Butanetetracarboxylic Acid Research Articles

Sericin assisted eco-friendly reactive dyeing for cotton fabric

A large amount of salt has been used in reactive dyeing of cotton. In this study, the reduction in the amount of salt used in reactive dyeing of cotton fabric after the sericin application by different methods was investigated in detailed. The effects of different cross-links (citric acid and butane tetracarboxylic acid) for the bonding of the sericin to the cotton fabric were also investigated. The results were evaluated in terms of color coordinates and color strength, washing and rubbing fastness, and crease recovery angle. Presence of the sericin onto cotton fabric after the application was evidenced with FT-IR spectra. The application of sericin and subsequent dyeing resulted in similar color depths to the conventional dyeing even with half the salt used in conventional reactive dyeing. The presence of cross-links in the pre-treatment baths did not reveal significant differences in color strengths compared to used only sericin. The fastness values of reactive dyed fabrics after sericin application had similar fastness values with traditional dyed ones. Crease recovery angles showed an increase after sericin pre-treatment. Sericin application before reactive dyeing could be one of the best alternative ways to reduce salt usage in reactive dyeing.

Multifunctional Finishing of Cotton Fabric

Abstract The research in textiles is being driven by ecology, economy, and functionality. Therefore, the present research is focused on the development of multifunctional textiles that consume minimum energy during their processing, eco-friendly chemicals for functionalization, and use short processing steps. Eco-friendly cross-linkers such as butanetetracarboxylic acid and zinc oxide nanoparticles are used to impart wrinkle recovery, antibacterial activity, ultraviolet (UV) protection, bending rigidity, and antistatic properties to cotton fabric just in one step. The treated fabric has been characterized with Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffractometer. Wrinkle recovery, tear strength, antibacterial activity, UV protection, and antistatic properties were tested with AATCC 66-1990, ASTM D 1224, AATCC 147, AATCC 183, and UNI EN 1149, respectively. The treated fabric shows excellent functional properties up to 20 washing cycles.

Sustainable panels design based on modified cassava starch bioadhesives and wood processing byproducts

This work was focused on the development of ecofriendly adhesives from cassava starch modified by polycarboxylic acids evaluating their performance in the design of sustainable panels using wood by-products. Additionally, a deep insight on the adhesive-substrate interactions was carried out through ATR-FTIR studies.Bioadhesives were formulated with cassava starch suspensions (5% w/w) modified with the addition of 0–80% (polycarboxylic acid weight /100 g starch) citric acid (CA) or 1,2,3,4 butane-tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and loaded with native starch at 5% (w/w) as filler. Formulated adhesives presented a pseudoplastic behavior. Panels were obtained from blends of wood processing byproducts (medium-density fiberboard -MDF) and the formulated bioadhesive by thermo-compression, optimizing the processing conditions. ATR-FTIR and SEM studies revealed the substrate-adhesive interactions and the affinity between the components. The stress values increased with BTCA concentration being 19 MPa for 80%, demonstrating the better cross-linking capacity of this acid compared to CA (11 MPa). Crosslinking and plasticizing effects were occurring in panels containing CA, depending on its concentration, as was confirmed by both puncture assays and contact angle. Thus, it was possible to obtain sustainable panels based on an eco-compatible adhesive, with distinguishable characteristics by tailoring both, the formulations and the processing conditions.

Design of a Zwitter-Ionic Nanocomposite for Dyestuff Removal

Today, with the increasing awareness of environmental conservation, many scientists are directing their work on environmental improvements. In the textile industry, dyestuff load of wastewater increases, and improvements are made to reduce this load. As a contribution to these improvements, a nanocomposite is designed with clay, chitosan and its modifications, which are totally natural. As a preliminary study, the clay was modified and treated with dyestuff solutions to investigate the absorption properties of Methylene Blue with various clay types. According to the results obtained by UV visible spectrophotometer, Cloisite 30B, which is the clay with the best absorption property, has been determined as the reference material. With the lights of preliminary study, a nanocomposite was designed to adsorb dyestuffs from textile waste waters using modified clay and modified chitosan. With the anionic modification of chitosan, it can be converted into carboxymethylchitosan (CMCTS) and it can also have affinity to cationic structures. With this structure, colored composites are obtained while contributing to recycling and environment by providing adsorption of dyestuff. According to UV-vis and FT-IR results, CMCTS that is modified with Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) has better adsorption from textile wastewaters.

Preparation of Durable Antibacterial Cellulose with AgCl Nanoparticles

In this study, a facile method was developed to coat AgCl nanoparticles (NPs) onto knitted cotton fabrics. The AgCl NPs were characterized by ultraviolet absorption spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic laser light scattering (DLS). The AgCl NPs were coated onto cotton fabrics through a pad-dry-cure process with the assistance of 1,2,3,4- butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ICP-OES analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed that AgCl NPs were successfully coated onto cotton fabrics. The prepared cotton samples exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative K. pneumonia bacteria. Rat skin fibroblast cytotoxicity testing demonstrated the treated cotton fabrics to be non-toxic. The washing durability evaluation showed that the antimicrobial function of cotton fabrics was durable to washing. In addition, the wrinkle resistance of the coated cotton fabrics was improved and there was no obvious change in whiteness.

Stabilization of soft clay using short fibers and poly vinyl alcohol

In this study, the effect of the combined addition of fibers and a nontraditional polymer on the mechanical behavior of a clay was investigated. Poly vinyl alcohol, PVA, used as a solution with concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% and 1,2,3,4 Butane Tetra Carboxylic Acid, BTCA was added as a crosslinking agent at concentration rates of 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. Short polypropylene fibers were added to the clay at proportionate quantities of 0.25% and 0.50% of the dry weight of the soil. Clay samples were prepared for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests at two different initial void ratio values, denoting relatively stiff and markedly soft states. UCS tests were conducted on both 1-day and 14-day cured samples. The results confirmed significant UCS improvements with combined fiber reinforcement and PVA-BTCA stabilization when samples were cured for 14 days. It was also observed that fiber reinforcement outperformed PVA-BTCA stabilization for clays with the lower initial void ratio. PVA-BTCA stabilization was however found to be superior to fiber reinforcement in clays with a relatively higher initial void ratio. The effect of fiber reinforcement and PVA-BTCA stabilization on the stability of soils subjected to excessive wetting was also evaluated using soaking tests. Stabilization with PVA and BTCA was found to enhance the stability of soaked samples significantly. The results of soaking tests proved that BTCA made PVA-stabilized samples more durable when exposed to soaking.

Esterification of Galactomannan and Polyacid as Paper Strengthening Agent

In this paper, eight paper strengthening agents were obtained by the esterification of galactomannan with trimesic acid or butanetetracarboxylic acid. The esterified galactomannan was studied using a 13C NMR spectrum, Frontier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Then, the properties of the paper with esterified galactomannan were also investigated. The results of the 13C NMR spectrum and infrared spectroscopic analysis showed that the galactomannan had been successfully esterified with the trimesic acid or butanetetracarboxylic acid. The paper properties with 1% esterified galactomannan were found to be efficiently improved, when compared with the control sample. The polyacid dosages were also found to affect the paper properties. The SEM analysis showed that the esterified galactomannan could effectively increase the inter-fiber bonding in the paper.

Treatment of Cotton by β-Cyclodextrin/Triclosan Inclusion Complex and Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Properties

The efficacy of antimicrobial treatment of cotton fabrics depends on various parameters of the coating process, such as the chemical nature and concentration of the antimicrobial agent, the composition of the crosslinking formulation, and the curing temperature. The inclusion complex of triclosan with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, XRD, NMR, Raman, SEM, and TGA. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the complex against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were compared to those of its precursor. A multifactorial study included an evaluation of the effects of triclosan complexation with β-cyclodextrin, a comparison between the glyoxal and tetracarboxylic acid as crosslinkers, an investigation of the effect of crosslinker and catalyst concentrations, and a comparison of curing at 120°C and 180°C. The cotton was characterized by FTIR-ATR, the micrographs of treated samples were obtained by SEM and the weight add-on was calculated. The bactericidal properties were determined according to AATCC-147. The correlation between the coating process parameters and the antimicrobial efficacy was determined. The optimal combination leading to the highest weight add-on and the antimicrobial coating that was most durable to multiple detergent washes at an elevated temperature was the use of complexed triclosan grafted onto the cotton in the presence of tetracarboxylic acid, followed by curing at 180°C. The curing temperatures were 120°C (P=0.002) and 180°C (P=0.008), catalysts were 1 % and 2 % aluminium sulfate and sodium hypophosphite (P<0.001), and the crosslinkers were 5 % and 10 % glyoxal and butanetetracarboxylic acid (P<0.001); these parameters significantly enhanced the antimicrobial properties of the treated fabrics. The study showed that βCD did not have antimicrobial activity, while the βCD/triclosan-treated textile exhibited potential antimicrobial properties. Overall, the bactericidal activity of fabrics can be enhanced by using βCD/triclosan with 10 % butanetetracarboxylic acid as a cross-linker and 5 % sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst at a curing temperature of 180°C.

Investigation of Thermal Comfort Properties of Electrospun Nanofiber Mats

Thermal comfort properties such as air permeability, water vapor permeability and thermal resistance of a hydrophobic thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and a hydrophilic poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) electrospun nanofiber mats were evaluated in this study. Polycarboxylic acid; 1,2,3,4 butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA)was selected as cross-linking agent for PVA nanofibers. The aim of this study is to examine thermal comfort properties of both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic nanofiber mat. The results revealed that air permeability of nanofibrous membranes was considerably low which provides a barrier effect. On the other hand, despite low air permeability, these materials showed superior water vapor permeability characteristic, which will sustain breathability of the skin.

Preparation and Properties of Cross-Linked Regenerated Cellulose Fibers

Butane-tetra-carboxylic acid (BTCA) and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) were added into cellulose spinning solution. The cross-linked regenerated cellulose fibers were prepared by spinning the solution into a coagulation bath of distilled water and then cured at high temperature. The optimum conditions were obtained according to the single factor experiments. The properties and structure of the fibers were investigated. FTIR and XRD show that the cross-linked fibers were prepared successfully and the crystal form of the fibers remain the same before and after cross-linked. The results indicate that the regenerated cellulose fibers prepared in this study possess more excellent wrinkle recovery ability and wash durability than those treated by finishing process.

The thermal durability of the SiO2-modified papers and photodegradation study of coated curcumin dye

Cellulose is modified by many organic and inorganic substances in order to improve the quality like smoothness, whiteness and mechanical strength. These substances can help improve cellulose deterioration towards biodegradation, photodegradation, acid hydrolysis and oxidation. In this research, filter paper, a representative of cellulose fiber, was coated by SiO2 to improve fiber thermal durability and coated natural dye photo-stability. The surface of the cellulose was initially modified by various methods as follows:1. esterification by polycarboxylic acids like tartaric acid (TA) and butanetetra-carboxylic acid (BTCA) to obtain Fil-TA and Fil-BTCA respectively. 2. etherification by sodium monochloroacetate to obtain Fil-MCAA.3. coating by carboxymethylcellulose to obtain Fil-CMC.

Ice-Templated and Cross-Linked Amyloid Fibril Aerogel Scaffolds for Cell Growth.

Amyloid fibrils prepared from β-lactoglobulin were used to form freeze-dried and cross-linked aerogels. By varying the fibril concentration and freezing gradient, it was possible to control the pore structure and elastic modulus of the aerogels within one order of magnitude from ∼20 to ∼200 kPa. Using butane tetracarboxylic acid as cross-linker, these aerogels maintained their monolithic shape under aqueous conditions, displaying elastic behavior and a modulus in the range of ∼4-40 kPa. When explored as scaffolds for cell growth, the amyloid fibril aerogels demonstrated biocompatibility and led to the successful penetration and permeation of two epithelial cell lines (Caco-2 and HT29) throughout the scaffold. These soft, elastic, and water-stable biomaterials expand the scope of amyloid fibril aerogels, making them suitable for wet-state applications such as heterogeneous catalysis, purification membranes, and 3D matrices for cell growth.

Crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibres with polycarboxylic acids: biocompatibility with human skin keratinocyte cells

In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibres were produced and evaluated for wound dressing applications. However, the solubility of the poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix in the aqueous medium generally limits its applications. To overcome this problem, 1,2,3,4 butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and citric acid (CA) were used as crosslinking agents. Successful bead-free nanofibres were produced, and they both preserved their fibrous structure after water treatment. The mean fibre diameters of polycarboxylic acid crosslinked nanofibres were lower compared to pure PVA nanofibres. Although the morphology of BTCA and CA crosslinked nanofibres was similar, the swelling degree of PVA/CA was found to be higher. Furthermore, toxicity and keratinocyte cell proliferation performance of produced PVA/BTCA and PVA/CA nanofibres indicated that these nanofibrous materials could be used in wound dressing applications.

Improvement of flame retardancy of silk fabric by bio-based phytic acid, nano-TiO2, and polycarboxylic acid

Abstract This research work reported a novel approach to develop flame retardant silk fabric using naturally occurring phytic acid (PA) rich in phosphorus and TiO 2 nanoparticles through a pad-dry-cure technique. A polycarboxylic acid [1,2,3,4–butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA)] was employed to stabilize and improve the adhesion of TiO 2 on silk surface. The flame retardancy of the treated silk fabric was determined in terms of limiting oxygen index, vertical burning, and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry, and the durability of flame retardancy to washing was discussed. PA and TiO 2 were found to have a joint flame retardant effect. The combination of PA, TiO 2 and BTCA was able to endow silk fabric with excellent flame retardancy, and the good flame retardant ability was kept even after 25 times of washing. The reasons for the good washing durability of the treated silk fabric were discussed. Finally, a significant condensed-phase flame retardant mechanism of the silk fabric treated with the PA/TiO 2 /BTCA system was revealed by the analyses of thermogravimetry and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry.

Activable carboxylic acid functionalized crystalline nanocellulose/PVA- co -PE composite nanofibrous membrane with enhanced adsorption for heavy metal ions

Abstract The heavy metal ions are harmful for both environment and human healthy, therefore it is highly demanded to remove them from environment. In this study, the crystalline nanocellulose (CNC)/ poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene (PVA- co -PE) nanofibrous membrane functionalized with 1, 2, 3, 4 -butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) was prepared to adsorb the heavy metal ions. To enhance the absorptivity, BTCA modified membrane was activated by NaHCO 3 . The structures of modified nanofibrous membranes were characterized by FESEM and FTIR. The modified membrane was then used to adsorb the Pb (II), and the mixture of Pb (II), Cr (VI), Mn (II) and Cu (II). The effect of pH value and initial concentration on the absorptivity of nanofibrous membrane to Pb (II) was studied and the adsorption kinetics was analysed. After NaHCO 3 activation, the modified nanofibrous membrane demonstrated excellent adsorption capacity to the single metal ions and metal ions mixture. The equilibrium adsorption could reach 471.55 mg·g −1 at 15 °C, higher than other nanofibrous membranes reported. Moreover, the modified nanofibrous membrane was found to be stable and could maintain 50% of the initial data after three times reuse. All of the results indicated the NaHCO 3 activated membrane was a good candidate for the heavy metal ions removal.

Polymers for Stabilization of Soft Clay Soils

In this study, the influence of two chemical additives, (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA and 1,2,3,4 Butane Tetra Carboxylic Acid, BTCA on the engineering properties of an expansive clay soil is investigated. The effect of polymers on the unconfined compression strength of soil samples prepared at maximum dry unit weight (i.e., 16.2kN/m3 and 17% water content) and a lower dry unit weight (i.e. 10.8kN/m3 and 48% water content) was evaluated. PVA and BTCA added at dosages of 0.1% to 1.5% and 0.1% to 0.5% respectively to both compacted soil samples and cured for 1 and 14 days. The results of unconfined compression tests on clay soil samples stabilized with different PVA and BTCA contents cured for 1 and 14 days indicated that such hydrophilic polymers improve the compression strength of both dense and soft clay soils significantly and their strength even increases with curing time. However, the efficiency of the additives is highly dependent on the unit weight of the soil. Furthermore, the durability of stabilized samples was also examined using soaking tests and results revealed that these polymers improve the durability of clay soils once they are soaked under water.

A novel chitosan 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole hybrid: Preparation and its effects on cotton fabric properties

A hybrid of chitosan and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole was prepared using the semi-wet method, which allows for the adsorption of the triazole molecules on the chitosan surface. Moreover, an easy method for applying this hybrid to cotton fabric was established. The tensional strength, uniformity and compatibility of the hybrid components in forming of a strong film were studied using different variables, including the chitosan 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole ratio, fixation temperature and time. The loading of the hybrid onto the fabric in the absence and presence of cross linker (butane tetra carboxylic acid) was also studied. The best conditions for preparing the hybrid was a 1:4 molar ratio of chitosan to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole at 60°C for 240min, and those for the application of the hybrid to cotton fabric were a 1:1 molar ratio at 150°C with a 5min curing time. Both hybrid and treated cotton fabrics were characterized using FTIR, SEM, TGA, and DSC as well as the nitrogen content and tensional strength of the treated cotton. Finally, the antibacterial activities of the treated cotton fabric display 100% activity and excellent effects against gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli.

Chitosan-Based Reagents Endow Recycled Paper Fibers with Remarkable Physical and Antimicrobial Properties

The aim of the current work was to develop and study a paper additive system that endows recycled paper fibers with strong mechanical and antimicrobial properties. Five different types of modifying agents including succinic acid, carboxymethyladipic acid, butanetetracarboxylic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) were reacted with soy flour. Approximately 2% modified soy flour additive by mass relative to a old corrugated container (OCC) pulp slurry was mixed before generating a two-dimensional hand sheet for physical testing. DTPA-modified soy-flour-treated OCC pulp displayed better tensile relative to the results from the use of other modifying agents. Soy flour was treated with different DTPA concentrations, times, temperatures, and pH values to determine the optimal modification reaction conditions. Afterward, the DTPA–soy flour was complexed with chitosan to decrease the biodecomposition of soy protein, improve its incorporation into an OCC matrix, and ...

Preparation of Hydrophobic Nylon Fabric

Surface roughness and surface energy are two important factors affecting the hydrophobicity of nylon fabric. In this study, nylon fabric was treated for hydrophobicity with tetrabutyltitanate (TBT) and octadecylamine (OA) which were respectively responsible for increasing surface roughness and reducing surface energy. In order to enhance the hydrophobicity, In order to further enhance hydrophobicity by increasing available reactive sites, 1,2,3,4–butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) was applied as a pretreatment to the nylon fabric It was found that the carboxyl content of nylon was increased by the BTCA pretreatment. SEM images showed that the TBT treatment produced small particles on nylon fabric which made surface rough. The water contact angle of nylon fabric treated with BTCA, TBT and OA was measured to be 134°, which was much greater than the water contact angle of nylon fabric treated only with OA. This indicated that the surface roughness resulting from the TBT treatment played an important role in improving hydrophobicity of the treated nylon fabric. The resistance to water penetration and the repellency of water spray of nylon fabric treated with BTCA, TBT and OA were respectively measured to be 27.64 mbar and 85 out of 100.

Antibacterial properties of silk fabric treated with silver nanoparticles

Silk is hygroscopic and is affected by microorganisms easily. Hence, treatment with antimicrobial agents can facilitate to make silk resistant to microbes. Silver nanoparticles have been attempted by researchers and applied as antimicrobial chemical finish on textiles. Silk has also been applied with silver nanoparticles through exhaust method to obtain antimicrobial properties. However, use of cross-linking agents such as 1,2,3,4 butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) for entrapping silver nanoparticles in the interstitials of the silk molecular chain has not been attempted. The present study is focused on the application of BTCA on silk in the presence of sodium hypophosphite (SHP) simultaneously using silver nanoparticles has been done by pad-dry-cure (2dip/2nip) method. Application of 6% BTCA with 3% SHP and 250 ppm of silver nanoparticles gave satisfactory antimicrobial properties. Infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) studies showed good cross-linking of BTCA. X-ray diffraction studies depict that the crystal structure and crystallinity % of treated silk did not change due to the treatment. SEM studies showed the impregnation of silver nanoparticles on to the fibre matrix. Different physical properties of silk fabric did not change due to the treatment. Based on the studies, it is inferred that BTCA cross-links with silk fibroin at the carboxyl and amine groups, create a lattice void and trap silver nanoparticles giving durable antimicrobial finish.