C-band Applications Research Articles

LOW-COST C-BAND SIW BANDPASS FILTER USING FR4-EPOXY SUBSTRATE

This paper describes a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filter built on an Fr4-Epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant 4.4 and a height of h=1.6mm. SIW-based devices have piqued the interest of researchers in recent years due to their low loss, small size, and low cost. The goal is to simulate and realize a SIW filter for C-band applications. The designed filter is analyzed using the reflection coefficient S11 and electric field distributions. We used the HFSS simulator. According to the findings, there is a high degree of agreement between the simulated and realized filters. The results also show that the filter has a very good response. It also shows a bandwidth of 6.3GHz around the C-band frequencies. This filter's pass-band ranges from 5.39 to 6.83GHz, with an insertion loss of 4.2dB and a return loss of 45.49dB.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF 1:8 RADIO FREQUENCY FEEDING NETWORK USING STEP-DOWN IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMER FOR C-BAND AIRBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR APPLICATIONS

In this research, we developed a unique power divider circuit construction that suppresses harmonic components while providing unequal power division ratios. In antenna arrays, a power divider is used to divide the power among the array's elements. Depending on the design, different power dividers have distinct properties. The purpose of this project was to create a design and examine a 1:8 unequal power divider for C-band applications that operates at 5.3 GHz. The prototype was built on a single board using a duroid RT5880 substrate with relative permittivity of 2.2 and thickness of 1.6 mm. A quarter-wave transformer was utilized to evenly distribute the entire incident power. This design involves adding an extra transmission line to the input side, which is known as a step-down transformer. The input impedance values were reduced and outstanding performance was achieved by using the step-down transformer. Advanced design system software was used in the simulations. The isolation network, which consisted of resisters between the transmission lines, was critical in implementing the radial layout styles and also improved the output port matching and port-to-port isolation. In the operating frequency range, the return loss parameters (S<sub>11</sub>–S<sub>99</sub>) and the isolation were greater than −17 and −37 dB, respectively. The intended structure is compact. The simulated results were in good agreement and demonstrated that all of the ports had matching impedance and the isolation matched the application's requirements.

High isolation MIMO antenna for 5G C-band application by using combination of dielectric resonator, electromagnetic bandgap, and defected ground structure

High isolation between massive MIMO antenna elements is one of the important parameters that improves antenna performance, especially for 5G communication applications. In this study, we propose a design to improve isolation between elements to enhance the antenna performance. The proposed solution to improve the performance of massive MIMO antennas is to use a combination of dielectric resonator, electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) and defected ground structure (DGS) techniques at the frequency band 3.5 GHz as the 5G frequency band under 6 GHz. The material used is FR-4 which has a dielectric constant ({varepsilon }_{r}) of 4.3. Simulation results and measurements between antenna elements show an improvement in mutual coupling, widening the bandwidth and increasing the gain of the antenna. The proposed design using the dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) by MIMO 8 × 8 16 port—64 elements and the addition of EBG and DGS structures on the ground plane—has shown to suppress mutual coupling parameter lower than without using DRA-EBG-DGS design by 15 dB, increase bandwidth to 246 MHz, increase gain to 24.7 dB and improve the overall envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) parameter.

Slotted-L Printed Antenna for C-Band Application

Slotted-L Printed antenna designed and tested using HFSS and vector network analyzer which is operating at a frequency 5.8 GHz. When tested practically is approximately matching with design specification. C- Band is intended for highly secure, high- speed wireless communication between vehicles and the infrastructure. It is found that the incorporation of a slot in the patch can provide a flat input resistance and a linear input reactance across a wider bandwidth of about 94.2 % with equivalent gain of 2.8dB.

Design and Analysis of Novel Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna Using Dip Switch and Covering 5G-Sub-6-GHz and C-Band Applications

This study presents a unique frequency-reconfigurable antenna that may be the first to use a dip switch and a bias circuit integrated on the same substrate as the antenna. Such an antenna may be used for many wireless applications, since it is small and versatile enough to operate in several frequency bands with different modes. Printed on a Rogers RT5880 substrate, the suggested structure has a relative permittivity of 2.2, a tangent loss of 0.0009, and a size of 28 × 26.35 × 1.6 mm3. Three-PIN diode switches are inserted between radiating patches. The proposed antenna operates in four modes, covering nine different bands by using three dual bands (i.e., 4.36 and 7.78 GHz, 3.56 and 6.89 GHz, 3 and 6.2 GHz) in MODE 1, MODE 2, and MODE three, respectively, and triple band in MODE 4 (i.e., 2.88, 5.87, and 8.17 GHz). The efficiency of the planned antenna is 97.66%, and the gain varies from 1.38 to 4.89 dBi. The obtained bandwidths at corresponding frequencies range from 5.5 to 31.17%. The suggested structure is modeled in the CSTMWS and the simulated findings are experimentally confirmed. The suggested antenna may be employed in current portable (5G) devices and the IoT.

Compact, broadband, and thin corrugated U-shaped patch-constituted MIMO antennas for airborne UAV applications

AbstractThe major component for the effective functioning of airborne unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is an antenna. The unified integration of an antenna with UAVs without disturbing the other components of UAVs, compact size, thin, and wideband antennas are preferred. Based on these prerequisites, a low-profile and a wideband antenna is presented for autonomous UAVs for C-band applications. The antenna is designed on an extremely thin substrate of size 0.01λ0 without compromising the antenna's broad bandwidth. The antenna structure comprises a corrugated U-shaped patch, a few parasitic patches along with the partial ground. Initially, only a single mode was excited using a U-shaped patch, then further on introducing a few more parasitic patches along with corrugations in a U-shaped patch other modes were also coupled leading to enhancement in the bandwidth of the antenna. The proposed antenna along with a 2 × 2 quad-port multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) antenna is designed and fabricated. The measured results are found to be in good agreement with the simulated results. A broad bandwidth of 74.5% (4.1–9.0 GHz) with 5.02 dBi peak gain at 6.6 GHz is exhibited by the fabricated MIMO antenna. Thus, the designed antenna proves to be an effective candidate for UAV-based C-band applications.

Holy cross-moon shaped dual band perfect metamaterial absorber for C-band application

In this paper, a dual band electromagnetic perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) is presented for C-band application. This new design comprises of a moon shape and a holy cross shape metal bar which are surrounded by a circular ring resonator (CRR) and an octagonal close ring resonator (OCRR). Flame retardant 4 dielectric material of thickness 1.6 mm is used as a substrate. Commercially available high frequency electromagnetic simulator CST microwave studio used to simulate the proposed unit cell within the frequency range 2–6 GHz. The numerical simulation shows two resonance peaks at 4.10 GHz and 4.96 GHz with excellent absorption rate. The projected PMA exhibits maximum absorption of 99.99 % (4.10 GHz) and 99.57 % (4.96 GHz) in transverse electric (TE) mode at normal incidence angle. The structure of the unit cell was optimized through some recognized parametric studies like design optimization, resonators widths, gaps among resonators etc. The numerical results for 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 arrays are also investigated. The simulated result of 2 × 2 array shows resonance at 4.14 GHz and 4.98 GHz with absorptivity of 99.06 % and 99.58 %, respectively whereas 4.12 GHz and 4.69 GHz with absorptivity of 92.35 % and 97.62 %, respectively for 4 × 4 array. These two results are quite resembled with the unit cell result. The extracted numerical results are tested and authenticated by some validation processes as equivalent circuit modeling through ADS software, and different electromagnetic simulator such as high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) which is revealed an unimportant disparity. The offered perfect metamaterial absorber is fit for satellite communication, stealth-coating technology, defense and security uses.

Performance Evaluation of Triple band Microstrip Antenna using Hybrid SRRs on Fractal Ground Plane

A single-band monopole antenna, transformed into a triple-band antenna for S-band and C-band applications is reported in this paper. This transformation is done with the help of two different hybrid SRR unit cells, which are embedded on the truncated ground plane of the antenna. These hybrid SRR unit cells are created by combining square split ring and circular split ring into two different configurations. Simulated results are in coherence with the measured results and analysis is provided to evaluate the efficacy of the design. This analysis can be used to estimate the usefulness of metamaterial unit cells in generating multiple frequency bands. The operating frequency bands measured are 2.72-2.83GHz, 3.54-4.35 GHz, and 4.72-5 GHz respectively. These bands are being used in the mid-band frequency range of 5G communication in many countries. The developed antenna is miniaturized to the size of 0.19λ0 ×0.25λ0 (λ0 is the free space wavelength at 2.72 GHz). Two objectives i.e., miniaturization and multi-banding are fulfilled in a single design. The introduction of different hybrid SRR unit cells at defective ground plane causes multi-banding and resonance of a unit cell at a lower frequency leads to an increase in the effective electrical length of the antenna without increasing its physical size. The metamaterial characteristic of the unit cells is also verified in the article.

DGS based miniaturized wideband MIMO antenna with efficient isolation for C band applications

Abstract A wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for C-band applications is presented in this paper. It consists of 2 × ${\times}$ 1 hexagonal motifs which serves as radiating elements. The side of each hexagonal element is 5.73 mm and the overall dimension of the proposed MIMO antenna is 30 × ${\times}$ 20 × ${\times}$ 1.6 mm3. The hexagonal motifs are embedded on inexpensive FR-4 lossy substrate. Thereafter, a circle with radius 1 mm is etched at the center of each hexagonal motif. Inverted L-shaped stubs are employed to attain efficient isolation between the nearby antenna elements. Four inverted L-shaped stubs are included to further enhance the isolation and eliminate the antenna size increment simultaneously, by suppressing the surface waves. Before using the decoupling approach, the MIMO antenna had an impedance bandwidth of 6.7 GHz and an isolation of −20 dB. The suggested antenna’s impedance bandwidth and isolation are 5.83 GHz and −52 dB, respectively, after using a decoupling approach (inverted L-shaped stub). The proposed MIMO antenna had a peak gain and radiation efficiency of 3–7 dBi and better than 90% (with decoupling), 2.75 to 6 dBi and greater than 60% (without decoupling). To verify the proposed design, a prototype was developed to compare the simulated parameters with the measured one. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) was less than 0.05, and channel capacity loss (CCL) less than 0.3 was achieved with DGS. Besides, scattering matrix such as return loss S 11 and transmission coefficient S 21 between two elements, radiation pattern, and current distribution was also favorable. Thus, the proposed MIMO antenna is advantageous to be used for C-band applications such as developing new generation air-borne and space-borne radars, as well as X-band applications.

Self-quadplexing slot antenna for S and C-band applications

This paper demonstrates a novel kind of cavity-backed self-quadplexing slot antenna for the S and C-band applications. The proposed antenna consists of 4 distinct “U”-shaped slots of different lengths and produces the quad frequency band for wireless communication systems. These slots are excited through the separate and orthogonal placed microstrip feed lines of 50 Ω; generates four distinct operating bands at 3.2 GHz, 4.1 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and 7.2 GHz. Due to the perturbation of different U-shaped slots over the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity with defined positions, the high intrinsic port isolation value is better than 30.5 dB. Thus, the proposed unique antenna structure combines the four independent operating bands with minimum mutual coupling and negligible interference among input ports, which shows the self-quadplexing feature of the antenna. The proposed antenna also has the property of frequency tunability with uni-directional radiation pattern and gain of 5.8 dBi, 5.4 dBi, 4.01 dBi, and 3.47 dBi at corresponding operated frequency. The cross-polarization is 17.3 dB and the front-to-back ratio higher than 21.5 dB at all operating quad bands. There is a good agreement between simulated |S|-parameters results and equivalent circuit model results.

Self-quadplexing slot antenna for S and C-band applications

This paper demonstrates a novel kind of cavity-backed self-quadplexing slot antenna for the S and C-band applications. The proposed antenna consists of 4 distinct “U”-shaped slots of different lengths and produces the quad frequency band for wireless communication systems. These slots are excited through the separate and orthogonal placed microstrip feed lines of 50 Ω; generates four distinct operating bands at 3.2 GHz, 4.1 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and 7.2 GHz. Due to the perturbation of different U-shaped slots over the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity with defined positions, the high intrinsic port isolation value is better than 30.5 dB. Thus, the proposed unique antenna structure combines the four independent operating bands with minimum mutual coupling and negligible interference among input ports, which shows the self-quadplexing feature of the antenna. The proposed antenna also has the property of frequency tunability with uni-directional radiation pattern and gain of 5.8 dBi, 5.4 dBi, 4.01 dBi, and 3.47 dBi at corresponding operated frequency. The cross-polarization is 17.3 dB and the front-to-back ratio higher than 21.5 dB at all operating quad bands. There is a good agreement between simulated |S|-parameters results and equivalent circuit model results.

Tuning fork-hammer shaped perfect metamaterial absorber for C-band applications

The new compact octagonal split ring resonator with octagonal close ring resonator-based tuning fork-hammer-shaped metamaterial is a perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) for C-band application. It is a new arrangement of two octagonal ring resonators with tuning fork-hammer shaped metal strips that are fabricated using FR-4 dielectric material. The numerical results obtained from the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio exhibited dual resonance peaks at 4.34 GHz and 5.35 GHz with the absorption of 99.98% and 98.31%, respectively for transverse electric (TE) mode. The obtained numerical results were also authenticated using the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) simulator, an equivalent circuit model which shows a very insignificant amount of variation. Agilent N5227 Vector Network Analyzer was also used for measurement in this study. A slight variation at all peak points was observed when the simulation and measurement data were compared. Absorption individualities were also analysed using different polarisation angles and incident angles for TE mode. The projected absorber demonstrated near unity absorptions up to 30° polarisation angle and 60° wide incident angle. The proposed design was optimised using different types of parametric studies such as unit cell configurations, split gap, and width of the octagonal ring resonator. This C-band absorber is frequently used in satellite communication band, defence, security, and stealth coating equipment.

Design and performance analysis of wearable antenna for ISM band applications

ABSTRACT The paper proposes a wearable multiband antenna applicable for ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band, bluetooth, WiMAX, upper WLAN, fifth-generation (5G) smartphone applications, INSAT and radio altimeter, X-band, point-to-point hi-speed wireless, satellite TV, and C-band applications. This antenna is designed to function at resonance frequencies of 2.45 GHz, 4.6 GHz, 6.6 GHz and 8.2 GHz. The proposed textile antenna design dimensions are 50x80x0.56mm3.The antenna presented 47% impedance bandwidth covering the ISM band. The simulated value of the gain provided by the proposed wearable textile antenna is 5.59 dBi, 3.67 dBi, 3.99 dBi, 4.42 dBi at 2.45 GHz, 4.6 GHz, 6.6 GHz and 8.2 GHz resonant frequencies respectively.Simulations are therefore carried out using the human tissue model to show the specific absorption rate (SAR) value of the proposed antenna at different resonant frequencies. The antenna is fabricated and the simulated reflection coefficient validation is done with the measured results. The Antenna in off space provides 45% (2.1-3.32 GHz) impedance bandwidth. The antenna measured on the back of the human body provides percentage impedance bandwidth of 145% covering 1.4 to 8.8 GHz frequency band applicable for ISM band and other wireless applications.

A compact uniplanar ACS-fed metamaterial inspired dual band antenna for S-band and C-band applications

A compact uniplanar ACS-fed metamaterial inspired dual band antenna for S-band and C-band applications

Wideband Circularly Polarized P-Shaped Monopole Antenna for C-Band Application

Wideband Circularly Polarized P-Shaped Monopole Antenna for C-Band Application

A miniaturized rectangular shape narrowband MIMO antenna with reduced mutual coupling for C-band applications

A miniaturized rectangular shape narrow band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with I-shaped slot defected ground structure (DGS) for isolation improvement is discussed in this paper. To limit the surface waves between the adjacent patches, the DGS is etched between them. Antenna elements next to each other have a significantly reduced edge-to-edge spacing of 7.12 mm (). The complete size of the proposed MIMO antenna is . The MIMO antenna has a return loss less than dB over the operating band (7.41–7.91 Ghz ) with a lowest value of −46.77 dB. A comparative analysis of ECC (less than 0.32), DG (greater than 9.45), TARC (less than dB), and MEG (less than dB) are shown to validate the diversity performance of the proposed design. The performance parameters measured are in close agreement with the simulated result. The proposed MIMO antenna finds application in C band.

Design and Improvement Measure of a New Dual Band Multipolarization Antenna Using a SingleLayer Substrate for C Band Applications

A novel dual-band multipolarization slotted patch antenna with a single-layer substrate and one feeding port for C-band applications is presented. The measured results show that impedance bandwidth in which return loss is less than −10dB is from 5.7 GHz to 6.1 GHz and from 7.5 GHz to 7.8 GHz. The Axial Ratio (AR) of the antenna is < 3dB and allows the both right-handed (RH) and left-handed (LH) circular polarized (CP) from 7.6 GHz to 7.8 GHz and from 7.5 GHz to 7.6 GHz for linear-polarization. The radiation pattern is quasi-directional on the greater part of the working band. The software CST Microwave studio is used for simulation which results are in great agreement with the measured parameters. The proposed antenna can be used in occasions where the antennas need to have dual band and multi-polarization for its advantages of compact structure and low cost.

Circularly polarized beam steering array antenna fed by low magnitude and phase error response of Butler matrix to use pattern stabilization applications

In this work, a novel circularly polarized (CP) Fabry–Perot resonator beam-steering antenna array with capability covering C-band applications is introduced. The proposed antenna array caters to a relatively constant high gain at a broadband impedance bandwidth in comparison with conventional arrays. The presented antenna is designed based on a broadband Butler matrix feeding network which is able to stabilize direction patterns at different frequencies for each of the ports for the sake of phase distribution in whole operation frequency with low phase error.

A Novel Perforated Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Semi Elliptical Conformal Feed for C-Band Applications

ABSTRACT In this article, a compact perforated rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) for wideband applications is proposed. The basic RDRA is perforated to increase the bandwidth while lowering the quality factor. The resonator is fed by a semi-elliptical conformal microstrip line. A rectangular slot is etched at the center of the ground plane to optimize the radiation characteristics of the DR antenna. This topology offers 90.6% (4.08 –8.15 GHz) simulated bandwidth, and 97.2% (3.99 –8.23 GHz) measured bandwidth for dB with a gain of 3.5–7.8 dB tested over the operating bandwidth with more than 94% efficiency. mode at 4.5 GHz and mode at 6.4 GHz is excited by choosing optimized dimensions of the RDRA. The proposed antenna is best suitable for the entire C-band applications.

A novel compact diplexer employing substrate integrated waveguide loaded by triangular slots for C-band application

This article presents a novel design of compact Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) filters loaded with a triangular slot. First, the filtering response is obtained by loading a triangular slot on the top of the SIW cavities. Later, these SIW filter structures are cascaded to develop a SIW planar diplexer. To achieve lower and upper channels of the diplexer, two SIW cavity-backed filters loaded with triangular slots are excited with in-line feedings. To demonstrate the analysis, the proposed SIW diplexer has been simulated, fabricated, and tested. The measured S-parameters are in good agreement with the simulated results, showing the lower and upper passband insertion losses based at 6.2 GHz and 7.75 GHz are obtained as 0.87 dB and 0.75 dB including the losses from both the SMA connectors, respectively. The fractional bandwidth (FBW) is more than 5.1% at each passband with high isolation better than 22 dB. The fabricated prototype has a compact size of 0.88 ().