Titanium Butoxide Research Articles

Preparation, Characterization of ZnTiO3/ZnO Composite Materials and Their Photocatalytic Performance.

With zinc acetate and butyl titanate as raw materials, pure ZnO and ZnTiO3/ZnO composite photocatalysts were synthesized by a sol–gel method and calcined at 550 °C. The crystal structure, morphology, surface area, optical property, and element valence states of samples were characterized and the photocatalytic activity of the prepared photocatalysts were assessed by the degradation of rhodamine B. Results show that the crystal structure of ZnO is a hexagonal wurtzite phase with a band gap of 3.20 eV. When the Zn/Ti molar ratio reaches 0.2, ZnTiO3 phase appears and ZnTiO3/ZnO composite forms, which advances the transfer of photogenerated charges. ZnTiO3/ZnO (Ti/Zn = 0.2) exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity, and the degradation degree of RhB reaches 99% after 60 min, which is higher than that of pure ZnO (90%). An exorbitant Ti/Zn molar ratio will reduce the crystallinity and form more amorphous components, which is not conducive to photocatalytic performance. Therefore, when the Ti/Zn molar ratio exceeds 0.2, the photocatalytic activities of ZnTiO3/ZnO composites decrease.

Preparation and characterization of palladium-doped titanium dioxide for solar cell applications

The syntheses of TiO2 and Pd/TiO2 nanoparticles were carried by hydrolysis of alkoxide precursors using the reverse micelles method using titanium tetrabutoxide and palladium acetylacetonate as precursor metals. The method was modified by precipitation with the addition of n-butanol and then washed with an ethanol/water solution at a ratio of 1:1. Morphological characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy and structural by X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy of Raman scattering. Electrical characterization was performed by impedance spectroscopy and the optical energy gap was determined from transmittance measurements Tauc plot fittings. The material was characterized by a suspension of spherical nanoparticles on the order of 100 nm confirmed by Scanning electron microscopy analysis. They also presented good ionic conductivity as indicated by impedance spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy showed a systematic frequency shift to the left together with peak broadening as the amount of palladium incorporated onto TiO2 increases, which is characteristic of mesoscopic grains. X-ray diffractograms were carried with washed and dried powder samples and showed a mixture of anatase and brookite phases, with anatase as the predominant one.

Interfacial Deposition of Titanium Dioxide at the Polarized Liquid-Liquid Interface.

The interfacial polycondensation of titanium dioxide was studied at the bare and fiberglass membrane supported polarized liquid–liquid interface (LLI). Titanium dioxide synthesis was derived from the titanium (IV) tetrabutoxide (initially dissolved in the 1,2-dichloroethane) interfacial hydrolysis followed by its condensation. Experimental parameters, such as the pH of the aqueous phase and the influence of titanium alkoxide concentration in the organic phase on the electrochemical signal and material morphology, were investigated. The latter was achieved with fiberglass membranes used as the LLI support during TiO2 interfacial deposition. Cyclic voltammetry was used for the in situ studies, whereas scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy were used during ex situ examination. The interfacial polycondensation reaction could be studied using electrified LLI and resulted in the material being a TiO2 film alone or film decorated with particles.

Comparison between cotton fiber and cellulose powder for wastewater treatment efficiency with nano-crystalline TiO2 by sono-synthesis

PurposeThe main purpose of this study was to prepare the cotton fibers and cellulose powder by a layer of nano-crystalline-titanium dioxide (TiO2) using the sol-gel sono-synthesis method to clean the wastewater containing reactive dye. Moreover, TiO2 nano-materials are remarkable due to their photoactive properties and valuable applications in wastewater treatment.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, TiO2 was synthesized and deposited effectively on cotton fibers and cellulose powder using ultrasound-assisted coating. Further, tetra butyl titanate was used as a precursor to the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles. Reactive dye (red 195) was used in this study. X-ray Diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed to prove the aptitude for the formation of crystal TiO2 on the cotton fibers and cellulose powder along with TiO2 nanoparticles as well as to analyze the chemical structure. Decoloration of the wastewater was investigated through ultraviolet (UV-Visible) light at 30 min.FindingsThe experimental results revealed that the decolorization was completed at 2.0 min with the cellulose nano TiO2 treatment whereas cotton nano TiO2 treated solution contained reactive dyestuffs even after the treatment of 2 min. This was the fastest method up to now than all reported methods for sustainable decolorization of wastewater by absorption. Furthermore, this study explored that the cellulose TiO2 nano-composite was more effective than the cotton TiO2 nano-composite of decoloration wastewater for the eco-friendly remedy.Research limitations/implicationsCotton fibers and cellulose powder with nano-TiO2, and only reactive dye (red 195) were tested.Practical implicationsWith reactive dye-containing wastewater, it seems to be easier to get rid of the dye than to retain it, especially from dyeing of yarn, fabric, apparel, and as well as other sectors where dyestuffs are used.Social implicationsThis research would help to reduce pollution in the environment as well as save energy and cost.Originality/valueDecoloration of wastewater treatment is an essential new track with nano-crystalline TiO2 to fast and efficient cleaning of reactive dyes containing wastewater used as a raw material.

Facile one-pot solvothermal approach to produce inorganic hybrid TiO2@CoTiO3 green nano-pigment: structural, optical and photocatalytic properties

ABSTARCT Herein, we report the synthesis of TiO2@CoTiO3 green nano-pigment by means of simple one-pot solvothermal process. The adapted solvothermal protocol involves the use of (Cobalt(II) nitrate, Titanium(IV) butoxide) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as metals precursors and solvent respectively. A thermal treatment is necessary to produce high crystalline structure. The ideal calcination temperature was established to 600 °C in which the hybrid nanocomposite was completely crystalized. The obtained powder is green, characteristic color of cobalt titanate (CoTiO3) pigment. This structure was further confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) technique. On the other hand, the morphology of the designed material was observed via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The prepared TiO2@CoTiO3 shows interesting optical properties in both UV and visible domains, which make it a promising photocatalyst under solar energy. The preliminary photocatalytic test against Methylene Blue (MB) prove high efficiency of the hybrid TiO2@CoTiO3 compared to pristine TiO2 probably due to the extension of the absorption region from UV (pristine TiO2) to UV/Visible region (hybrid material).

Sustained release /self-cleaning zein-based hybrid microcapsule leather finishing material

In this study, zein, Pluronic F127, artemisia argyis essence, and butyl titanate are used to craft zein-based hybrid microcapsule by interfacial condensation and anti-solvent precipitation approach. Morphology and structure of the hybrid microcapsule were characterized by SEM, UDFM, FTIR, XRD and XPS, separately. Sustained release behavior and self-cleaning performance of the hybrid microcapsule were also observed. The results indicated that the average size of zein-based hybrid microcapsule was approximately 6 μm with stable structure. It is worth noting that, this double-shelled microcapsule possessed sustained release behaviors, only 9% of AAE was released after 9 h. Significantly, the TiO2 in the outer shell endows the composite coating with superior self-cleaning performance. The as-prepared hybrid microcapsule finishing material is a good candidate for bio-based functional coatings applied in various fields including leather, paper, painting, cosmetics and so on.

Effect of CuO nanoparticle additive on optical, photocatalytic and surface properties of TiO2 mesoporous nanoparticles

Abstract In this study, composite nanoparticles of TiO2–CuO (TC) were synthesized using the sol–gel method. Tetra butylorthotitanate and copper (II) nitrate trihydrate were used as precursors to titanium dioxide and copper oxide, respectively. Ethanol was used as a solvent. Dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanoparticles. The synthesized photocatalytic nanoparticles were used to degrade methylene blue dye solution as a model of organic pollutant under UV and visible light irradiation. The TC sample calcined at 550 °C has the highest photocatalytic percentage under visible light (33.14 %) and the best photocatalytic activity at 650 °C under ultraviolet light (40 %). The pure TiO2 sample has an adsorption edge of 365 nm with a band gap energy of 3.39 eV and the mesoporous TiO2–CuO sample with an absorption edge wavelength of 375 nm has a band gap energy of 3.30 eV at 350 °C. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study, Ti was predominantly chemically present as Ti 4+. Cu was found to be a cation with a capacity of two (Cu 2+).

DFT Analysis of the Formation of a Titanium n-Butoxide Derivative [[Ti[O(CH2)3CH3]2Cl·OH]2]2 through OH Bridge Formation and Molecular Interactions between Butoxy Groups

Abstract The structural changes of titanium n-butoxide derivatives in coatings prepared from a mixture of titanium butoxide in concentrated hydrochloric acid, which contains a five-coordinated titanium complex (Ti[O(CH2)3CH3]3Cl·H2O), are investigated using density functional theory calculations. Initially, the complex is stabilized owing to dimer formation through molecular interactions. Subsequently, stabilization occurs due to OH bridge formation upon butanol elimination. The two dimers then unite to form [[Ti[O(CH2)3CH3]2Cl·OH]2]2 owing to the molecular interactions between the butoxy groups.

Green Synthesis of Nanostructured Zinc Oxide (ZnO) - Titanium Dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) Thin Films

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanostructured was synthesized by green method. The zinc acetate dehydrated, Zn (CH3COO)2.2H2O was mixing with psidium guajava leaves extract as reducing as well as capping agent which is very simple, rapid, cost-effective and environment friendly route. However, Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) sol-gel was synthesized by using titanium (IV) butoxide, Ti (OC4H9)4, butanol, C4H9OH, acetic acid, CH3COOH, and distilled water, H2O. The deposition of ZnO/TiO2 thin films on the glass substrate applied by spin coating method. The calcination temperature has been used for the first layer of ZnO were 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C and for the second layers, which is TiO2, were 500 °C and 600 °C. Four types of characterization were perform to analyse the ZnO/TiO2 thin films such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). From XRD analysis, the result shows the zincite structure of ZnO thin films and the anatase structure of TiO2 thin films. Besides, increasing the calcination temperature will increase the peak intensity. Furthermore, FESEM performed to analyse the surface morphology of ZnO/TiO2 thin films, which is when calcination temperature increase will increase the size of the particles. Meanwhile, the analyzing of ZnO/TiO2 thin film using AFM shows that with increasing the calcination temperature will increase the surface roughness and particle size. The UV-Vis was use to determine the optical properties of the ZnO/TiO2 thin films where it shows the percentage transmittance improved after increase calcination temperature.

Titanium modified Ru/CeO2 catalysts for ammonia synthesis

In catalytic reaction that involves hydrogen species, the adsorption/desorption property of hydrogen species would greatly affect the catalytic performance. In this work, we introduce titanium into ceria to tune the properties of ceria-supported Ru catalysts for ammonia synthesis, and the result shows that the ammonia synthesis rate of Ru catalysts exhibits a volcanic trend with an increase of titanium content. XRD and Raman results reveal that an appropriate amount of Ti addition would be incorporated into CeO2 lattice to form CeTiO2-x solid solution, while the presence of excess TiO2 leads to the formation of TiO2 particles. Raman and UV-vis results of Ru catalysts confirm that CeTiO2-x serves as preferential platform for the dispersion of Ru species. Moreover, the O 1s spectra, CO-TPR and 1H NMR indicate that the introduction of titanium decreases the number of the active oxygen species. As a result, the introduction of an appropriate amount of Ti species in Ru/CeO2 catalysts leads to enhancement of the hydrogen species desorbed at low temperature, contributing to N2 dissociation or ammonia synthesis as well as the alleviation of hydrogen poisoning. The sample with 3 mL titanium butoxide (19.4 wt% of TiO2) exhibits the optimal ammonia synthesis rates. This work demonstrates a general approach of the decoration of oxide supports to tune the adsorption property and the catalytic activity for the catalytic reaction that involves hydrogen species.

Research on Photo Catalytic Performance of TiO2 Film Doped with Li+

Based on sol-gel method and spin coating process, TiO2 film doped with Li+ is prepared by utilizing analytical pure butyl titanate, lithium nitrate, absolute ethanol, glacial acetic acid, acetylacetone and deionized water as raw material. The Li+ ion which has equal radius as Ti4+ ion is chosen in experiments for doping and modification. Experimental results show certain increase of catalytic efficiency in TiO film doped with Li+. However, the increase level of catalytic efficiency gradually shows some decrease when the dopant amount changes from 0.025mol to 0.1mol. Catalytic efficiency is raised to 25.7% when the dopant amount is 0.025mol.

One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Precious Metal-Doped Titanium Dioxide-Graphene Oxide Composites for Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 to Ethanol.

We utilized a one-step hydrothermal process for the synthesis of precious metal-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2)/graphene oxide (GO) composites. The metal-doped TiO2/GO composites, including silver–TiO2/GO (Ag–TiO2/GO), palladium–TiO2/GO (Pd–TiO2/GO), and copper–TiO2/GO (Cu–TiO2/GO), were synthesized by mixing a metal precursor, titanium butoxide, and graphene oxide in a water–ethanol mixture in an autoclave hydrothermal reactor. The photocatalytic performance of the composites was tested in the photoreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to ethanol. Ag–TiO2/GO, Pd–TiO2/GO, and Cu–TiO2/GO exhibited an ethanol production rate of 109, 125, and 233 μmol/gcat h, respectively. The outstanding performances of Cu–TiO2/GO can be attributed to a combined effect of key parameters, including optical band gap, crystallite size, and BET surface area.

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 on Phenol Degradation

Photocatalysis is a process of accelerating reactions that are assisted by energy from light irradiation. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most widely developed photocatalysis materials, and is used because of its high catalytic activity, stability and very affordable. The most commonly used precursors of TiO2 are titanium butoxide (TBOT) and titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP). These variations in precursor can lead to phase difference in the formation of TiO2 crystals, which further improves its nature in the activity of photocatalysis. In this study, the sol-gel method was used to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles from variations of TBOT and TTIP. Furthermore, the structure, crystallite size and band gap of TiO2 were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-vis reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Subsequently, TiO2 photocatalytic activity was evaluated in phenol photodegradation as a contaminant model with UV irradiation. The results showed the structure synthesized from TBOT had a higher amount of anatase, higher crystallinity, smaller crystallite size, larger band gap, and better photocatalytic activity than those from TTIP. Furthermore, it was shown that TiO2 from TBOT had an efficiency of 147% greater than TiO2 P25 Degussa, while TiO2 from TTIP had 66% efficiency compared to TiO2 P25.

Photodegradation of Aquaculture Antibiotics Using Carbon Dots-TiO2 Nanocomposites.

In this work, carbon dots (CD) were synthesized and coupled to titanium dioxide (TiO2) to improve the photodegradation of antibiotics in aquaculture effluents under solar irradiation. Oxolinic acid (OXA) and sulfadiazine (SDZ), which are widely used in aquaculture, were used as target antibiotics. To prepare nanocomposites of CD containing TiO2, two modes were used: in-situ (CD@TiO2) and ex-situ (CD/TiO2). For CD synthesis, citric acid and glycerol were used, while for TiO2 synthesis, titanium butoxide was the precursor. In ultrapure water (UW), CD@TiO2 and CD/TiO2 showed the largest photocatalytic effect for SDZ and OXA, respectively. Compared with their absence, the presence of CD@TiO2 increased the photodegradation of SDZ from 23 to 97% (after 4 h irradiation), whereas CD/TiO2 increased the OXA photodegradation from 22 to 59% (after 1 h irradiation). Meanwhile, in synthetic sea salts (SSS, 30‰, simulating marine aquaculture effluents), CD@TiO2 allowed for the reduction of SDZ’s half-life time (t1/2) from 14.5 ± 0.7 h (in absence of photocatalyst) to 0.38 ± 0.04 h. Concerning OXA in SSS, the t1/2 remained the same either in the absence of a photocatalyst or in the presence of CD/TiO2 (3.5 ± 0.3 h and 3.9 ± 0.4 h, respectively). Overall, this study provided novel perspectives on the use of eco-friendly CD-TiO2 nanocomposites for the removal of antibiotics from aquaculture effluents using solar radiation.

Interface template synthesis of zein-based amorphous TiO2 composite microcapsules with enhanced photo-catalysis

In order to further enhance the application field of zein-based microcapsule. Zein-based amorphous TiO2 composite microcapsules (ZTCMs) were innovatively prepared from zein, tetra butyl ortho titanate (TBOT) and PEO106PPO70PEO106 (F127) via interface template synthesis. The Effects of TBOT amount on ZTCMs structures and photo-catalytic performances were mainly investigated. Chemical structure and microstructure of the obtained composite microcapsules were characterized mainly by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). The results show ZTCMs exhibited evident hollow structure with titanium dioxide (TiO2) wrapped in the outer layer. The average size of ZTCMs300 was approximately 4 µm, which increased as the increase of TBOT dosage. Significantly, ZTCMs showed excellent photo-catalytic ability on dyes, red wine and coffee alike. The degradation rate of Rhodamine B (RB) was more than 80% after irradiation for 5 h under sunlight. This study provides a facile method to fabricate natural-based photo-catalytic material, which will be a good candidate in many fields such as medicine, food packaging, leather and textile.

Tailored TiO2 nanorod arrays for dye sensitized solar cell applications

A TiO2 layer using titanium (IV) butoxide on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate is used as a seed layer for the growth of TiO2 nanorod arrays (TRA). TRAs with length of ∼1 to 2 μm were grown on seed layer (SL) by two step method. In the first step TiO2 SLs were deposited by sol-gel assisted spin coating method and the second step involved the typical hydrothermal technique to grow rutile TRAs. Most of the TRAs grown on FTO substrate without SL were randomly oriented and TRAs with 0.025 M SL was oriented vertically from the substrate. Whereas TRAs grown on 0.05 M SL showed hierarchical nanoflower clusters composed of a bunch of TRAs as petals blooming from the core. The XRD pattern showed all the three TRAs to be crystallized in a tetragonal rutile phase. Photo luminescence spectra revealed that the TRAs on 0.05 M SL have comparatively low intense blue emission band, predicting the suppressed electron-hole recombination rate. The power conversion efficiency of the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with TRAs grown on 0.05 M SL was recorded as 3.18%, which is 3 times greater than that without SL and 1.6 times greater than that with 0.025M SL in our observations.

Influences of reactive compatibilization on the structure and physical properties of blends based on thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester and poly(1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate)

AbstractWe report the effects of reactive compatibilization on the morphology, microstructure, and physical properties of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester/poly(1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (TLCP/PCT, 75/25 by wt%) blends, which are fabricated via melt‐compounding in the presence of different catalyst types and contents. Among three different catalysts, titanium butoxide (TBT) is found to be most effective in the reactive compatibilization of TLCP/PCT blends, which is confirmed by SEM images. FT‐IR spectroscopic analysis reveals the formation of copolyesters by catalyst‐induced transesterification between TLCP and PCT components during melt‐compounding with 0.5 and 1.0 phr TBT loadings. Nonetheless, X‐ray diffraction analysis confirms that the crystal structures of TLCP/PCT blends are not affected by reactive compatibilization. The melting and crystallization transition temperatures of the PCT component in the compatibilized blends decrease owing to the shortening of crystallizable PCT segments by the transesterification. TGA data show that the residue at 800°C increases for the blends melt‐compounded with higher TBT catalyst loadings. The shear moduli and complex viscosity of compatibilized TLCP/LCP blends at a melt state are found to be even higher than neat TLCP and PCT. Although the elastic storage moduli of compatibilized TLCP/PCT blends are slightly lower than neat TLCP, they are far higher than neat PCT.

Study on photocatalytic properties of Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction composite films

Cu2O/TiO2 semiconductor heterostructure photocatalytic composite thin films were prepared by the sol-gel method and magnetron sputtering technology. Uniform and transparent TiO2 thin films were prepared by sol dipping and pulling with butyl titanate as the raw material. P-type Cu2O thin films were reactive sputtered on the surface of TiO2 thin films with metal Cu as target source. The catalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD and UV-Vis. The photocatalytic activity of heterojunction composite films under simulated sunlight was investigated by dye degradation experiments, and its mechanism is discussed. The results show that the heterojunction film formed by the composite of TiO2 and Cu2O has good photocatalytic activity under simulated sunlight. The heterojunction composite expands the light response range and light response intensity of the catalyst and improves the quantum efficiency. It is a kind of photocatalytic composite film that makes full use of solar energy.

Effects of Hydrothermal Time on Structure and Photocatalytic Property of Titanium Dioxide for Degradation of Rhodamine B and Tetracycline Hydrochloride.

Using butyl titanate and absolute ethanol as raw materials, TiO2 was prepared by a hydrothermal method with different hydrothermal times, and the influences of hydrothermal time on the structure and photocatalytic performance of TiO2 were investigated. The obtained samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, PL and DRS, separately. The results show that TiO2 forms anatase when the hydrothermal time is 12 h, forms a mixed crystal composed of anatase and rutile when the hydrothermal time is 24 h, and forms rutile when the hydrothermal time is 36 h. With the extension of hydrothermal time, anatase gradually transforms into rutile and the surface area decreases. Although TiO2-24 h and TiO2-36 h show lower photoinduced charge recombination and higher light source utilization, TiO2-12 h exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity owing to its largest surface area (145.3 m2/g). The degradation degree of rhodamine B and tetracycline hydrochloride reach 99.6% and 90.0% after 45 min.

Investigation of photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel technique

Anatase phase TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by sol–gel method using titanium(IV) butoxide as a starting material. The pH of solution was maintained by adding HNO3 and NaOH. The obtained powder was heat-treated at 350 °C for 2 h. The XRD study shows that the crystalline size and crystallinity of samples increase with pH of solution. Raman spectra confirm the dominance of anatase phase of TiO2. Morphology study of samples was done by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The size of prepared samples was calculated by XRD and confirmed by TEM analysis. The energy bandgap was calculated by optical absorption spectra and it was found to decrease by increasing pH of the solution. The photodegradation activity of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye under visible light irradiation was carried out by synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles. The removal of Indigo Carmine dye and degree of mineralization after photodegradation were studied using HPLC and TOC analysis respectively.