsub plot is dosage of ethephon that consists of two levels,those areO L ha' and 2,5 L ha', The results showed that thecombined treatment ofCaCl2 application on 90 daf, dosage ofCaCl250 kg ha' and dosage of ethephon 2.5 L ha' producedistribution external fruit maturity level of 25% and 50%higher than the other treatments. Combined treatment twiceof CaCl2 application on 90 and 120 daf with dosage of CaCl2100 kg ha' produces calcium content higher than the othertreatment and produce fruit texture, percentage of fruitdiseases and percentage of fruit bruised lower than othertreatments. Ethephon application had noeffect on calciumcontent but decreasing fruit texture, percentage of fruitdiseases and improved percentage offruit bruised. CaCl2 andethephonapplications didnot affect the total soluble solid,total acidity and vitamin C. .Keywords: CaCl2, ethephon, pineapple, fruit quality.

Calcium Chloride Applications to Improve Fruit Quality on Bruised and Diseases of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L) Merr)

The problems faced by producer canned of pineapple are the high of bruised which caused by the mechanical damage such as pressure, vibration during harvest, transport to the fruit processing and pathological damage caused by fruit diseases. The objective of research was to obtain the treatment time of CaCl2 applications and dosage of CaCl2 to improve the fruit quality of pineapple. This research used Split Plot Design and each treatment replicated 3 times. The main plot is time of CaCl2 applications that consists of three levels, thats are : 90 day after forcing (daf) (W90), 120 daf (W120) and twice time of CaCl2 applications on 90 and 120 daf (W90+120). The sub plot is dosage of CaCl2 that consists of three levels, thats are : 50 kg ha -1 (C50), 75 kg ha -1 (C75) and 100 kg ha -1 (C100). The results of research showed that the combined treatment twice time of CaCl2 applications on 90 and 120 day after forcing and dosage of CaCl2 100 kg ha -1 produces the calcium content on fruit is higher than the other combined treatments and produce the fruit texture, percentage of fruit diseases and percentage of bruised are lower than the other combined treatments.

Aplicações pré-colheita de cálcio na qualidade pós-colheita de maçãs 'Fuji'

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes números de aplicações de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) no pomar, durante a formação do fruto, sobre as qualidades físico-químicas de maçãs 'Fuji', após o armazenamento em atmosfera controlada (AC). O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições e 12 frutos por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: controle, três, seis e nove aplicações de CaCl2 (0,6%). O armazenamento em AC se deu na condição de 1,2kPa de O2 e 0,0kPa de CO2 durante 9,5 meses, a -0,5°C. A produção de etileno e respiração foi avaliada aos seis dias, a 20°C, e os outros parâmetros foram avaliados aos sete dias de exposição à temperatura de 20°C. O número de aplicações de CaCl2 não interfere na acidez titulável e respiração dos frutos. Nove aplicações proporcionam maior firmeza de polpa e menor incidência de podridões. A incidência de podridões apresentou relação inversa com a firmeza de polpa. O aumento no número de aplicações de CaCl2 diminui a produção de etileno e aumenta o teor sólidos solúveis totais (SST) de maçãs 'Fuji' após 9,5 meses em AC.

Influence of preharvest calcium application on storage quality of ‘Jonathan’ apples in Kansas

Abstract ‘Jonathan’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees at three commercial orchards were sprayed one to eight times with calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution containing 3.2 g/L, starting when apple sizes were between 0.9 and 1.6 cm average diameters. Apples were stored for two and four months in regular atmosphere storage at 2°C (36°F). Fruit firmness, ratio of soluble solid concentrations to titratable acidity (SSC/TA), and fruit red skin color during the two storage periods and fruit weight after four-month storage were determined. Apples stored for two months had better quality than those stored for four months. Depending on the location, five to eight CaCl2 applications and two to seven applications were necessary to retain an average of 26% of fruit firmness and an average of 35% of the SSC/TA, respectively, in the two-month storage. At least seven applications were required to retain an average of 29% of fruit firmness of apples stored for four months. Six to seven applications of CaCl2 retained fr...