Purchase Price Research Articles

Public Opinion and Understanding of the Impact of Electric Vehicles: A UK Experience

The UK Government places pressure on the automotive industry to reduce carbon emissions by prioritising the manufacture of alternative fuel vehicles. Hence, electric vehicles (EVs) are a priority for the automotive industry given they emit minimal carbon emissions compared to petrol and diesel vehicles. Despite the continued improvement in the manufacture of EVs, issues regarding the viability and affordability of the vehicles influence the market for EVs. This paper explores opinions regarding (i) the viability and environmental impact of EVs as a replacement for petrol/diesel vehicles; (ii) the affordability of EVs; and (iii) knowledge and familiarity of the use of EVs. 130 respondents to a questionnaire, along with interviews with participants within the automotive industry inlcuding an owner of an EV, generally supported literature on the study of EVs. Findings of this research identified that views relating to the viability of EVs focussed on range anxiety, charging speeds and battery life. Views relating to the affordability of EVs are influenced by the initial purchase price of the vehicle, along with costs associated with the battery and charging point. Finally, it is clear that consumers with greater knowledge about EV technologies are more likely to embrace EVs.

Which Policies and Factors Drive Electric Vehicle Use in Nepal?

Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a viable technological solution for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation industry, addressing pressing societal concerns regarding climate change, air pollution, and sustainable energy consumption. To effectively promote widespread adoption of EVs, it is crucial to understand consumer preferences and evaluate market dynamics. In Nepal, where proven fossil fuel reserves are absent, the government is actively working towards accelerating EV adoption, leveraging the nation’s significant hydroelectric power generation potential to fulfill EVs’ charging demands. To gain insight into consumer preferences and evaluate market dynamics regarding EVs in Nepal, this study employs a comprehensive approach. Stated preference data are collected through a meticulously designed survey, and sophisticated analytical techniques, namely, the mixed logit model and latent class model, are applied for estimation purposes. The results of this study show that potential EV consumers with small family sizes, lower monthly travel distances, heightened environmental awareness, and substantial knowledge about electric vehicles are more inclined to embrace EV technology. Notably, the study highlights that a reduction in the purchase price exerts the most significant influence on increasing consumers’ likelihood of adopting battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Market simulation results suggest that a policy mix scenario, encompassing a combination of supportive measures, proves more effective in promoting EV adoption compared to relying on single policy initiatives. Furthermore, through latent class estimation, the study identifies three distinct classes of consumers within Nepal, each exhibiting significant variations in preferences. Recognizing and addressing these variations within policy frameworks is crucial for the successful promotion and widespread acceptance of EVs in Nepal.

PENERAPAN DATA MINING MENGGUNAKAN METODE K-MEANS UNTUK PENENTUAN REWARD PELANGGAN Studi Kasus: UD. Penyubur Tani

UD. Penyubur Tani is a trading business that sells various kinds of needs for farmers in running their business in agriculture such as fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, and others. UD. Penyubur Tani wants to increase customer loyalty by giving rewards in the form of discounts so that its business is increasingly trusted and increasing, but in giving rewards to customers is still not effective, because UD. Penyubur Tani has difficulty in calculating one by one which customers whose frequency of purchases and total purchase price are most in the category of very loyal and loyal. Therefore, an application is needed to classify customers so that in determining strategies in building loyalty on target. By using the concept of CRM and the K-Means method, the results obtained from data processing are able to group customers who must be prioritized and can determine which customers deserve a reward. From 100 customer data, the K-Means Clustering method succeeded in grouping very loyal criteria by 8%, loyal 34% and potential by 58%.

Pengaruh Cita Rasa, Promosi melalui Media Sosial, Store Atmosphere, dan Kualitas Pelayanan dengan Harga sebagai Variabel Intervening terhadap Keputusan Pembelian di Coffee Shop Scope Coffe Tuban

The Purpose of this research aims to analyze the effect of exogen latent variables taste (X1), promotion through social media (X2), store atmosphere (X3), and service quality (X4), with endogen variable namely purchase decision (Y1) and price (Z1) as an intervening variable. Place of this research was conducted in coffee shop Scope Coffe in Tubanwith a total respondents is 97 were the analyzed by Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (SEM- PLS) with Smart PLS app 4.0 version. The result of this research is the direct effect and indirect effect, with the accepted result of direct effect is variables taste, and service quality to price variable where the p- values < 0.05 and t-statistic > 1.96, and the result of indirect effect accepted is price variable fully mediate variable service quality to purchase decision where the p- values < 0.05 and t-statistic > 1.96.

Determining The Selling Price of Thrift Using The Fuzzy Sugeno Method

The use of thrift goods in life has the effect of saving and loving the environment. Many of these objects are difficult to degrade in nature and are nevertheless thought to have economic worth, for example used electronic equipment such as laptops. On the other hand, in today's classroom environment, laptops are quite important. Even the most recent computers with good features are fairly costly, thus used laptops are one answer to this. The seller's selling price usually only takes a few elements into account, therefore the price set does not always match the requirements. The aim of this paper is to apply the zero order Sugeno fuzzy approach to determine the selling price of old laptop. The system is built with characteristics such as laptop age, physical condition, RAM, new purchase price, and used selling price. The simulation findings suggest that fuzzy logic employing the zero-order Sugeno approach can be utilized to determine the selling price of old laptop while accounting for the affecting variables.

DETERMINANTS OF VEGETABLE PRICE VARIABILITY IN POLAND

The aim of the study was to identify factors influencing the variability of purchase prices of vegetables: onions, carrots and cabbage intended for direct consumption and processing. The research period covered years 2011-2022. The article analyzes the variability of purchase prices. It was found that its level in case of the vegetables, taken into consideration, was relatively high, with a slight downward trend in 2020-2022. The prices of vegetables for direct consumption were more volatile than those of vegetables intended for processing. The identification of factors influencing changes in purchase prices was based on the analysis of correlations between purchase prices and time series of selected variables on an annual basis. The study took into account the production volume, the level of import and export of fresh vegetables including processed vegetables, changes in the prices of plant protection products, manual labor fees, fertilizer prices and diesel oil prices. It was found that the strongest correlation occurred between purchase prices and prices of fertilizers, as well as plant protection products. Due to the relatively short research period, it was not possible to determine the correlation between prices and harvest levels. Then, Granger causality tests of selected factors were performed on a monthly basis. The impact of changes in the level of import and export, as well as the prices of plant protection products and manual labor fees on the prices of most products included in the study was confirmed.

Does subway mileage affect urban housing prices? An economic growth perspective

ABSTRACT Studying the mechanism by which urban subway construction in China increases housing prices can help deepen the understanding of the factors that rises in housing prices and may assist the government to conduct reasonable macro-control of the real estate market. This article takes unbalanced panel data from 31 major cities in China as research samples and studies the mechanism by which urban subway construction increases housing prices by influencing urban economic growth. Our findings are as follows: (1) Subway construction promotes urban economic growth, and urban economic growth, from both the demand and supply sides, increases housing prices by increasing the disposable income of urban residents and the purchase price of residential land. (2) Urban subway construction increases city land purchase prices by affecting investors’ expectations of urban land development through the regulating effects of urban economic growth, which in turn increases housing prices. (3) Effective policy measures aimed at managing the speculative impact of metro construction on housing prices need to be viewed for the expectation management of housing and land speculative demand from both the demand side and the supply side.

Analysis of Indonesian Society’s Preferences for the Presence of Electric Vehicles

Purpose: This study was to determine the preference of the Indonesian for the presence of electric vehicles. In addition, can provide information to EV manufactures, they can produce EV according to the preference of Indonesian. Theoretical framework: This study is a development of previous studies, which was measured through five attributes: purchase price, driving range, availability of charging station, incentive policies, and type of vehicle load. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is quantitative. Moreover, a questionnaire was used to collect data for this research. The data where then processed using conjoint analysis techniques with SPSS Version 27 software. Findings: The results demonstrated that price was the most important attribute, <Rp. 300,000,000 was the most useful level, and stimulus card number 9 was the most preferred combination. This combination includes an EV with a price of <Rp. 300,000,000, a range of 500 km, the availability of medium battery charging, an incentive of 1%–2%, and a type and load of 5 seats. Research, Practical & Social implications: EV manufacturers should produce and develop EV by taking into consideration the needs and abilities of Indonesians, especially at purchase prices that should be adjusted to the economic value of people’s income. Adding another attributes can develop research. Originality/Value: This study was first conducted to see the preferences of the Indonesian for EV whose attributes are adjusted to the real conditions in Indonesia. It can be a reference on academic knowladge and the next research.

Intensification and techno-economic analysis of a biocatalytic process for coniferol production from ferulic acid: An innovative strategy for lignin valorization

Coniferol, as a natural monolignol, acts as a chemical building block for various high-value compounds. However, the current petrochemical synthesis of coniferol and its limited scalability raise environmental and cost concerns. A biocatalytic method for coniferol production from its natural precursor, ferulic acid, was previously developed using an engineered cell factory that co-expresses carboxylic acid reductase and aldo-keto reductase. The present study focused on investigating the limiting factors of coniferol production and optimizing the process using the design of experiments and fed-batch approaches. By introducing novel parameters, including an inoculum of 0.25 g/L cells and a starting concentration of 5.0 mM ferulic acid, followed by two fed-batch additions of 2.0 mM ferulic acid and 3.7 g/L glycerol, coniferol production was enhanced by a factor of 2 (reaching 1.6 g/L). The scale-up process in a 1 L bioreactor and its intensified technical and economic analysis demonstrated its cost-effectiveness. Considering two different purchase prices for the ferulic acid of $5.0 and $650.0 per kg, the payback time was estimated at 3.3 and 3.2 years, respectively, and the minimal selling price of coniferol to obtain a IRR of 30% was calculated as $4.2 and $5.0 per gram, which is significantly lower than the current market price. In conclusion, the findings illustrate a biocatalytic approach for producing valuable compounds with potential applications in various industries, including cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, this approach contributes to developing sustainable and profitable biorefinery processes, paving the way for future initiatives focused on biocatalytic lignin valorization.

Договор исламской рассрочки (мурабаха): понятие, существенные условия и сравнительно-правовой анализ

The authors subject to legal analysis one of the varieties of Islamic financial transactions — the Murabaha contract. At the same time, the legal characterisation of the Murabaha treaty is given from the standpoint of Islamic law in the comparative context of Russian law. In this connection, the purpose of the work is to characterise the murabaha contract, its essential conditions and to identify the main criteria for similarities and differences in approaches to this type of transactions in Islamic law and Russian civil legislation. The main difference between murabaha contracts and a contract of sale with instalment payment under Russian law is that, according to Russian law, the goods are considered sold to the buyer on credit, i.e. such a transaction implies a loan element and the possibility of obligating the buyer to pay interest on the overdue amount (Article 488 of the Civil Code), which, in turn, is forbidden by sharia. The murabaha contract refers to a type of transaction between the parties in which the sale of goods at a price equal to the purchase price plus a certain agreed margin occurs. Such contract involves no hidden interest, fines, penalties and commissions, i.e. there is no place for usury (riba). All this guarantees minimisation of the risks of disputes for both parties as much as possible, assumes the good faith of the participants in the transaction, which increases the confidence of the parties to each other and to the business as a whole. In this connection, such a financial model is defined as ethical financing.

Analysis of Government Rice Absorption in Indonesia

This study analyzes the government's absorption of rice in Indonesia. The government's rice absorption has decreased in the last three years (2018-2020). The decrease in absorption is in line with the decline in farmer production and the difference between the government's purchase price of rice and the market price. The purpose of this study was to test and analyze the difference between government rice prices and market prices (PBR) and the amount of rice production circulating in the community (JPB) on the government's rice absorption capacity (DBP) in 34 Indonesian Provinces for the 2011-2020 period. Regression results with the Panel Model show that (PBR) and (JPB) have a significant positive effect on (DBP). Government policies and roles are urgently needed, especially in setting purchase prices for government rice and sustainably increasing the amount of production by facilitating agricultural facilities and infrastructure so that they can affect the government's rice absorption capacity in Indonesia.

Determinants of Tunisian Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Organic Cereal Products

Investigating Tunisian consumer attitudes about organic cereal products and the factors influencing their willingness to pay a premium price for them are the goals of this paper. Based on a face-to-face exploratory survey of Tunisian household heads, a descriptive analysis and a binomial logistic regression model were used to investigate the factors that would influence Tunisian consumers' willingness to pay more for sustainable organic cereal purchases. According to the study, 20% and 31% of the consumers surveyed indicated that they would be willing to pay an extra 10% or 5% on top of the initial purchase price to buy an organic product, respectively. The outcomes of the binary logistic regression model demonstrate that several factors are influencing. Factors such as consumer sustainability value, desire to pay more for quality, quality/price relationship, health value, and economic value determine customers' willingness to pay a premium price for organic cereal products. These elements must be taken into consideration by producers and processors of organic cereals while making managerial choices.

Product Flow and Challenges in the Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Industry in Northern Mindanao, Philippines

The high demand for Davao pomelo and its suitability to the local climate in the Philippines have given rise to expansion potentials and provided possibilities in curbing poverty levels in the agricultural sector of the region. In order to design intervention projects and policies, the present study investigated the pomelo industry in Northern Mindanao covering specifically the product flow and challenges in the industry. The study area was four provinces of Northern Mindanao, namely Bukidnon, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, and Misamis Oriental. The data were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire with 22 respondents composed of 9 pomelo producers and 13 traders. The majority of the pomelo products that were sold in the markets in Northern Mindanao come from outside the region, such as Davao and Cotabato provinces, while pomelo produced in the region were sold outside the region. Among the three marketing chains of pomelo, the producer to consumer is considered the most efficient chain based on the estimated losses. Challenges in the pomelo industry include the lack of technical knowledge among the producers, poor quality of the pomelo, high buying price, and information asymmetry. Improvement in the industry could be enhanced by addressing the challenges identified.

Finding the most suitable vehicle type for projected years using analytic hierarchy process integrated with economic and environmental aspects

This study analyzes the economic and environmental feasibility of fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), battery electric vehicle (BEV), and internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and determines which vehicles will be a more appropriate choice in the current and projected years (2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040) by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Economic feasibility was calculated by estimating the total cost of ownership (TCO) during seven years of ownership period and introducing the experience curve effect to analyze the future behavior of the purchase price according to technological development. FCEV and BEV show a continuous decrease in TCO, while ICEV shows a continuous increase, resulting in TCO values as FCEV of 35,700 USD, BEV of 34,980 USD, and ICEV of 53,300 USD in 2040. The environmental analysis is implemented by the well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis, which measures greenhouse gases emitted during the production of energy source (well-to-tank), production of cars, and driving processes (tank-to-wheel). ICEV showed the highest emissions overall processes while FCEV showed the lowest emissions overall processes in all periods. The results from the TCO and WTW analyses are used in AHP that can integrate both aspects, and 1,500 pairs of weights are randomly assigned to economic and environmental criteria to measure their priorities. As a result, from 2030, all the priorities of FCEV and BEV became higher than those of ICEV, and the gap between them has widened, indicating that FCEV and BEV are more economically and environmentally suitable than ICEV.

Digital Prediction of the Purchase Price of Fresh Tea Leaves of Enshi Yulu Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis.

In this study, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with a variety of chemometrics methods was used to establish a fast and non-destructive prediction model for the purchase price of fresh tea leaves. Firstly, a paired t-test was conducted on the quality index (QI) of seven quality grade fresh tea samples, all of which showed statistical significance (p < 0.05). Further, there was a good linear relationship between the QI, quality grades, and purchase price of fresh tea samples, with the determination coefficient being greater than 0.99. Then, the original near-infrared spectra of fresh tea samples were obtained and preprocessed, with the combination (standard normal variable (SNV) + second derivative (SD)) as the optimal preprocessing method. Four spectral intervals closely related to fresh tea prices were screened using the synergy interval partial least squares (si-PLS), namely 4377.62 cm-1-4751.74 cm-1, 4755.63 cm-1-5129.75 cm-1, 6262.70 cm-1-6633.93 cm-1, and 7386 cm-1-7756.32 cm-1, respectively. The genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to accurately extract 70 and 33 feature spectral data points from the whole denoised spectral data (DSD) and the four characteristic spectral intervals data (FSD), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied, respectively, on the data points selected, and the cumulative contribution rates of the first three PCs were 99.856% and 99.852%. Finally, the back propagation artificial neural (BP-ANN) model with a 3-5-1 structure was calibrated with the first three PCs. When the transfer function was logistic, the best results were obtained (Rp2 = 0.985, RMSEP = 6.732 RMB/kg) by 33 feature spectral data points. The detection effect of the best BP-ANN model by 14 external samples were R2 = 0.987 and RMSEP = 6.670 RMB/kg. The results of this study have achieved real-time, non-destructive, and accurate evaluation and digital display of purchase prices of fresh tea samples by using NIRS technology.

Prices of Orphan Drugs in Four Western European Countries Before and After Market Exclusivity Expiry: A Cross-Country Comparison of List Prices and Purchase Prices.

Increasing pharmaceutical expenditure challenges the sustainability and accessibility of healthcare systems across Europe. Confidentiality restraints hinder assessment of actual prices of Orphan Medicinal Products (OMPs). Hence, we assessed the real prices of brand-name OMPs around market exclusivity expiry (MEE). We aimed to explore developments in published list prices (LPs) and confidential hospital purchase prices (PPs) of brand-name OMPs relative to their market exclusivity status in Western European countries with similar GDPs. We analyzed LPs and PPs of 13 selected OMPs purchased by university hospitals in Western European countries between 2000 and 2020. For confidentially reasons, proportions were used, with the Dutch LPs of the selected OMPs at the year of MEE serving as reference values. PPs included pre-purchase discounts. Rebates were not considered. Data were analyzed from hospitals in Denmark (DK) (n=1), France (FR) (n=1), Germany (DE) (n=2), and the Netherlands (NL) (n=1). Average LPs and PPs of included OMPs dropped gradually but limited over time, with no explicit price drop after MEE. LP levels differed more per country than PP levels: LP range before MEE was 164% (DE)-101% (FR) and after MEE was 135% (DE)-82% (FR); PP range before MEE was 150% (DE)-102% (FR) and after MEE was 107% (DE)-80% (FR). Overall differences between LPs and PPs were <3% in all countries, except for Denmark. No evident price drops of included brand-name OMPs were observed around MEE and differences in purchase prices are modest in the selected Western European countries. Results were not subject to significance testing. More robust data are needed to strengthen negotiations with suppliers.

Energy Management and Economic Considerations of Intermittent Photovoltaic-Driven Electrochemical Ammonia Production.

As the energy sector shifts from fossil fuels to renewable energy, there is a need for long-duration energy storage solutions to handle the intermittency of renewable electricity. Electrofuels, or fuels synthesized from excess electricity, are an emerging medium poised to meet long-duration energy storage requirements. Ammonia as an electrofuel is potentially ideal because ammonia has a relatively low liquefaction pressure, indicating that ammonia can be easily stored and transported. Here, we develop a framework to optimize the electrochemical production of ammonia powered by intermittent photovoltaic power. We also explore various buyback policies to understand the impact that policy has on the cost of intermittent ammonia and optimal sizing ratios. The optimal ratio of the photovoltaic to the electrolyzer is ∼3.7 MWPV/MWELEC for a system that is completely powered by renewable photovoltaic power and operates intermittently. The optimal ratio of the photovoltaic to the electrolyzer is ∼3.3 MWPV/MWELEC for a system that uses photovoltaics in conjunction with grid electricity and operates continuously. For the purchase price at the avoided cost of electricity, the optimal ratio of the solar panel to the electrolyzer increases to ∼4 MWPV/MWELEC for a system that can only sell to the grid and ∼5 MWPV/MWELEC for a system that can buy and sell electricity to the grid at the avoided cost. Optimizing energy management by setting auxiliary battery size limits is essential to reducing ammonia costs, and the optimal battery size decreases as the buyback price of electricity increases. Finally, we find that systems connected to the grid and operating continuously have emissions comparable to the Haber-Bosch process because of the current emissions tied to the United States electricity generation. Thus, unless the grid is completely decarbonized, it is essential to create electrofuels that rely minimally on grid electricity.

Economic Analysis of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria

The study examines the economic analysis of tomato marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria. Primary data were used through a well-designed questionnaire. A multistage sampling was used to select 120 tomato marketers in the area. Descriptive statistics, budgetary techniques, and multiple regression were used for the analysis. The results revealed that married females dominate tomato marketers with an average age of 40 years. About 55.0% of them had household sizes that ranged from 4-6 persons with a mean marketing experience of 7.5 years. The products reach consumers through the channels from farmers through wholesalers to retailers. The results of regression showed that sex, purchase price, labour cost, and transport cost are the main determinants of profitability in the area. The significant challenges faced are the high cost of transportation and the lack of storage facilities. Adequate road network and marketing infrastructure should be provided to increase the performance of the enterprise.

Which Laser System is Optimal for Cystolithotripsy of Large Bladder Calculi?

A variety of laser sources are available to treat bladder stones. The aim of this study was to compare time and cost efficiency of the thulium fiber laser (TFL) to four holmium lasers (HLs) with different powers or technologies, including MOSES™ during simulated cystolithotripsy. In a benchtop simulation of laser cystolithotripsy, 25 identical 4-cm BegoStones (calcium oxalate monohydrate consistency) were placed on a grid within a 3D-printed bladder model. Lasers were operated at maximal energy, using a 550 µm fiber. Lasers compared were: 60W TFL, 120W HL with MOSES™, conventional 120W, 100W, and 30W HLs. Five trials were performed for each laser with endpoints of laser time, total time, number of fiber strippings, and total energy. Cost effectiveness was modelled using laser purchase price, fiber, and OR time cost. ANOVA with Tukey's B post hoc was performed to compare outcomes. Spearman's test was used to assess correlation between laser power and procedure time. The laser and total operating times were significantly different between the five systems (p<0.001). The 120W HL with MOSES™ was the fastest with 60.9 min laser and 68.3 min procedure times, while the 30W HL was the slowest with 281.2 min laser and 297.5 min procedure times. The 60W TFL was faster than the 30W HL, but slower than the higher power HLs. Higher laser power was associated with shorter procedure time (Rs=-0.98; p=0.002). When estimating cost per procedure, the MOSES™ HL was the cheapest, but had the highest purchase cost. The TFL was not cost-effective for large bladder stones compared to the 100W HL. When treating large bladder stones, total laser power was highly correlated with laser and procedure times and the TFL was limited by its total power. The most cost-effective laser for use will depend on the case volume.

ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI PENETAPAN MARGIN PADA PRODUK PEMBIAYAAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR KHUSUS ASN MELALUI AKAD MURABAHAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF FIQH MUAMALAH DI PT. BANK SUMUT SYARIAH KANTOR CABANG PEMATANG SIANTAR

This study aims to determine the implementation of setting margins on motor vehicle financing products specifically for ASN through murabaha contracts in the perspective of fiqh muamalah. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Sources of data obtained through primary and secondary data, for data collection using observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study are that in financing murabahah contracts at Bank Sumut Syariah, Pematang Siantar Branch, in implementing the margin, it is in accordance with the principle of permissibility in determining the magin. But in financing murabahah contracts for motorized vehicle products specifically for ASN, this is not in accordance with the principles of fiqh muamalah perspective, namely the principle of justice, because the determination of the profit margin is not explained in detail so that customers only know the selling price and purchase price without knowing the margin set by Bank Sumut. Sharia Branch of Pematang Siantar.