Butylated Hydroxytoluene Research Articles

Bioactive Properties and In Vitro Digestive Release of Cannabidiol (CBD) from Tailored Composites Based on Carbon Materials.

The use of carriers to improve cannabidiol (CBD) bioavailability during digestion is at the forefront of research. The main objective of this research was to evaluate CBD bioactivity and develop CBD composites based on tailored carbon support to improve availability under digestive conditions. The antioxidant capacity of CBD was evaluated using spectrophotometric methods, and anti-proliferative assays were carried out using human colon carcinoma cells (SW480). Twenty-four composites of CBD + carbon supports were developed, and CBD desorption tests were carried out under simulated digestive conditions. The antioxidant capacity of CBD was comparable to and superior to Butylhydrox-ytoluene (BHT), a commercial antioxidant. CBD reflected an IC-50 of 10,000 mg/L against SW480 cancer cells. CBD in biological systems can increase the shelf life of lipid and protein foods by 7 and 470 days, respectively. Finally, acid carbons showed major CBD adsorption related to electrostatic interactions, but basic carbons showed better delivery properties related to electrostatic repulsion. A tailored composite was achieved with a CBD load of 27 mg/g with the capacity to deliver 1.1 mg, 21.8 mg, and 4 mg to the mouth, stomach, and duodenum during 18 h, respectively. This is a pioneering study since the carriers were intelligently developed to improve CBD release.

Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene Nanoparticles Blended with Biodiesel Derived from Bauhinia Purpurea Linn Seed Fueled in a CRDI Diesel Engine

This study sought to investigate techniques for lowering diesel engine emissions by using waste seed as an alternative energy source in place of conventional fossil fuels. This study thoroughly investigated the process of transesterifying waste seed oil obtained from Bauhinia purpurea linn for use as fuel in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) nanoparticles serve as a combustion enhancer. The engine outcome metrics were analyzed using diesel, Bauhinia purpurea linn biodiesel (BPLB) and BPLB-BHT blends ([Formula: see text]m BHT 10 ppm and [Formula: see text]m BHT 10 ppm) without changing the operating circumstances. At full brake power, the [Formula: see text]m BHT 10 ppm mix outperformed the BPLB and [Formula: see text]m BHT 10 ppm blends, but fell short of diesel. The [Formula: see text]m BHT 10 ppm blend reduced smoke opacity by 39.14%, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 42.71%, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 59.03% and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions by 12.29% compared to neat diesel fuel at maximum brake power.

Formulation of Lubricating Grease from Waste Oil: A Review

This paper demonstrates the potential of waste turbine oil (WTBO) as a base oil to substitute for mineral oil, which is usually used in grease formulations. This study will analyze the characteristics of used turbine oil, including its chemical composition and physical characteristics, including kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, moisture content, contamination, and density. The presence of antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and amine or phenyl-a-naphthylamine (PANA), anti-wear, and corrosion-inhibiting additives that can improve the formulated lubricating grease performance and lengthen service life are just a few of the useful remaining WTBO characteristics that can be used wisely as the base oil. It is crucial to create more environmentally friendly, economically sensible, and thrifty grease formulations to adhere to Malaysia’s Green Technology Master Plan, which has outlined the strategic plans for developing green technologies. The new inventions must establish a resource- and carbon- efficient economy. The abundance of WTBO in the aviation industry and the unique characteristics of WTBO itself promise a reliable supply of base oil for lubricating grease in the future.

Identification of volatile compounds and evaluation of certain phytochemical properties of Turkish propolis.

The purpose of this study was to assess volatile component profiles and the antioxidant activity of propolis samples from eight different locations in Türkiye. α-Pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, limonene, 2-acetylfuran, benzaldehyde, acetic acid, benzoic acid, longifolene, isopentyl acetate, m-cymene, styrene, and δ-cadinene were the most common volatile components found in the most of propolis samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data to identify trends and clusters in the propolis samples. As a result of the PCA, the common components in all propolis were m-cymene, decanal, α-pinene, limonene, pinocarvone, benzaldehyde, and butanoic acid. The samples had 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) inhibition activity ranging from 19.2% to 92.5% and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) values ranging from 480 to 1370 μM trolox/g extract. The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 10,900 to 34,033 mg GAE/100 g. Compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (control), all but one of the propolis samples exhibited higher DPPH activity. In addition, ABTS levels of propolis extracts were higher than those of BHT. These results unequivocally show that Turkish propolis has remarkable antioxidant qualities, which makes it a viable option for addition to food and medicine products.

A Structure-Activity Relationship Study on the Antioxidant Properties of Dithiocarbamic Flavanones.

The antioxidant properties of 3-dithiocarbamic flavanones have been investigated. The influence of the halogen substituents on ring A of the flavanones and the nature of the secondary amine from the dithiocarbamic moiety have been accounted. The results indicated that the presence of a halogen substituent at the C-8 position of the benzopyran ring induce better antioxidant properties against DPPH and ABTS than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid. The presence of a halogen substituent at the mentioned position appears to induce a higher stability for a free radical intermediate at the C-3 position of the benzopyran ring. A free radical enolate is most likely to be involved in the antioxidant activity of this dithiocarbamic flavanone. It is a stable intermediate that supports the influence of dithiocarbamic moiety on the antioxidant properties of the reported flavanones.

Determination of Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, and Anti-human Lung Cancer Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Green-Formulated by Foeniculum vulgare Extract Combined with Radiotherapy.

The current investigation involved the silver nanoparticles green synthesis utilizing the aqueous extract derived from the Foeniculum vulgare leaves (AgNPs@FV). The effectiveness of these newly developed nanoparticles in conjunction with radiotherapy was evaluated on lung cancer cells. The synthesized AgNPs@FV underwent characterization through various analytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The efficacy of AgNPs@FV in conjunction with radiotherapy against human lung cancer was assessed through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The AgNPs@FV exhibited a spherical morphology ranging in size from 10.16 to 42.74 nm. The EDX diagram of nanoparticles shows energy signals at 3.02 and 2.64 keV, which are attributed to Ag Lβ and Ag Lα, respectively. During the antioxidant evaluation, AgNPs@FV and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) displayed IC50 values of 166 and 59 µg/mL, respectively. The cells treated with AgNPs@FV in conjunction with radiotherapy were evaluated using the MTT assay over 48h to determine cytotoxicity and anti-human lung cancer characteristics on normal (human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)) and lung cancer cells and exhibited IC50 values of 211, 166, and 296µg/mL against NCI-H2126, NCI-H1299, and NCI-H1437, respectively. Furthermore, the malignant lung cell viability decreased when treated with a combination of AgNPs@FV and radiotherapy. Based on the aforementioned findings, it is possible that the newly developed AgNPs@FV could serve as a novel chemotherapeutic medication or adjunct for addressing lung cancer following the completion of clinical trials involving human subjects.

Analytical Method Development and Validation for Butylated Hydroxy Toluene by using UV- Visible Spectrophotometric Method

Upon utilizing the Prediction Activity Spectra of Substances (PASS) program, computer-aided predictions were conducted to assess the antioxidant activities. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 5 underwent evaluation using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation assays to confirm the predictions obtained from the PASS program. Notably, compounds 3 and 5 exhibited higher inhibition of the DPPH stable free radical at 10 M compared to the widely recognized standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Of particular interest, compound 5 demonstrated significant in vitro inhibition of Fe-induced lipid peroxidation in the lipid-rich medium of essential egg yolk (83.99%, IC50 16.07 ± 3.51 μM/mL) in contrast to α-tocopherol (α-ΤΟΗ, 84.6%, IC50 5.6 ± 1.09 μM/mL). Furthermore, the drug-likeness of these BHT analogues was assessed based on Lipinski's "rule-of-five" (RO5), revealing a violation of one parameter (Log P > 5) despite their solubility in protic solvents. The predictive polar surface area (PSA) and absorption percentage (% ABS) data imply a potential capacity for cell membrane penetration. Consequently, these new multipotent antioxidants (MPAOs) hold promise as effective agents for addressing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation processes.

Potential of caffeic acid as an effective natural antioxidant for polypropylene-polyethylene copolymers: A DFT and experimental study

Caffeic acid (CAF) i is a polyphenolic compound commonly found in plants, valued for its ability to act as an antioxidant. This study focused on investigating the impact of a natural antioxidant, specifically caffeic acid (CAF), compared to two synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), on the thermal stability of propylene/ethylene copolymer (C-PP/PE), Aiming to establish a theoretical framework for the advancement of novel polymeric antioxidant compounds. Theoretical calculations were conducted to determine each compound's thermodynamic properties and antioxidant activity. The phenolic hydroxyl bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) values revealed that BHA had the lowest value (325.6 kJ mol−1), trailed by CAF (328.2 kJ mol−1) and BHT (341.3 kJ mol−1), indicating a higher electron-donating capacity of BHA. Transition energy (TS) calculations indicated that BHA had the lowest TS energy (49.29 kJ mol−1), succeeded by CAF (57.61 kJ mol−1) and then BHT (75.57 kJ mol−1), suggesting greater efficiency in radical scavenging. Additionally, the obtained rate constants showed that CAF had the highest hydrogen abstraction rate (k = 1.05 × 10⁵ M⁻1 s⁻1), followed by BHA (k = 1.17 × 10⁴ M⁻1 s⁻1), and then BHT (k = 4.2 × 10³ M⁻1 s⁻1). These results support the effectiveness of CAF as a potentially more active antioxidant. In the experimental part of this study, it was observed that C-PP/PE with BHA showed a lower melt flow index (MFI) (8.51), indicating more excellent thermal stability. On the other hand, samples containing natural caffeic acid extracts exhibited a gradual decrease in MFI with increasing CAF concentration (MFI of 9.4, 8.82, 7.59, 6.44, and 5.98 for concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, and 0.125 ppm, respectively), suggesting a progressive improvement in the thermal stability of C-PP/PE with increasing natural antioxidant. In TGA analyses, decomposition was observed around 340 °C in samples without additives and those containing 0.1 ppm of BHA. In contrast, samples with different concentrations of CAF showed delayed degradation, observed in the temperature range of 380–400 °C. This delay in degradation indicates that CAF imparts more excellent thermal stability to C-PP/PE copolymer, as it reaches temperatures above 400 °C before starting its decomposition. These findings support the feasibility of using natural antioxidants such as CAF to improve the thermal properties of copolymers.

Protective effects of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) against sodium Arsenite (NaAsO2) - Induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats

One of the major environmental contaminants that can be found on a global scale is arsenic. Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) is one of the compounds of arsenic which is considered very toxic. Long term exposure to NaAsO2 can cause chemical complications in various organs of the body such as the liver, kidney, testes and brain tissues. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is an antioxidant that can serve as an antitoxic effect. NaAsO2. In this topic, we examined the chemo-protective effect of BHT on NaAsO2 induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Wistar rats (n=42, +120g) were randomly grouped into seven treatment groups: of 7 animals each Control 1(corn oil); Control 2(distilled water); NaAsO2 alone (2.5mg/kg). BHT alone (25 mg/kg); BHT only (25mg/kg); BHT+ NaAsO2 (25mg/kg + 2.5/kg), and BHT+ NaAsO2 (2.5g/kg + 50 mg/kg) and treated for 14 days. Markers of liver functions, inflammation, oxidative stress and antioxidant profile of liver were assayed spectrophotometrically. Our results showed that exposure to NaAsO2 resulted in dramatic increase in the levels of AST, ALT and ALP activity Furthermore, NaAsO2 increased the concentration of oxidative stress markers such as xanthine oxidase (XO) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) and inflammatory markers such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) with a concomitant decrease in antioxidant markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and catalase. However, the co-exposure of rats to both BHT and NaAsO2 can result in significant decrease the parameters above. In conclusion, exposure of rats to NaAsO2 causes increased inflammatory and oxidative stress signals, but these harmful effects can be ameliorated by administration of antioxidants such as BHT as confirmed by this research.

Improving oxidative stability of cream powder using pomegranate concentrate and peel extract.

In this study, the influence of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and pomegranate concentrate (PC) on improving the oxidative stability of cream powder in comparison with synthetic antioxidant (Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)) during the storage period at 20°C (8 weeks) and 45°C (4 weeks) was evaluated. The finding exhibited that peroxide, p-anisidine, and total oxidation (TOTOX) values increased during the storage period. Samples containing PPE and PC showed suitable performance in controlling the cream powder oxidation. Also, PPE showed the highest antioxidant activity and can be proposed as a suitable replacement for a synthetic antioxidant (BHT). L* and b* values increased, while a* value decreased during the storage period. Also, the pH of the powders decreased significantly throughout the storage (reached nearly 6). Microbial counts of cream powders did not change during the storage period. The control sample showed the highest overall acceptability. Antioxidants of pomegranate can be proposed to control the oxidative stability of fat-rich food products.

Phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis and antioxidant properties of crude extracts from stems, leaves, and flowers of three Ruta species

In this work, the stems, leaves, and flowers of Ruta chalepensis L., R. graveolens L., and R. montana L. harvested in Morocco were subject to a comparative study to determine the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacities, and the content of total phenols and flavonoids. For this purpose, 45 crude extracts (CEs) were prepared using different solvents, including water, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and hexane. Upon undergoing secondary metabolites screening, it was discovered that the different parts of three Ruta species contain a high level of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, catechic tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, sterols, and triterpenes. This was confirmed by the results of the quantitative analysis, which proved that the three Ruta species contain a significant amount of total phenolic compounds, ranging from 27.05 to 213.42 mg GAE/g CE. With regard to antioxidant capacities, antiradical power (ARP) results prove that the majority of CEs have great ARP (were within the range of 0.42–1.99) compared to the BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) standard (0.33 APR). In addition, the results of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) analysis of Ruta CEs showed good TAC (varies between 37.67 and 396.80 mg AAE/g CE).

Optimizing the post-thaw quality of cryopreserved masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) sperm: Evaluating the effects of antioxidant-supplemented extender

The oxidative damage induced by cryopreservation significantly contributes to the overall decline in the quality of cryopreserved sperm. This underscores the necessity for exploring mitigation measures, such as supplementing the freezing media with antioxidants, aimed at enhancing sperm quality post-thaw. In this study, we determined the effects of adding five antioxidants [Vitamin C, taurine, trolox, Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), and uric acid] to a glucose–methanol extender at three concentrations—low, intermediate, and high—on the motility, viability, concentration, and fertilization rates of the sperm of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou), which is an economically important fish resource in Northeast Asia. Our research reveals various sperm quality parameters of the same species react differently to different antioxidants or even different concentrations of the same antioxidants, which adds another layer of complexity to the selection criteria for an appropriate antioxidant for supplementation beyond the specific specificity of antioxidants. Moreover, the effects of the antioxidants were often nonlinear and paradoxical, highlighting the importance of applying accurate dosage. Compared with the control group (no antioxidant supplementation), only uric acid and taurine supplementation at intermediate concentrations (5 mM) significantly improved the post-thaw sperm viability and percentage of motile sperm. Meanwhile, BHT supplementation generally improved the following kinematic traits of sperm: straight-line velocity (VSL), linearity, average path velocity, and curvilinear velocity (VCL). Similarly, 5-mM taurine supplementation also significantly improved sperm VSL, VCL, and beat cross frequency. In contrast, 10-mM Vitamin C supplementation (high concentration) adversely affected multiple parameters, leading to a decline in fertilization capacity. Based on these findings, the selection criteria for antioxidants should go beyond species specificity and include sperm quality parameters the breeder considers crucial for predicting post-thaw sperm fertility, as well as the ways in which particular antioxidants influence these parameters. We recommend 5-mM taurine supplementation for masu salmon sperm cryopreservation because of its positive effects on sperm viability, concentration, and some kinematic parameters.

Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) concentrations on polymerization shrinkage stress and other physicochemical properties of experimental resin composites

The present study examined different concentrations of the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) inhibitor on the kinetics of conversion, polymerization shrinkage stress, and other correlated physicochemical properties of experimental resin composites (ERC). A model composite was formulated with 75 wt% filler containing 0.5 wt% camphorquinone and 1 wt% amine with BHT concentrations of 0.01 wt% (BHT-0.01); 0.1 wt% (BHT-0.1); 0.25 wt% (BHT-0.25); 0.5 wt% (BHT-0.5); 1 wt% (BHT-1), and control (no BHT). They were tested on polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS; n = 5), degree of conversion (DC; n = 3), maximum polymerization rate (RpMAX; n = 5), water sorption (Wsp; n = 0), and solubility (Wsl; n = 10), flexural strength (FS; n = 10), flexural modulus (FM; n = 10), Knoop microhardness (KH; n = 10), and microhardness reduction (HR; n = 10). Data concerning these tests were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05; β = 0.2). BHT-0.25, BHT-0.5, and BHT-1 showed a gradually significant decrease in PSS (p = 0.037); however, BHT-1 demonstrated a decrease in the physicochemical properties tested. Thus, within the limitations of this study, it was possible to conclude that BHT concentrations between 0.25 and 0.5 wt% are optimal for reducing shrinkage stress without affecting other physicochemical properties of ERCs.

A new active packaging system based on chickpea-based edible coatings added with microcapsules of Cosmos sulphureus Cav. flower extract.

The Cosmos sulphureus Cav. plant is studied for its high polyphenolic content with antioxidant properties. Its flowers, rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, hold promise as antioxidants in food preservation. The inclusion of these compounds in chickpea-based coatings with a previously studied preservative effect would be an excellent option as a food preservation method and microencapsulation addresses challenges like dispersion and degradation of polyphenols in the coating. The objective of this research was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of Cosmos sulphureus leaves, seed, and flower extracts and explore the protective effects of chickpea-based coatings containing microcapsules of flower polyphenolic extract on the chemical quality of stored roasted sunflower seeds during storage. The ethanolic leaf extract exhibited the highest antiradical activity, followed by the aqueous flower extract. After a storage period of 15 days, at 40 °C, the chickpea-based coatings effectively delayed lipid oxidation in the roasted sunflowers seeds, and the inclusion of polyphenolic microcapsules with 0.01% extract (SMC 0.01%) in the coating significantly improved the protective effect. By day 15 of storage, SMC 0.01% showed comparable peroxide value, conjugated dienes, and linoleic acid content to samples containing the synthetic antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). Samples that only contained chickpea-based coating and coating with polyphenolic microcapsules with 0.005% extract exhibited significantly greater reduction in fatty acid content compared to the 0.01% SMC treatment. The chickpea-based coating with polyphenolic microcapsules demonstrated antioxidant activity akin to synthetic BHT, offering a promising biopackaging solution for lipid-rich foods like roasted sunflower seeds. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Combined Effects of Butyl Hydroxytoluene and Vitamin C on the Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, and Antioxidative Status of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio)

Abstract Common carp are proper finfish species for intensification, though their feeds should be reinforced with functional additives to ensure high growth performance and health status. Thus, this study tested the combined effects of butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT) and vitamin C (VC) on the growth performance, blood biomarkers, and antioxidative capacity of common carp. Fish were allotted into four groups and fed on four diets where the control diet was free of VC or/and BHT, while the second and third diets contained dietary VC or BHT at 500 or 150 mg/kg, respectively. The fourth diet was supplemented with both VC (500 mg/kg) and BHT (150 mg/kg) (BHT+VC). After 70 days, feeding VC or/and BHT markedly affected the growth performance of common carp. Carps fed VC, BHT, or BHT+VC had higher (P<0.05) FBW, WG, and SGR than fish fed the control diet, while the FCR was lower (P<0.05) in fish fed both VC and BHT than the control. In addition, feeding BHT or both BHT+VC markedly (P<0.05) reduced the AST, ALT, and urea. The blood protein, albumin, and globulin were higher (P<0.05) in fish fed VC or/and BHT than in the control. Fish fed dietary VC, or BHT+VC, had lower (P<0.05) total cholesterol (T-CHO) and triglycerides (TG) than those fed on the control or BHT. The SOD, CAT, and GPX were significantly higher (P<0.05) in carp fed on dietary VC or/and BHT than in fish fed on the control diet. Nevertheless, the malondialdehyde level was lower (P<0.05) in carp fed on VC or BHT+VC diets than fish on the control or BHT diets. The lysozyme activity was significantly higher (P<0.05) in carp fed on the BHT+VC diet than in the control or VC. In conclusion, the study suggests that dietary BHT or/and VC can be added to the diets of common carp to enhance the growth performance, feed digestion, blood biomarkers, and antioxidative capacity.

Formulation of Neem and Echinacea Gel for Oral Health Along With the Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, and Free Radical Scavenging Activity: An In Vitro Study.

Background Herbs have been used in medical practice for centuries and continue to play a significant role in modern complementary and alternative medicine.Phytochemicals in these herbs possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are beneficial in targetingoral health issues, such as dental plaque, gingivitis, and oral microbial infections.As research progresses, the challenge remains to translate these natural compounds into safe, effective, and accessible treatments for a wide range of diseases. Aim The aim of this research was to formulate the neem and echinacea gel along with the evaluation of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxic potential. Materials and methods The neem and echinacea gel was prepared using a concentrated powdered mixture of neem and echinacea (5 grams each) to which 100 ml of distilled water was added, and the mixture was boiled for 30 minutes at 60°C. The 10 ml concentrate was mixed with 20 ml of a carbopol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) mixture and mixed thoroughly, which resulted in neem and echinacea gel. Then, theantimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic potential, and free-radical scavenging activity of the gel were evaluated. The data obtained were statistically analyzed with the help of a paired t-test, where a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The antimicrobial assay showed that neem and echinacea gel at the concentration of 100 micrograms showed a greater zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(3.15 ± 0.26), Streptococcus mutans (2.48 ± 0.45), Enterococcus faecalis (2.89 ± 0.15), and Candida albicans (4.28 ± 0.87). The cytotoxic test revealed that even at an 80 µg concentration of the extract,more than 70% of the nauplii were vital, which indicated that the gel was not cytotoxic.The highest anti-inflammatory activity (78.39 ± 1.82) of the gel was seen at 50 micrograms when compared with diclofenac sodium (73.16 ± 1.80). The free radical scavenging activity showed that the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) absorbance of the neem and echinacea extract was highest at 50 micrograms. Conclusion The combination of neem and echinacea extract-based gel possessed high antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity when compared with standard drugs, such as amoxicillin and diclofenac sodium. The antioxidant activity of the gel was equal to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and also the gel has a low cytotoxic potential even at its higher concentrations. Hence, the gel can be used as a natural remedy with minimal side effects, making it a valuable alternative to chemical agents.

Potential use of soy lecithin or butylated hydroxytoluene as an alternative to powdered egg yolk for ram semen cryopreservation

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of replacing powdered egg yolk (PEY) with soybean lecithin (SL) or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on ram sperm cryopreservation. Two ejaculates/male were collected via artificial vagina from 8 rams during breeding season. Ejaculates were pooled and washed twice by centrifugation. The pellet was divided into three aliquots, diluted in a Tris-based media with 5% glycerol containing PEY (15%), SL (1%) or BHT (0.6 mM) and cooled for 4 h at 5 °C before freezing. Sperm motility, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity and mitochondria activity as lipid peroxidation were assessed immediately after thawing and after 4 h of resilience incubation in a modified PBS at 38 ºC. After thawing, sperm extended in BHT showed the poorest quality compared to sperm extended in PEY and SL. Similar total and progressive motility were observed in sperm preserved in PEY and SL media. Plasma membrane integrity, however, was significantly higher in sperm extended in SL, although most of them with non-functional mitochondria. Acrosome damage was significant lower in SL sperm samples compared to PEY samples. Highest level of lipid peroxidation was found in sperm preserved in PEY. Resilience test had a negative effect (P < 0.05) on plasma and acrosome membrane integrity in all samples, and on progressive motility only in sperm preserved in PEY. In conclusion, soy lecithin could be a potential alternative to PEY for ram cryopreservation, although its adverse effect on sperm mitochondria function has to be strongly considered.

Volatile organic compounds released from entomopathogenic nematode-infected insect cadavers for the biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp., are one of the most destructive polyphagous plant-parasitic nematodes. They pose a serious threat to global food security and are difficult to control. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) show promise in controlling RKNs. However, it remains unclear whether the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from EPN-infected cadavers can control RKNs. We investigated the fumigation activity of VOCs released from cadavers infected by five different species of EPNs on RKNs in Petri dishes, and found that VOCs released from Steinernema feltiae (SN strain) and S. carpocapsae (All strain) infected cadavers had a significant lethal effect on second-stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne incognita. The VOCs released from the cadavers infected with S. feltiae were analyzed using SPME-GC/MS. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), tetradecane, pentadecane, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), were selected for a validation experiment with pure compounds. The DMDS compound had significant nematicidal activity and repelled J2s. DMDS also inhibited egg hatching and the invasion of tomato roots by J2s. In a pot experiment, the addition of S. feltiae-infected cadavers and cadavers wrapped with a 400-mesh nylon net also significantly reduced the population of RKNs in tomato roots after 7 days. The number of root knots and eggs was reduced by 58% and 74.34%, respectively, compared to the control. These results suggested that the VOCs emitted by the EPN-infected cadavers affected various developmental stages of M. incognita and thus have the potential to be used in controlling RKNs through multiple methods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chemical constituents, antioxidant and antifungal activities of the essential oil from Vietnamese Ocimum tenuiflorum L.leaves

In this study, the authors aim to determine the chemical compositions of the essential oil from Ocimum tenuiflorumleaves and to evaluate its antioxidant and antifungal activities. The essential oil used in this research, extracted by hydrodistillation, was chemically profiled using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Methyl eugenol (46.07%), caryophyllene (15.65%), eugenol (11.83%), β-elemene (4.33%), β-copaene (4.18%), caryophyllene oxide (3.18%), and α-copaene (1.95%) were identified as major components of the essential oil. The results indicated that the essential oil of O. tenuiflorum leaves possessed relatively high 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 53.5 and 55.1 μg/ml, respectively, compared with 67.2 and 63.2 μg/ml, respectively, for the positive control. The reducing powers of O. tenuiflorum essential oil and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at a concentration of 200 μg/ml were 0.95 and 0.73, respectively. Additionally, the essential oil of O. tenuiflorum at a concentration of 200 μg/ml strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani.

Oxidative stability of avocado oil blended with different levels of ultrasonic extract of Chlorella vulgaris under different temperatures

PurposeThis study aims to assess the oxidative stability of avocado oil (AO) at various temperatures, using butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as an artificial antioxidant and different concentrations of ultrasonic extract of Chlorella vulgaris.Design/methodology/approachExtracts of C. vulgaris were obtained using four solvents: water, acetone, ethanol and 80% ethanol-aqueous. Standard techniques were used to conduct qualitative phytochemical screening of the extracts. The extracted samples were analyzed for total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and phenolic compound fractionation. Some physicochemical parameters of AO treated with various concentrations of C. vulgaris ultrasonic extract compared to a 200 ppm BHT and exposed to different temperatures were measured.FindingsThe highest phenolic, flavonoids content and antioxidant activity was achieved by 80% ethanolic extract of C. vulgaris . The results showed that exposure of AO to high temperatures led to significant changes in the oil's physicochemical properties. These changes increased as the temperature increased. On the other hand, adding 80% ethanolic extract of C. vulgaris into AO reduced the effect of heat treatment on the change in physicochemical properties.Originality/valueAdding 80% ethanolic extract of C. vulgaris into AO can potentially reduce the impact of heat treatment on the alteration of physicochemical properties.