By-product Diets Research Articles

Growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass composition of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Picess: Clariidae) fingerlings fed diets composed of agricultural by-products

Four experimental diets were formulated to contain different ratios of animal protein to plant protein of 1:12 (diet F1), 1:9 (diet F2), 1:6 (diet F3) and 1:2 (diet F4).Diets F1 and F2 contained crude protein level of 35% at gross energy of 17 kJ/g providing protein to energy ratios (P/E) of 21 23 mg CP/kJ while diets F3 and F4 contained crude protein of 40% at gross energy level of 19 kJ/g providing P/E of 23 mg CP/kJ. The diets were fed to quadruplicate groups of African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (5.37 ± 0.23 g) for 12 weeks. The group of fish receiving the experimental diet F4 attained the highest (P 0.05) were observed between the experimental groups. The highest (P < 0.05) body protein, lipid and energy content attained by the fish fed diet F4. These findings suggest that a diet containing a proportion of 1 : 2 animal protein to plant protein at protein level of 40%, gross energy of 19 kJ/g diet, and a protein to energy ratio of 23 mg CP/kJ could allow a complete replacement of commercial fish meal with agricultural by-products in diets of African catfish without negatively affecting its growth performance, feed utilization or carcass composition.

English

The transfer of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in dairy cattle’s milk when fed on agroindustrial by-product diet was assessed in this study. The transfer and accumulation of such pesticide in cattle fat tissue and milk was also assessed and the adverse effect on cattle’s and human health was also studied. For that purpose, about 80 milk and 30 diet samples were collected from various dairy farms. All samples were extracted with acids using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method and analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that about 40 and 20% of milk samples had greater content of cypermethrin+chloropyrifos and porfenofos than their maximum residue limits as suggested by World Health Organisation (WHO). Cypermethrin, chloropyrifos and profenofos were present at concentration greater than their maximum residue limits in mixed diet whereas profenofos was completely absent in sugarcane khal and was present in traces in cotton khal but remained within the maximum residue limit. Nonetheless, transfer of residue of parent cypermethrin, chloropyrifos and profenofos to milk was not consistent with diet in all dairy milk samples. This revealed the contention that some other sources such as drinking or inhaling contaminated water or dust are also contributing to pesticide contamination in milk. Cancer potency factor for cypermethrine in children and adults remained within the recommended value. Generally, although pesticides residue in milk was not high enough to cause cancer risk in human, they might cause adverse health effect and delayed toxicity due to their long term accumulation and persistence within cattle’s body. Therefore, there was an urgent need to estimate their contents in dairy cattle milk in order to provide a baseline for the health ministry to make safety regulations.

Effect of the Dietary By-Product Camelina Meal on Performances and Carcass Quality of TOPIGS Pigs

Camelina meal (CM) is a new and valuable by-product for finishing pigs . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repl acing sunflower meal (SM) with a C18:3-n3-rich by- product, CM on the performances (body weight, BW; feed intake, FI; average daily gain, ADG, feed efficiency, FE), carcass quality (fat thickness, FT ; eye muscle area, EMA; lean meat proportion in carcass (LMP, on live and slaughter animals) and cl asses of quality (CC) in fattening TOPIGS pigs. The fattening TOPIGS pigs (N=22; 68.45 kg ± 3.83, average weight) were assigned into 2 groups (C and E1). Group C received a compound feed with 12% sunflower meal, group E1 received the same compound feed but the sunflower meal was replaced by 12% CM, during 33 days. Fat thickness, EMA and LMP were assess on live animals using ultrasoni c equipment PIGLOG 105. Animal performances such as: final average body weight (C-98.00 kg; E1- 95.10 kg), FI (C-3.31 kg/day; E1-3.03 kg/day), ADG (C-0.866 kg/day; E1-0.836 kg/day) and FE (C-3.82 kg/kg; E1-3.62 kg/kg) weren't significantly affected (P>0.05) by CM. Fat thickness decreased (- 23%, P 0.05; + 6%, P<0.05) in the E1 group comparing to C group. Both trial groups were included in E classes according to EUROP system. In the pres ent research work, we demonstrated that feeding finishing pigs with CM improved their quality carca ss with possible benefits for human nutrition. To obtain more favorable results concerning bio-produc tive performances lower levels of CM inclusion are recommended.

Single or combined effects of date pits and olive pulps on productive traits, egg quality, serum lipids and leucocytes profiles of laying hens

A six-week trial was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of date pits and olive pulps into corn-based diets (CDs) and their effects on performance, egg quality traits, serum lipid profiles and blood leucocytes subsets in laying hens. A total of 144 32-week-old Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL-Lite) laying hens were randomly distributed in 24 cages (six treatments and four replicates per treatment). The treatments were CD, wheat-based diets (WD), corn- and wheat-based diet (CWD), CD replaced with 20% date pits (DP) or 20% olive pulps (OP), or 10% date pits and 10% olive pulps (DP + OP). The results showed that the egg production and egg mass in the birds fed by-product diets were statistically (p<0.05) better than those fed WD and CWD and equal with those in CD group. The highest feed intake was observed in DP group and the lowest noted in the WD group. Treatments DP and OP also showed better (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio compared with treatments WD and CWD. In terms of egg quality traits, only yolk colour was affected by experimental diets (p<0.05). All serum lipid parameters were not significantly affected by experimental diets (p>0.05). Regarding the leucocyte profiles, only treatment WD showed higher (p<0.05) the heterophil: lymphocyte ratio compared with treatment CD. In conclusion, date pits and olive pulps could be partly used as alternative feedstuffs in the laying hens’ diets, without negatively affected the productive and health parameters

Effects of Substitution of Fermented King Mushroom By-Products Diet on the Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Economics of Fattening Pigs

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented king oyster mushroom by-products diet (FMBD) on the growth performance, blood characteristics, and carcass traits of fattening pigs and its economics. The fermented diet mainly contained 40.0% king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) by-products, 20.0% corn, 28.0% soybean meal, 0.1% supplemental probiotics and 0.08% cellulase. The mixed ingredients were fermented for 1 d at followed by 9 d at room temperature, after which they were dried at for 3 d. Pigs (n=96) were divided into eight heads per pen, four diet treatments and three replications. The basal diet (C) was substituted with 20% (T1), 50% (T2) and 80% (T3) FMBD. The concentration of crude protein (CP) was significantly higher (p

Effect of corn bran and steep inclusion in finishing diets on diet digestibility, cattle performance, and nutrient mass balance

One metabolism trial and 2 finishing trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding corn bran and steep liquor (steep) in replacement of dry-rolled corn (DRC) on diet digestibility, cattle performance, and nutrient mass balance in open feedlot pens. The metabolism trial (Exp. 1) used 8 ruminally cannulated heifers in a 4 × 4 Latin square design and the 2 finishing trials used 128 steer calves fed for 167 d (Exp. 2) and 256 yearling steers fed for 126 d (Exp. 3). Dietary treatments for all trials included a DRC-based control (CON), 30% corn bran (30/0), 30% corn bran plus 15% steep (30/15), and 45% corn bran plus 15% steep (45/15), in which by-products replaced DRC and molasses in the diet (DM basis). Diets were not isonitrogenous or isoenergetic. In the metabolism trial, feeding the by-product diets produced greater rumen pH (5.95) than CON (5.76; P < 0.01). Total tract DM and OM digestibility were greater for heifers fed CON than the by-product diets (P < 0.01). Dry matter and NDF ruminal disappearance (%/h) of corn bran were numerically less for cattle fed the CON diet than the by-product diets (2.36 vs. 2.84 and 0.72 vs. 1.66, respectively). In the performance trials, steers fed the by-product diets consumed more DM (P = 0.06) and G:F was either similar for all diets in Exp. 2 (P = 0.56) or less for cattle fed 30/0 than the other diets in Exp. 3 (P = 0.05). Percent N loss was reduced in Exp. 2 by including corn bran in diets compared with CON (P < 0.01). However, in Exp. 3, no differences in percent N loss were detected among treatments (P = 0.16), but more N was removed in the manure from pens where steers were fed by-products (P = 0.01). Although steep did not improve diet digestibility, it was beneficial in maintaining cattle performance in the feedlot studies. Feeding corn bran in combination with steep increased manure N removed and N in compost, but decreased percent N lost during the winter months only.

Effects of copper source (Intellibond C or copper sulfate) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, pen cleanliness, and economics in finishing pigs

A total of 1,143 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 55.3 lb) were used to determine the effects of tribasic copper chloride (TBCC; Intellibond C; Micronutrients Inc., Indianapolis, IN) or copper sulfate (CuSO4) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, pen cleanliness, and economics in a 111-d study. Pens of pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments and balanced based on average pen weight in a completely randomized design with 25 to 28 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Treatment diets included a corn-soybean meal positive control, a high by-product diet with 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and 15% bakery meal (negative control), or the negative control diet with 75 or 150 ppm copper from CuSO4 or TBCC. All diets were formulated on a standardized ileal digestible (SID) amino acid basis and were 0.05% below the pig’s estimated lysine requirement throughout the trial. Pigs fed the corn-soybean meal positive control diet had improved (P < 0.01) F/G and tended to have increased ADFI (P < 0.08) compared with those fed the negative control, high by-product diet. Pigs fed increasing copper had improved (linear, P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI but tended to have slightly poorer (quadratic, P < 0.06) F/G. Although no interactions were observed between copper source and level, pigs fed increasing CuSO4 had increased (linear, P < 0.02) ADFI, whereas pigs fed increasing TBCC had increased ADG, ADFI, and final BW (linear, P < 0.01). Increasing added copper improved (linear, P < 0.02) HCW and loin depth, with the greatest response in HCW for pigs fed TBCC (linear, P < 0.01). For pen characteristics, pigs fed the high by-product diet had greater (P < 0.01) manure buildup and longer wash time than those fed the corn-soybean meal control diet. Addition of copper to diets did not influence pen wash time and had no impact on manure buildup. Economics were calculated on both a constant days on feed and constant market weight basis. Pigs fed either source of copper to a constant days on feed had an increase in feed cost per pig (linear, P < 0.01) as well as a higher (P < 0.10) revenue per pig. When economics were calculated on feeding pigs to a constant BW, facility costs decreased (linear, P < 0.05) with feeding copper. Although no significant differences were detected in income over feed and facility cost for added copper, the greatest numerical advantage to individual copper sources occurred at 75 PPM for CuSO4 ($0.26) and at 150 ppm for TBCC ($1.35 per pig). In summary, feeding increased levels of copper sulfate or TBCC in diets formulated slightly below the estimated SID lysine requirement increased growth rate and feed intake, resulting in increased final BW and HCW. Pigs fed TBCC at 150 ppm had the highest final BW (+12.8 lb) and HCW (+7.7 lb). In addition, the use of added copper in the diets did not increase time required to wash pens. More research is needed to determine whether the amino acid concentration influences the response to copper source and level in diets for growing and finishing pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 21, 2013

Effects of dietary byproduct feeding withdrawal prior to market on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, carcass fat quality, intestinal weights, and economics (2013)

A total of 288 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 84.7 lb) were used in an 88-d study to determine the timing of high-fiber ingredient removal from the diet prior to marketing to optimize growth performance, carcass characteristics (primarily yield), carcass fatty acid composition, and economics. Two diet types, a corn-soybean meal control diet with low NDF (9.3%) and a high-fiber, high-NDF (19%) diet that contained 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and 19% wheat middlings (midds) were used throughout the study. Pens of pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary feeding strategies with 8 pigs per pen (4 barrows and 4 gilts) and 6 replications per treatment. The 6 feeding strategies consisted of the corn-soy control diet or high-fiber diet fed for the duration of the study, or the high-fiber diet fed until 20, 15, 10, or 5 d prior to slaughter after which the pigs were switched to the corn-soybean meal control diet.

Effects of two feeder designs and adjustment strategies on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing–finishing pigs1,2

Our objective was to compare effects of a conventional dry (CD, 152.4-cm-wide, 5-space, Staco Inc., Schaefferstown, PA) and a wet-dry (WD, double-sided, each side = 38.1-cm-space, Crystal Springs, GroMaster Inc., Omaha, NE) feeder using various feeder adjustment openings on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs (Sus scrofa). In Exp. 1, 1,296 pigs (BW 19 kg) were used in a 27-d study to evaluate 3 feeder openings nested within each feeder design. From d 0 to 27, pigs fed with a WD feeder had similar ADG, but lower (P < 0.02) ADFI and greater G:F than pigs fed with a CD feeder. Increased adjustment opening increased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI by pigs fed with a WD feeder, and increased (linear, P < 0.01) ADFI by pigs fed with a CD feeder. In Exp. 2, 1,248 pigs (BW 33 kg) were used to evaluate 3 feeder openings nested within each feeder design in a 93-d study. Pigs fed with a WD feeder had greater (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, final BW, HCW, and backfat, but decreased fat-free lean index (FFLI) than those fed with a CD feeder. Increased opening of the WD feeder resulted in greater (linear, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, HCW, and backfat, but lower FFLI. No differences among CD feeder openings were observed, and G:F did not differ among all feeder treatments. In Exp. 3, 1,287 pigs (BW 38 kg) were used in a 92-d factorial experiment with 4 feeder treatments and 2 diet types (low and high byproduct diets). Feeder treatments were CD at approximately a 2.4-cm opening, WD at a 3.2-cm opening, WD changed to a 2.5-cm opening on d 56, and WD changed to a 2.5-cm opening on d 28 and a 1.9-cm opening on d 56. Pigs fed with a WD feeder had greater (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, HCW, and backfat, but decreased FFLI than pigs fed with a CD feeder. Decreasing the WD feeder opening during the study decreased (P < 0.05) ADG. Pigs with the WD feeder opening decreased to 1.9 cm had reduced (P < 0.05) ADFI and backfat, but increased FFLI compared with pigs with a WD feeder opening of 3.2 cm. Feed efficiency did not differ among treatments. In conclusion, ADG, ADFI, HCW, and backfat were increased with the WD feeder evaluated in this experiment, but the growth of pigs fed with a WD feeder was more sensitive to differences in feeder adjustment than that of pigs fed with a CD feeder.

Effects of a Dietary Fermented Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) By-Product Diet on Pork Meat Quality in Growing-Fattening Berkshire Pigs

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of fermented mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) by-products on meat quality characteristics in fattening Berkshire pigs. The fermented diet mainly contained 40.0% mushroom by-products, 26.0% rice bran, and 20.0% formula feed and was fermented for 5 d. The basal diet for the control (C) was substituted with 10% (T1), 30% (T2), 50% (T3), and 70% (T4) fermented diet. Warner-Bratzler shear forces (WBSF) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in treatments than that in C. The meat color (lightness, redness, and yellowness) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in treatments than that in C, whereas fat color (redness and yellowness) was significantly higher in treatments than that in C (P < 0.05). The compositions of palmitoleic acid and arachidonic acid were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in T4 than that in C. The amino acid composition of longissimus dorsi (LD) and the sensory evaluation of cooked meat were not affected by diet type. In conclusion, a diet of fermented mushroom by-products increased pH and backfat color, but decreased cooking loss, WBSF, and meat color of LD in growing-fattening Berkshire pigs.

Effect of Substitution of Fermented King Oyster Mushroom By-Products Diet on Pork Quality during Storage

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of substitution of fermented king oyster mushroom (P. eryngii) by-products diet on pork meat quality characteristics, during the storage. A mixture of 40% king oyster mushroom by-products, 28% soybean meal and 20% corn was fermented for 10 d, and the basal diet was then substituted by the fermented diet mixture of up to 20, 50 and 80%, respectively. A total of 96 pigs were fed experimental diet (8 pigs per pen <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 4 diets <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 3 replication), and eight longissiumus (LD) per treatment were collected, when each swine reached to 110 kg of body weight. The Warner-Bratzler shear forces and cooking loss were significantly lowered in the treatments, while crude protein content and water holding capacity significantly (p<0.05) increased in the treatments than in the control group. The volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), at 1 d of storage, was lower in the treatments, while texture profiles and sensory evaluation did not differ between the control and the treatments (p>0.05). The pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), VBN and meat color in all treatments were increased as storage increased. Fermented king oyster mushroom by-products diet effects on lightness (CIE <TEX>$L^*$</TEX>), yellowness (CIE <TEX>$b^*$</TEX>) and chroma were determined, when LD muscles in T2 and T3 treatments were higher (p<0.05), up to 7 d (p<0.05). Therefore, the results indicate that the substitution of the fermented king oyster mushroom by-products diet to swine diet influenced the quality of the meat and it may be an economically valuable ingredient.

Agroindustrial byproducts in diets for Nile tilapia juveniles

This study was conducted to evaluate performance and body composition of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing byproducts aerial parts of cassava meal (Manihot esculenta), mesquite pod meal (Prosopis juliflora), cocoa meal (Theobroma cacao) and palm kernel cake (Elaeis guineensis) and to analyze the economic viability of the feed. A total of 1,350 juvenile males (100 g) were distributed in 15 cages (1 m3) in completely randomized design with five treatments (basal diet and four test diets) and three replicates. The following aspects were evaluated: final weight, total feed intake, total weight gain, feed conversion, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and survival rate, dry matter, crude protein, fat and ash body, the average cost of feed per kilogram of weight gain and economic efficiency rate. No differences were observed for total consumption of food or survival rate. For other variables, the inclusion of cocoa and cassava meal impaired fish performance. No differences were observed for dry matter, crude protein and body ash. The lower body fat accumulation was recorded for the tilapia fed palm kernel cake. The best economic indicators were found to diets containing palm kernel cake. The byproducts evaluated can be used up to 150 g/kg in feed formulation, providing good performance and economic rate for Nile tilapia.

Effects of partial or total fish meal replacement by agricultural by-product diets on gonad maturation, sex steroids and vitellogenin dynamics of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

The establishment of the first sexual maturation was characterized in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in order to study the efficiency of replacement of fish meal (FM) by diets composed of local vegetable ingredients. Four diets were formulated containing decreasing levels of FM (50-0% for diet 1 to diet 4) and increasing proportions of vegetable ingredients (50-100%). Gonadosomatic index (GSI), diameter and percentages of developmental stages of oocytes, plasma sex steroids and vitellogenin dynamics were investigated from February to June using one-year-old fish. Fish were individually tagged, and 12 individuals from each diet were investigated monthly. Replacement of FM with plant ingredients did not affect the GSI neither in males, nor in females. All males were spermiating, and no abnormal gonads were found. In females, GSI and percentages of advanced stages of oocytes decreased during the dry season, indicating seasonal changes in gonad development. Moreover, oocytes were in late exogenous vitellogenesis, but no final maturation stages were observed, whatever the diet. Higher plasma levels of E2 in females and of androgens (T and 11-KT) in both sexes were observed in fish fed diet 4 than in those receiving diet 1 depending on the season. Levels of plasma E2 and ALP (indicator for vitellogenin) in males did not differ among treatments and seasons suggesting no phytoestrogenic activity. The results showed that total replacement of FM by vegetable diets composed of groundnut oilcakes, bean and sunflower meals has no deleterious effect on the onset of sexual maturation in African catfish but, may stimulate the sex steroid production and in turns may potentially exert some positive actions on reproductive success.

Effect of oat by-product antioxidants and vitamin E on the oxidative stability of pork from pigs fed diets supplemented with linseed oil

The aim of the experiment was to compare the antioxidative potential of an oat by-product with the effect of vitamin E on the oxidative stability of pork from pigs fed a diet enriched with linseed oil. Thirty-four crossbreed barrows were fed individually from 39 to 109 kg body weight (BW) on one of four diets: a control diet based on barley–triticale–soybean (Diet C), a diet containing an oat by-product (Diet O), and the same diets supplemented with vitamin E (100 mg/kg diet) (Diets CE and OE, respectively). The oat by-product, comprising oat hulls and bran, was included at 10 and 20% in the grower and finisher diets, respectively. To Diets O and OE, refined rapeseed oil was added to equalise their energy content to Diets C and CE. Compared to Diets C and CE, the inclusion of the oat by-product in Diets O and OE increased the antioxidative capacity of water-soluble and lipid soluble compounds in these diets. Dietary treatment did not influence growth performance, slaughter value, longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle quality measured by nutrient contents, pH, drip loss or colour. Vitamin E supplementation increased the α-tocopherol concentration in serum and meat (p < 0.01), and decreased the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the fresh and stored LD (p < 0.01). In addition, diets with the oat by-product increased serum α-tocopherol concentration (p < 0.01) and decreased the TBARS levels in the fresh and stored LD (p < 0.05), without increasing muscle α-tocopherol concentration. The obtained results indicate that the phenolic compounds present in oat by-products have a considerable antioxidant potential and a beneficial effect on the pig organism and oxidative stability of meat. However, dietary inclusion with the oat by-product was not as efficient as supplementation with vitamin E.

Evaluation of Different Animal Protein Sources in Formulating the Diets for Blue Gourami, Trichogaster Trichopterus Fingerlings

Based on the nutrient requirement of blue gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus fingerlings as reported earlier, nine experimental diets with 350 g protein, 80-100 g lipid and 16-17 MJ digestible energy/kg diet were formulated using snail meat (D-1), freshwater fish processing waste (D-2), surimi by-product (D-3), chicken offal (D-4), earthworm (D-5), squid (D-6), mussel (T-7), chicken liver (T-8) and lean prawn (T-9) as major protein source in addition to fish meal and peanut oil cake and fed ad libitum to the fish (3.54 ± 0.02 g) for a period of 45 days. Twenty seven indoor circular fiber-reinforced plastic tanks with 200 L of water were used for rearing the fish. At the end of the experiment it was found that the fish fed squid meal Diet (D-6) had the best results in terms of weight gain, food conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). However, the freshwater fish processing waste (D-2) and surimi by-product (D-3) diets had almost similar (p>0.05) growth and dietary performance as that of squid, mussel, chicken liver and lean prawn meal diets and therefore, both these fish processing waste and surimi by-product could be used as non-conventional protein sources in formulating the nutritionally balanced cost-effective diets for blue gourami.

Effects of feeding varying ingredient particle sizes and diet forms for 25- to 50-lb nursery pigs on performance, caloric efficiency, and economics (2012)

A total of 675 pigs (PIC 1050 barrows; initially 24.5 lb BW and 37 d of age) were used in a 21-d study to determine the effects of feeding varying ingredient particle sizes and diet form for 25- to 50-lb nursery pigs on performance, caloric efficiency, and economics. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 17 replications per treatment and 5 pigs per pen in two groups of nursery pigs. The 8 experimental diets included 3 corn-soybean meal–based diets consisting of: (1) corn fraction ground to an average of 620 μ and fed in meal form, (2) corn fraction ground to an average of 352 μ and fed in meal form, and (3) diet 2 but pelleted. The remaining 5 diets were high by-product diets containing 20% wheat middlings (midds) and 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Diets 4 to 8 consisted of: (4) corn fraction ground to an average of 620 μ, midds and DDGS unground from the plant with an average particle size of 534 μ and 701 μ, respectively, and fed in meal form; (5) diet 4 but corn fraction ground to an average of 352 μ and fed in meal form; (6) diet 5 but fed in pellet form; (7) corn, soybean meal, DDGS, and midds ground to average particle sizes of 352 μ, 421 μ, 377 μ, and 357 μ, respectively, fed in meal form; and (8) diet 7 but fed in pellet form. The two formulated diets were not balanced for energy, so energy was lower for treatments 4 to 8 than for treatments 1 to 3.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 2012

Effects of pistachio by-product in replacement of lucerne hay on microbial protein synthesis and fermentative parameters in the rumen of sheep

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial and total substitution of lucerne hay with pistachio by-product on nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, digesta kinetics, blood metabolites, nitrogen retention and microbial protein synthesis in Baloochi sheep. Six sheep with a bodyweight of 40.1 ± 1.77 kg fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulae were assigned at random to three diets in a double 3 × 3 Latin-square design. The dietary treatments included a control (basal diet), low pistachio by-product diet (50% of the lucerne hay in the basal diet was replaced by pistachio by-product), and high pistachio by-product diet (all of the lucerne hay in the basal diet was replaced by pistachio by-product). The daily basal diet was 500 g/kg DM lucerne hay, 250 g/kg DM wheat straw, 210 g/kg DM barley grain, 30 g/kg DM cotton seed meal, 8 g/kg DM vitamin–mineral supplement and 2 g/kg DM salt. Faeces and urine were collected for 8 days and used to estimate digestibility, nitrogen retention and microbial protein synthesis. Sheep were dosed ruminally with Cr-EDTA (2.27 g/L) and rumen samples were evaluated for pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen concentrations and digesta kinetics. The intake of neutral detergent fibre, purine derivatives excretion, volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen and ammonia nitrogen in the abomasum decreased (P &lt; 0.05). Ether extract intake and ruminal pH was increased at 5 h after feeding (P &lt; 0.05) as the level of pistachio by-product in the diet increased. Total pistachio by-product replacement for lucerne hay increased (P &lt; 0.05) apparent digestibility of nitrogen, ether extract, organic matter and nitrogen retention and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) microbial protein synthesis, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and ammonia nitrogen in the rumen. The inclusion of pistachio by-product had no effect on blood metabolites and digesta kinetics. Based on these results it was concluded that pistachio by-product can be considered as a useful replacement for lucerne hay in the diet of Baloochi sheep without any negative impacts on their responses. Moreover, pistachio by-product inclusion in diet improved nitrogen metabolism in Baloochi sheep.

Effects of Supplemental Fermented Agro By-products Diet on the Growth Performances, Blood Characteristics and Carcass Traits in Fattening Pigs

Effects of a supplemental fermented agro by-products diet on growth performance, blood characteristics and carcass traits were investigated in fattening pigs. The fermented diet mainly contained 38.0% brewer's grain, 25.0% rice bran and 21.0% by- product of king oyster mushrooms. The mixed ingredients were fermented at 40°C for 7 days and fed to crossbred barrow pigs for 62 days. Ninety pigs were housed in 10 head per pen with three replicate pens per treatment. The pigs in the control group were fed with formula feed, while the pigs in T1 group were fed 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% fermented diet substituted with formula feed on 1 week interval. Pigs in T2 group were fed 30, 60 and 100% fermented diet substituted with formula feed on 1 week interval. The fermented diet significantly (p<0.05) decreased body weight gain and feed efficiency of pigs. The blood characteristics differed with diet types. Carcass grade was significantly better (p<0.05) in the pigs fed fermented diet than in the pigs fed control diet as well as ratio of high grade was higher in the fermented diet groups. Therefore, although a dietary of fermented diet decreased growth performance and feed efficiency, it improved the carcass grade in pigs. (Key Words : Agro By-products, Carcass Trait, Fermented Diet, Growth Performance, Pigs)

Effects of fermented mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) by‐product diets on growth performance and carcass traits in growing‐fattening Berkshire pigs

This study was conducted to investigate effects of fermented mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) by-product diets on the growth performance and carcass traits in growing-fattening Berkshire pigs. The fermented diets mainly contained 40.0% mushroom by-product, 20.0% formula feed, 26.0% rice bran and supplemental 0.1% probiotics. The mixed ingredients were fermented for 5days at room temperature. Berkshire pigs (n=225) were divided into five groups and three replications. The basal diets (C) were substituted by 10% (T1), 30% (T2), 50% (T3) and 70% (T4) fermented mushroom by-product diets. Crude protein concentration and total calorie in fermented diets were significantly increased (P<0.05) at the end of fermentation days compared with initial fermentation day. Body weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass weight were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the T2, T3 and T4 groups than in the control group. Carcass grade was significantly better (P<0.05) in the pigs fed fermented diets than in the pigs fed control diet and the ratio of high grade (1 plus 2 grades) was higher in the fermented diet groups compared with the control group. Therefore, although a diet of fermented mushroom by-product decreased growth performance and feed efficiency, it improved the carcass grade in Berkshire pigs.

Effect of tomato by-product diet supplementation on egg yolk colour

Laying hen diets are usually rich in pigments, often synthetic, in order to intensify yolk colour as consumers’ requested (Baroli et al., 1996). Nowadays the public concern is oriented toward food safety; so, it is important to substitute synthetic products with natural pigments. It is important to look for new alternative natural pigment sources such as Spirulina algae (Anderson et al., 1991; Ross and Domini, 1990) or Haemococcus pluvialis that also have a probiotic effect on animals. Lycopen is one of the new carotenoids that could be used in animal production. This is a tomato extracted pigment and it is important for its role of beta-carotene precursor, for its immunostimulant effects and for its dietary and nutritional value in human health (Franceschi et al., 1995; Porrini et al., 1998; Ribaya-Mercado et al., 1995; Riso et al., 1999)...