By-product Diets Research Articles

By-product Originating from Artisan Distillers of Rice Alcohol in Northern Vietnam: Production, Use and Nutrient Value for Smallholder Pig Raising

The objective of this study was to investigate by-product production originating from artisan distillers of rice alcohol and its use as pig feed in three provinces (Hai Duong, Hung Yen and Bac Giang) of Northern Vietnam. A total of 120 rice alcohol producers classified by production scales (30 producers for Large-L, 45 producers for Medium-M and 45 producers for Small-S) were interviewed from January to August 2015. Additionally, sixty-three rice distiller’s by-product samples were collected from the study areas to determine their daily nutrient content according to one week storage time. The annual dry matter feedstuff production was estimated to 4.8, 3.0 and 2.1 tons per household for L, M and S scales, respectively (p<0.001). Swine herd size increased with the scale of household alcohol production (p<0.05). The proportion of rice distiller’s by-product in diet of swine lowered when turning from pregnant to lactating sows, and varied in fattening pigs. Rice distiller’s by-product was rich in high quality crude protein, copper and lactic acid but poor in dry matter. Its nutritive value remained stable over a week under ambient conditions. In conclusion, rice distiller’s by-product provides significant and stable amounts of nutrients in northern vietnamese pig production.

The effect of novel xylanase on feeding value of diet containing cereal by-products for broilers

Effects of exogenous xylanase on N-corrected dietary apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), coefficients of dry matter (DMR) and nitrogen retention (NR), fat digestibility (FD), and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development were examined. Birds' growth performance was also measured. Birds were fed one of two mash diets. A control diet was prepared that had major ingredients of 404.2 g/kg wheat and a mixture of important home produced cereal byproducts (including 145.0 g/kg wheat DDGS, 90.0 g/kg oat feed, 60.3 g/kg wheat feed), and contained 213 g/kg CP and 12.64 MJ/kg metabolisable energy. Each diet was fed to sixteen pens with two Ross 308 male broilers following randomisation. Xylanase supplemented diet had higher (P<0.05) N-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), and also higher (P 0.05) in growth performance, although feeding xylanase decreased (P<0.05) the weights of the total GIT of the birds. It can be concluded that supplementary xylanase gave a small improvement (3.5% increase in AMEn) in the feeding value of the cereal by-product diet but this did not result in an improvement in growth performance.

PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera) BY-PRODUCTS AS RUMINANT FEED: A REVIEW ON PRODUCTION, MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID AREAS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

This review presents recent knowledge of the inclusion of pistachio by-products in diets of ruminants. Pistachio harvesting and processing result in considerable amounts of by-products which include hulls (the outer cover of fruit), woody shells (mesocarp), blank fruits, clusters (sometimes referred as twigs) and leaves. The by-products can be preserved by natural drying or ensilaging. This review evaluates pistachio by-products in terms of chemical composition, nutritive value and their effects on ruminant performance and product quality. Their nutritive value is affected by factors which include type of by-product, pistachio variety, harvesting time and preservation method. Pistachio by-products can use as a source of protein and energy in ruminant feeding to support maintenance and production of meat, milk, wood and hair. Their replacement value in diets of growing, fattening and lactating ruminants ranges between 21-35%.The replacement values of silage from pistachio by-products ranges between 15-24%. However, the presence of high levels of copper and phenolic compounds in pistachio by-products may restrict their inclusion in high proportions into ruminant diets. There is need for more research on the inactivation of phenolic compounds in pistachio by-products so that they can be fed to ruminants in larger proportions. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of pistachio by-products on production and reproduction performance of ruminants as well as product quality. The presence of pesticides, fungicides and phenolic compounds in pistachio by-products necessitate identifying the effect of long term feeding on livestock health.

Digestibility, growth, blood chemistry, and enzyme activity of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus fed isocaloric diets containing animal and plant byproducts

ABSTRACT In this work, we studied the digestibility, growth, blood chemistry, and enzyme activity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles (0.95±0.18 g) using different animal (fish silage meal, whey meal, bovine blood meal, and red crab meal) and plant (extruded bean, extruded chickpea meal, coconut paste, Jatropha curcas meal, and chickpea meal) dietary byproducts. Nine isocaloric diets (321.92±9.10 kcal g−1) were evaluated for 60 days. The highest digestibility of crude protein values for animal and plant sources were obtained for [...]

The effects of copper source and concentration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pen cleanliness in finishing pigs1,2

A total of 1,143 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 25.1 ± 0.03 kg BW) were used in a 111-d study to determine the effects of copper sulfate (CuSO4; Prince Agri-Products, Quincy, IL) or tribasic copper chloride (TBCC; IntelliBond C; Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pen cleanliness. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments, balanced on average pen weight in a randomized complete block design with 25 to 28 pigs per pen and 7 replications per treatment. Treatments included a corn–soybean meal–based diet (corn-soy), a high-by-product diet with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles and 15% bakery meal (by-product diet), and the by-product diet with 75 or 150 mg/kg added Cu from CuSO4 or TBCC. All diets contained 20 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4 in the trace mineral premix. At the conclusion of the trial, a digital photo of each pen was taken to allow 3 independent observers to score manure texture and buildup and to assess pen cleanliness prior to power washing. Furthermore, the time required to power wash each pen was also measured. Overall, pigs fed the by-product diet tended to have increased ADFI (P = 0.083) and had decreased G:F (P = 0.005) compared to those fed the corn-soy diet. No Cu source × level interactions or Cu source differences were observed (P > 0.05). From d 0 to 71, pigs fed increasing Cu had increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG, d 71 BW, and ADFI. From d 71 to 111, pigs fed increasing Cu tended to have increased ADFI (linear, P = 0.068) and decreased G:F (quadratic, P = 0.056). Overall (d 0 to 111), increasing Cu increased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG, final BW, and ADFI (quadratic, P = 0.026). Hot carcass weight increased (linear, P = 0.023) by 2.4 kg with increasing Cu. Increasing Cu also increased loin depth (linear, P = 0.019) and percentage lean (quadratic, P = 0.024). Manure buildup and wash time (s/pen) increased (P < 0.05) for by-product diet pens compared to corn-soy pens; however, neither wash time nor pen cleanliness were influenced by added Cu. In summary, increasing dietary Cu in high-by-product diets improved growth and feed intake, resulting in increased final BW and HCW for pigs fed both Cu sources, without influencing pen wash time.

592 Effects of by-product inclusion and linseed oil supplementation to a pasture based diet on methane production, diet utilization and ruminal fermentation parameters in the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of by-product (BP) inclusion and linseed oil (LO) on diet digestibility, fermentation pattern and methane production using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec), with perennial ryegrass pasture as the main forage source. Dietary treatment consisted of a supplementary concentrate (factor I) containing either 35% BP (BP35) or 95% BP (BP95) with and without 6% LO inclusion (factor II), thereby culminating in a 2 (concentrate; BP 35 or BP95) × 2 (LO; + or -) factorial arrangement. Dietary in vitro treatments consisted of a 50:50 perennial ryegrass based pasture (PRG) and one the four supplementary concentrates. Treatments were randomly allocated to sixteen fermentation vessels. The in vitro incubation trial involved of a single incubation period lasting 14 d consisting of 10 d adaption and 4 d sampling period. The DM digestibility of the concentrate treatments were: BP35 (68.9%); BP35+oil (68.7%); BP95 (57.4%) and BP 95+oil (54.4%). In general, concentrate that contained lower levels of BP had a higher digestibility parameters (DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF) than the concentrates that contained a higher BP inclusion (P <0.0001). No significant difference was recorded in pH or NH3-N production for any treatments examined (P > 0.10). Production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was highest for the low BP diets (BP35; P < 0.05) relative to the BP95. Acetic acid proportion (P < 0.05) and acetate:proprionate ratio (P < 0.05) was greatest in the BP95 concentrate compared to the BP35 diet. Methane production (when expressed as production per day or in terms of production per organic matter digested) was affected (P < 0.05) by BP concentrate type and LO supplementation. Addition, of LO reduced methane (CH4) for both BP concentrate types with BP95+LO having the lowest CH4 production, BP35+LO and BP95 intermediate and BP35 having the highest CH4 production, respectively. Under in vitro conditions, the inclusion of BP and addition of supplementary LO to a concentrate supplemented grass based diet of ruminants can effectively reduce CH4 production.

Effect of source of trace minerals in either forage- or by-product–based diets fed to dairy cows: 2. Apparent absorption and retention of minerals

Eighteen multiparous cows were used in a split-plot replicated Latin square with two 28-d periods to evaluate the effects of source of supplemental Cu, Zn, and Mn (sulfates or hydroxy) on apparent absorption of minerals when fed in either a forage- or by-product-based diet. The by-product diets were formulated to have greater concentrations of NDF and lesser concentrations of starch, and specific ingredients were chosen because they were good sources of soluble fiber and β-glucans, which bind trace minerals in nonruminants. We hypothesized that hydroxy trace minerals would interact less with digesta and have greater apparent absorption compared with sulfate minerals, and the difference in apparent absorption would be greater for the by-product diet compared with the forage-based diet. During the 56-d experiment, cows remained on the same fiber treatment but source of supplemental trace mineral was different for each 28-d period; thus, all cows were exposed to both mineral treatments. During each period cows were fed no supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn for 16 d, followed by 12 d of feeding supplemental minerals from either sulfate or hydroxy sources. Supplemental minerals for each of the mineral sources fed provided approximately 10, 35, and 32 mg/kg of supplemental Cu, Zn, and Mn, respectively, for both fiber treatments. Total Cu, Zn, and Mn dietary concentrations, respectively, were approximately 19, 65, and 70 mg/kg for the forage diets and 21, 85, and 79 for the by-product diets. Treatment had no effect on dry matter intake (24.2 kg/d) or milk production (34.9 kg/d). Cows consuming the by-product diets had greater Zn (1,863 vs. 1,453 mg/d) and Mn (1,790 vs. 1,588 mg/d) intake compared with cows fed forage diets, but apparent Zn absorption was similar between treatments. Manganese apparent absorption was greater for the by-product diets compared with the forage diets (16 vs. 11%). A fiber by mineral interaction was observed for Cu apparent absorption, as cows fed hydroxy minerals with forage diets had greater apparent absorption compared with cows fed sulfate minerals; however, the opposite was observed with the by-product diets. Source of supplemental trace minerals and type of fiber in diets affected availability of Cu and Mn and should be considered in ration formulation.

Effect of source of trace minerals in either forage- or by-product–based diets fed to dairy cows: 1. Production and macronutrient digestibility

Excess rumen-soluble Cu and Zn can alter rumen microbial populations and reduce fiber digestibility. Because of differences in particle size and chemical composition, ruminal and total-tract digestibility of fiber from forage- and by-product-based diets can differ. We hypothesized that, because of differences in mineral solubility, diets with hydroxy rather than sulfate trace minerals would have greater fiber digestibility, but the effect may depend on source of fiber. Eighteen multiparous cows were used in a split-plot replicated Latin square with two 28-d periods to evaluate the effects of Cu, Zn, and Mn source (sulfates or hydroxy; Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) source (forage diet = 26% NDF vs. by-product = 36%) on total-tract nutrient digestibility. During the entire experiment (56 d) cows remained on the same fiber treatment, but source of supplemental trace mineral was different for each 28-d period so that all cows were exposed to both mineral treatments. During each of the two 28-d periods, cows were fed no supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn for 16 d followed by 12 d of feeding supplemental Cu, Zn, and Mn from either sulfates or hydroxy sources. Supplemental minerals for each of the mineral sources fed provided approximately 10, 35, and 32 mg/kg of supplemental Cu, Zn, and Mn, respectively, for both fiber treatments. Total dietary concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn were approximately 19, 65, and 70 mg/kg for the forage diets and 21, 85, and 79 mg/kg for the by-product diets, respectively. Treatment had no effect on dry matter intake (24.2 kg/d) or milk production (34.9 kg/d). Milk fatty acid profiles were altered by fiber source, mineral source, and their interaction. Cows fed the by-product diets had lower dry matter (65.9 vs. 70.2%), organic matter (67.4 vs. 71.7%), and crude protein digestibility (58.8 vs. 62.1%) but greater starch (97.5 vs. 96.3%) and NDF digestibility (50.5 vs. 44.4%) compared with cows fed the forage treatment. Feeding increased concentrations of by-products decreased total digestible nutrients regardless of mineral source. Feeding hydroxy Cu, Zn, and Mn increased NDF digestibility (48.5 vs. 46.4%) but had no effect on total digestible nutrients.

The effects of copper source and concentration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pen cleanliness in finishing pigs.

A total of 1,143 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 25.1 ± 0.03 kg BW) were used in a 111-d study to determine the effects of copper sulfate (CuSO; Prince Agri-Products, Quincy, IL) or tribasic copper chloride (TBCC; IntelliBond C; Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pen cleanliness. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments, balanced on average pen weight in a randomized complete block design with 25 to 28 pigs per pen and 7 replications per treatment. Treatments included a corn-soybean meal-based diet (corn-soy), a high-by-product diet with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles and 15% bakery meal (by-product diet), and the by-product diet with 75 or 150 mg/kg added Cu from CuSO or TBCC. All diets contained 20 mg/kg Cu from CuSO in the trace mineral premix. At the conclusion of the trial, a digital photo of each pen was taken to allow 3 independent observers to score manure texture and buildup and to assess pen cleanliness prior to power washing. Furthermore, the time required to power wash each pen was also measured. Overall, pigs fed the by-product diet tended to have increased ADFI ( = 0.083) and had decreased G:F ( = 0.005) compared to those fed the corn-soy diet. No Cu source × level interactions or Cu source differences were observed ( > 0.05). From d 0 to 71, pigs fed increasing Cu had increased (quadratic, < 0.05) ADG, d 71 BW, and ADFI. From d 71 to 111, pigs fed increasing Cu tended to have increased ADFI (linear, = 0.068) and decreased G:F (quadratic, = 0.056). Overall (d 0 to 111), increasing Cu increased (linear, < 0.01) ADG, final BW, and ADFI (quadratic, = 0.026). Hot carcass weight increased (linear, = 0.023) by 2.4 kg with increasing Cu. Increasing Cu also increased loin depth (linear, = 0.019) and percentage lean (quadratic, = 0.024). Manure buildup and wash time (s/pen) increased ( < 0.05) for by-product diet pens compared to corn-soy pens; however, neither wash time nor pen cleanliness were influenced by added Cu. In summary, increasing dietary Cu in high-by-product diets improved growth and feed intake, resulting in increased final BW and HCW for pigs fed both Cu sources, without influencing pen wash time.

Nutritional evaluation of almond cashew nut by-products in diets for slow-growing broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility and energy value of almond cashew nut by-products for slow-growing broiler chickens. Seventy-six chickens (males and females) were allocated in a completely randomized design to four treatments: a control diet and the same diet in which the conventional ingredients were replaced with 30% (kg/kg) almond cashew nut film, almond cashew nut meal or almond cashew nut mass. The animals were housed in individual cages adapted for excreta collection. The apparent digestibility coefficients of film, full meal and almond mass were, respectively, 81.3, 87.3 and 86.2% for dry matter; 32.1, 71.2 and 56.7% for crude protein (CP); 82.7, 92.6 and 92.8% for ether extract; 10.9, 29.9 and 34.7% for neutral detergent fiber; 7.7, 17.9 and 19.6% for acid detergent fiber; 41.9, 57.2 and 66.7% for coefficient of gross energy metabolism (CGEM); 1,189, 2,648 and 3,719 kcal/kg for apparent metabolizable energy (AME); 8.1, 19.9 and 12.9% for digestible protein, and 3.9, 15.2 and 6.3% for mineral matter (MM). The CP and MM apparent digestibility coefficients of full meal were higher than those of film and almond cashew nut mass, while the latter exhibited higher apparent digestibility of fiber, CGEM and AME compared to the other by-products. The inclusion of almond cashew nut by-products in diets for slow-growing broiler chickens results in lower nutrient digestibility, except for ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and AME, in diets containing 30% almond cashew nut mass.

299 Effect of diet type and added copper on growth performance, carcass characteristics, total tract digestibility, gut morphology, and mucosal mRNA expression of finishing pigs

A total of 757 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 27.6 kg BW) were used in a 117-d experiment to determine the effects of added Cu from tribasic copper chloride and diet type on growth performance, carcass characteristics, energy digestibility, gut morphology, and mucosal mRNA expression of finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, balanced on average pen weight in a randomized complete block design with 26 to 28 pigs per pen and 7 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of diet type, a corn-soybean meal-based diet (corn-soy) or a high by-product diet (by-product) with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and 15% bakery meal, and added Cu (0 or 150 mg/kg added Cu). There were no Cu × diet type interactions for growth performance. Overall, neither added Cu nor diet type influenced growth performance. However, caloric efficiency was decreased (P = 0.001) for pigs fed the by-product diet compared to the corn-soy diet. Pigs fed the by-product diet had decreased (P < 0.05) carcass yield and carcass G:F) and marginally decreased (P < 0.07) HCW and carcass ADG compared to pigs fed the corn-soy diet. A Cu × diet type interaction (P < 0.05) existed for DM and GE digestibility during the early finishing period as added Cu improved (P < 0.05) digestibility of DM and GE in the corn-soy diet, but not in the by-product diet. During the late finishing period, added Cu marginally increased (P = 0.060) DM and GE digestibility while pigs fed the by-product diet had decreased DM and GE digestibility (P = 0.001) compared to those fed the corn-soy diet. For gut morphology, pigs fed added Cu had decreased crypt depth (P = 0.017) in the distal small intestine compared to those fed no added Cu. Furthermore, relative mRNA expression of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP) was decreased (P = 0.032) in pigs fed added Cu compared to those fed no added Cu. In summary, adding 150 mg/kg added Cu or including 30% DDGS and 15% bakery meal into a corn-soy diet did not influence growth performance. However, HCW ADG and HCW G:F were reduced in pigs fed the by-product diet compared to the corn-soy diet. Only minor differences in gut morphology or mRNA expression were observed from feeding diets with high levels of Cu or by-products compared to a corn-soy diet.

400 Spinning straw into milk: Can a 95% byproduct diet support milk production?

Citation: Hulett, M., Ylioja, C. M., Wickersham, T. A., & Bradford, B. J. (2016). Spinning straw into milk: Can a 95% byproduct diet support milk production? Journal of Animal Science, 94, 187-187. doi:10.2527/msasas2016-400

Pengaruh Penggunaan Ampas Tahu Dalam Ransum Terhadap Performan Ayam Broiler

ABSTRACT. The aim of this experiment is to investigate a possibility to include tofu by-product in broiler diet without causing adverse performances. This study was conducted in poulty production Lab. Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh. The study performed 80 unsex day old chick, strain CP 707, Charoen Pokphan product, for which the chikens were divided into for diet treatment. The study was desingned into Completely Randomized Design (CRD) containing for different diet treatment. ei. R1 (Control diet with 0% of tofu by product. R2 (the diet containing 2.5% of tofu by-product), R3 (the diet containing 5% of tofu by-product, and R4 (the diet containing 7.5% of tofu by-product). Each treatment consisted of five chiks. Investigated variables included final body weight, body weght gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, and income over feed and chick coast (IOFCC). The data were analyzed by an analysis of variance and as a significant effect was detected, the analysis was continued by Duncan Multiple Range Test based on Steel and Torrie (1991). Result of this study showed that the inclusion of up to 5% of tofu by-product in the diet were not significantly defress body weight, body weight gain, feed consumpsion, and feed conversion compared to the control. However, the inclusion of 7.5% of tofu by-product significantly defress body weght, body weight gain feed consumpsion. The was no significant effect on feed conversion as tofu by-product was included 7.5% in the diet. The inclusion of tofu by-product could minmize diet cost and increase. Income and Over Feed and Chick Cost (IOFCC). However, the highest IOFCC was detected in the untilization of 5% of tofu by-product was still possible to be included in poulty diet up to 5% without significantly depress broiler ferformances.Key word :Tofu by-product; Broiler diet; Body weight; Feed Consumption; Feed conversion

Short communication: Comparison of predicted dietary phosphorus balance using bioavailabilities from the NRC (2001) and Virginia Tech model

The objective of the current work was to use digestion coefficients from the Feng et al. (2015) model (Virginia Tech model) to calculate P bioavailability of common feeds used in dairy production. Compared with the bioavailability calculated by the Virginia Tech model, using the NRC (2001) P absorption coefficient of 0.64 for forages would underestimate the bioavailabilities of alfalfa hay, alfalfa silage, corn silage, grass hay, and mixed mainly legume silage. For concentrates, using the NRC (2001) P absorption coefficient of 0.70 would overestimate the bioavailabilities of corn grain but underestimate bioavailability of high-moisture corn. Two dairy diets were formulated using nutrient values from the NRC (2001): a standard diet that includes minimal by-products, and a by-product diet that has reduced corn and soybean meal which was replaced with corn gluten feed, distillers grains, hominy feed, and wet brewers grains. For each diet, total bioavailable P was calculated using availability values from the NRC (2001) and the Virginia Tech model. Comparison of P balance (the difference between required and bioavailable P) for each diet was made using the 2 sets of bioavailabilities for a reference cow weighing 682kg, producing 38.6kg of milk/d (3.5% fat and 3.0% true protein, 100d in milk), and consuming 23kg of dry matter/d, yielding an absorbed P requirement of 59.4g/d. The standard diet supplied 56.69 and 53.52g of bioavailable P per day using bioavailabilities from the NRC (2001) and Virginia Tech models, respectively, resulting in a P balance of −2.71 and −5.88±0.26g/d. The by-product diet provided 75.75 and 78.47g/d of bioavailable P, yielding P balances of 16.35 and 19.07±0.37g per day, respectively, using the 2 sets of bioavailabilities. Using P bioavailabilities for individual ingredients that were based on the Virginia Tech model resulted in different bioavailable P levels thus resulted in differing dietary P balances in a field setting.

Finishing performance of feedlot cattle fed condensed distillers solubles.

Two experiments evaluated the effects of condensed distillers solubles (CDS) on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. In Exp. 1, 250 crossbred steers (initial BW = 355 ± 18 kg) were fed 0, 9, 18, 27, or 36% CDS (DM basis) which replaced a portion of urea and a 1:1 ratio of dry-rolled corn (DRC) and high-moisture corn (HMC). Steers were divided into 3 BW blocks and were assigned randomly to 25 pens. Dietary fat increased from 3.7 to 9.4% as CDS inclusion increased from 0 to 36%. Intake decreased linearly ( < 0.01) as CDS increased. A quadratic response was observed for ADG ( = 0.01) and G:F ( < 0.01) with maximum gain calculated at 20.8% CDS and maximum G:F at 32.5% CDS inclusion, which was 12% more efficient than those fed 0% CDS. Experiment 2 was designed as a 2 × 4 factorial using 400 crossbred steers (initial BW = 339 ± 15 kg) evaluating 0, 7, 14, or 21% CDS (DM basis) in 2 base byproduct diets containing either 20% modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) or 20% Synergy (a blend of wet corn gluten feed and MDGS). Steers were divided into 2 BW blocks and were assigned randomly to 40 pens. A tendency for a base diet × CDS inclusion interaction was observed for ADG, HCW, and final BW ( < 0.10). Gain increased linearly ( = 0.01) and tended to increase quadratically ( = 0.09) in MDGS diets, with maximum calculated ADG at 16% CDS inclusion. Inclusion of CDS had no effect on ADG in Synergy-based diets. Increasing CDS resulted in a linear increase in G:F ( < 0.01) regardless of basal diet. Condensed distillers solubles may be included in the diet at greater than 30% (DM basis) without other byproducts and improve animal performance. Likewise, CDS can be fed in combination with other byproduct feeds but with less improvement in performance.

Avaliação de dieta formulada com subprodutos de mandioca na produção de sêmen de coelhos

Avaliaram-se as características quantitativas e qualitativas do sêmen de coelhos alimentados com uma ração referência e outra ração formulada com 79,83% de subprodutos de mandioca. Utilizaram-se 20 reprodutores da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, com idade média inicial de sete meses, alojados individualmente em gaiolas e distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com duas dietas e dez repetições. Realizaram-se dez colheitas de sêmen por animal durante seis meses. Avaliaram-se o volume de sêmen sem gel e volume de gel, cor do sêmen, pH, motilidade espermática progressiva, vigor espermático, concentração espermática, número de espermatozoides no ejaculado, espermatozoides normais, anormais e anormalidades primárias e secundárias. O volume de sêmen sem gel, o índice de normalidade, as anormalidades primárias e secundárias foram iguais (P&gt;0,05) para os animais alimentados com a ração referência e a com subprodutos de mandioca. Os demais parâmetros do sêmen foram melhores (P&lt;0,05) nos animais tratados com a ração com subprodutos de mandioca. Os resultados das características quali-quantitativas do sêmen dos coelhos da Raça Nova Zelândia Branco demonstram que é possível utilizar ração com 79,83% do volume da formulação com subprodutos de mandioca, na dieta de reprodutores, sem prejuízos nas características do sêmen, desde que observados os níveis reduzidos de taninos e ácido cianídrico.

Effect of Diet Type and Added Copper on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Energy Digestibility, Gut Morphology, and Mucosal mRNA Expression of Finishing Pigs

A total of 757 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 60.8 lb) were used to determine the effects of added Cu (TBCC, tribasic copper chloride, IntelliBond C; Micronutrients, Inc., Indianapolis, IN) and diet type on growth performance, carcass characteristics, energy digestibility, gut morphology, and mucosal mRNA expression of finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, balanced on average pen weight in a randomized complete-block design with 26 to 28 pigs per pen and 7 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of diet type, a corn-soybean meal-based diet or a high by-product diet with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and 15% bakery meal (by-product), and with or without added Cu (0 or 150 ppm added Cu). There were no Cu × diet type interactions for growth performance. Overall, neither added Cu nor diet type influenced growth performance. Pigs fed the by-product diet had decreased carcass yield (P = 0.007) and HCW F/G (P = 0.013), and tended to have decreased HCW (P = 0.067) and HCW ADG (P = 0.056) compared to pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based diet. A Cu × diet type interaction (P < 0.05) existed for DM and GE digestibility during the early finishing period as added Cu improved digestibility of DM and GE in the corn-soybean mealbased diet, but not in the by-product diet. During the late finishing period, added Cu increased DM and GE digestibility (P = 0.060), while pigs fed the by-product diet had decreased DM and GE digestibility (P = 0.001). For gut morphology, pigs fed added Cu had decreased crypt depth (P = 0.017) in the distal small intestine. Relative mRNA expression of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP) was decreased (P = 0.032) in pigs fed added Cu. In summary, adding 150 ppm added Cu or including 30% DDGS and 15% bakery meal into a corn-soybean meal-based diet did not influence growth performance. However, HCW ADG and HCW G/F were reduced in pigs fed the by-product diet. Only minor differences in gut morphology or mRNA expression were observed from pigs fed diets with high levels of Cu or by-products compared to those fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet.

Spinning Straw into Milk: Can an All- Byproduct Diet Support Milk Production?

Spinning Straw into Milk: Can an All- Byproduct Diet Support Milk Production?

Nitrogen utilization from diets with refined and blended poultry by-products as partial fish meal replacements in diets for low-salinity cultured Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus

Abstract Three trials were performed to evaluate partial fish meal (FM) replacement with poultry by-products in a practical-type diet for Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus reared in low-salinity. Two blended poultry by-product meals (BP67, BP70), two blended chicken concentrates (CC66, CC70) and one standard pet-food grade poultry by-product meal (E150) were evaluated. The diets were formulated to contain 48% crude protein (CP) and 21 MJ/kg. Poultry by-products replaced 67% of the FM protein on an isonitrogenous basis. Trial 1 was a 10 week growth trial with juvenile (3.3 ± 0.10 g) Florida pompano. No differences were detected in growth, efficiency, feed intake, protein productive value, or body composition between the by-product diets and a FM reference diet. Trial 2 examined protein, energy, dry matter, and organic matter digestibility and amino acid availability in 50.0 ± 3.8 g Florida pompano. Apparent CP digestibility (65.6–72.9%) was significantly lower (P

Nutritive value of ensiled pig excreta, poultry litter or urea with molasses or bakery by-products in diets for lambs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of maize stover silage diets containing pig excreta (PE), poultry litter (PL) or urea as nitrogen (N) sources, and sugarcane molasses (MOL) or bakery by-products (BBP) as energy sources. The study was designed as a 6 × 6 Latin square with six ruminal cannulated Hampshire rams (56 ± 5.7 kg body weight) in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The quality of silages was good because of acceptable pH (4.1), texture and odour. Gas production was higher for diets with silage containing PL than that containing PE (287 vs. 269 mL/g DM). The fermentation rate of diets with MOL was higher than with BBP (0.07 vs. 0.05/h). The in vitro degradation, feed intake and N excretion of diets that contained PL were higher than with PE silage. Feed intake for diets with silage that contained BBP and PL or PE was lower than that containing MOL. Rumen pH was increased in lambs fed diets with silage that contained urea (6.38) or PL (6.25), compared with lambs fed diets containing PE silage (6.04). Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) disappearances were higher for diets with silage containing PL compared with those containing PE or urea (650 vs. 606 and 594 g/g DM; 620 vs. 574 and 594 g/g OM, respectively). The N retention and total tract digestion were similar for all treatments. It was concluded that diets with PL and MOL silage had higher nutritive values than those containing PE or urea.