Butanetetracarboxylic Acid Research Articles

Enhanced Self‐cleaning, Antibacterial and UV Protection Properties of Nano TiO2 Treated Textile through Enzymatic Pretreatment

Textile materials can be treated with some enzymes to improve their functionality. The usual enzymatic treatment hydrolyzes the textile surfaces that leads to increase the functional groups. Here, the polyester/wool fabric as a blend of fibers fabric was selected and treated with the two different types of enzymes to increase the surface activity with a propose of higher nano-TiO(2) adsorption. The fabric was first treated with proteases and lipases to hydrolyze the wool and the polyester surfaces, respectively. It has been then dipped into an ultrasound bath containing nano TiO(2) and cross-linking agent followed by curing. The cross-linking agent, butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), also assisted to enhance the nano-particles adsorption and stabilization on the fabric surface. The self-cleaning properties of the fabrics were examined through evaluating the color removal from the stained fabric with Acid Blue 113. The antibacterial properties were determined by reduction growth of a Gram-negative bacteria E. coli. and the UV protection was assessed by UV-reflectance spectrum. The SEM pictures and EDX spectrums of some samples were also reported.

Self‐cleaning and color reduction in wool fabric by nano titanium dioxide

Wool is a textile material that is valued for its strength, warmth, water resistance, and texture. But this natural fiber of the protein keratin lacks the stain resistance of synthetic fabrics and is also generally susceptible to harsh processing conditions. In this study, raw and oxidized wool fabrics were treated with nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder in an ultrasonic bath. These particles were linked to the wool surface by butane tetra carboxylic acid and also sodium hypophosphite was used as a catalyst. The photo‐catalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles deposited on the wool fabrics was followed by the degradation of Acid Blue 113 as a stain and also determined by the degradation rate of food stains such as coffee, tea, and fruit juice under the ultraviolet rays. The results showed that increasing the amount of nano TiO2 leads to improved degradation of stains on the treated fabric.

The role of nano colloid of TiO 2 and butane tetra carboxylic acid on the alkali solubility and hydrophilicity of proteinous fibers

One of the main problems of wool as an important proteinous fiber is low resistance against alkali media. Finding a way to solve this problem without any influences on other fiber characteristics is still a matter of research. Using nano particles on textile materials is a new approach to produce novel properties. Here, nano titanium dioxide (NTO) particles along with butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) were sonicated in the ultra sound bath and applied as a nano colloid on the wool fabric. BTCA played different roles as wool cross-linker, a polyanionic agent, and stabilizer for nano TiO 2. Various concentrations of NTO and BTCA were applied through impregnation of the fabric in ultrasonic bath followed by curing. The resistance of fabrics against alkali was assessed by solubility in sodium hydroxide and the hydrophilicity monitored by the water drop absorption time and the contact angle before and after UV irradiation. Interestingly, the alkali solubility of the nano TiO 2 treated wool fabrics reduced while the fabric became more hydrophilic. This fact was shown by the testing results and is thoroughly discussed in the article. The response surface methodology (RSM) was also applied to find the optimum conditions for the wool fabric treatment.

Nano titanium dioxide on wool keratin as UV absorber stabilized by butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA): A statistical prospect

Photo yellowing of wool is one of the most important problems which have negative impacts on various aspects of wool prompting scientists to find a solution over the past decades. In this research the protective features of nano-titanium dioxide particles against UV on wool fabric were discussed and the color variations of wool samples after UV irradiation were measured and reported. It was shown that nano TiO2 is a suitable UV absorber and its effect depends on the concentration. Also, it was assumed that butane tetracarboxylic acid plays a prominent role as a cross-linking agent to stabilize the nano-titanium dioxide as well as a polyanion to maintain negative charges on the wool surface for higher nano particles absorption. Also the variables conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM).

Self-cleaning properties of bleached and cationized cotton using nanoTiO 2: A statistical approach

Cationization is a novel treatment on cotton to produce fabric with new characteristics. Bleached cotton fabric has already been treated with nanoTiO 2 (NTO) to create fabric with self-cleaning properties. However treatment of cationized cotton with NTO has not been reported. In this research, the self-cleaning properties of bleached and cationized cotton treated by NTO were compared and optimized using a statistical model. The bleached cotton was first cationized with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (Quat-188). The NTO particles were stabilized on the cotton surface using butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) in the presence of sodium hypophosphite (SHP) under different curing conditions including UV irradiation (UV), high temperature (High temp) and a combination of UV and high temperature (UV–Temp). The central composite design (CCD) was used for different variables based on Design of Expert software. The appropriate model was obtained for each condition to create optimum color difference. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also employed to indicate the NTO particles on the fabric surface including the size of nanoparticles and their crystallinity.

Bone implants modified with cyclodextrin: Study of drug release in bulk fluid and into agarose gel

The aim of this work was to better understand the importance of the type of experimental setup used to monitor antibiotic release from functionalized hydroxyapatite implants. Microporous hydroxyapatite discs were prepared by sintering and subsequently functionalized with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) polymer crosslinked with butanetetracarboxylic acid. On one hand, polymerization was performed within the implant after its impregnation with the monomers (CD-HA-M implant). On the other hand, a pre-synthesized HPβCD polymer was loaded and fixed onto the HA discs (CD-HA-P implant). Both types of implants were soaked with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride or vancomycin hydrochloride solution and dried at 37 °C. The DSC study highlighted that the cyclodextrin polymer could interfere with both drugs, due to the carboxylic groups carried by the crosslinks. Drug release was measured into phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 in agitated vials, or into agarose gels to more realistically mimic in vivo conditions. Importantly, in all cases, drug release into agarose gels was much slower than into well-agitated phosphate buffer. Non-functionalized discs displayed faster drug release because no complex could be formed and/or due to the absence of the HPβCD polymer network hindering drug diffusion within the implant pores. In the case of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, drug release from the CD-HA-M implants was faster than drug release from the CD-HA-P implants due to the different polymer structures resulting in different complexation strengths, whereas in the case of vancomycin hydrochloride the release patterns were similar because vancomycin hydrochloride was not included into the cyclodextrin. The agarose gel method seems more biorelevant and discriminatory than the vial method for drug release measurements from bone implants.

Optimization of cotton crosslinking with polycarboxylic acids and nano TiO2using central composite design

AbstractThe cotton crosslinking with butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) and citric acid (CA) in the presence of sodium hypophosphite (SHP) and nano TiO2(NTO) under different curing conditions were optimized using a statistical model. The central composite design (CCD) was used for variables based on Design of Expert software. The appropriate model to create optimum crease recovery angle was obtained for each condition. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also employed to indicate the NTO particles on the fabric surface with the size of nano particles and their crystallinity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

Novel spacer three-dimensional polyester fabric with β -cyclodextrin and butane tetra carboxylic acid

Modifying polyester spacer fabric by β -cyclodextrin (β -CD) produces a new product with special characteristics, butane tetra carboxylic acid, which is used as a cross-linking agent for improvement of durability of this material on textile. In this research different concentrations of butane tetra carboxylic acid and β -CD applied on three-dimensional fabric and some fabric properties including weight change, regain, water drop absorption time on fabric surface, chrome ion absorption, and reactive dye absorption were studied. Furthermore, the morphology of fabric surface has been examined by scanning electron microscopy images and its chemical structure by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. We have also studied the washing durability of the modified product after 10 times of washing. The results show that increasing the concentration of carboxylic acid and β -CD leads to obtain a higher gain modification.

폴리카르복시산 가교제를 이용한 고흡수성 PVA 필름의 제조

PVA films were crosslinked with dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) and three polycarboxylic acids of butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), citric acid and malic acid Different factors influencing the crosslinking treatment with BTCA were investigated including BTCA and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) concentration, curing temperature and time. The cured films was extracted with boiling water and gel fraction was calculated based on weight change of the PVA films. The gel fraction of PVA films increased with increasing curing temperature and time. And the resistance to water and thermal stability of the crosslinked PVA films improved with the BTCA crosslinking treatment. While crosslinking with citric acid gave the highest gel fraction among the crosslinkers, crosslinking with malic acid showed the highest absorbancy in 0.9% saline solution, which was attributed to lower crosslink density and high number-average molecular weight between crosslinks. The superabsorbent PVA films could be prepared by adjusting the crosslinking condition of PVA with polycarboxilic acids.

Positively and negatively charged ionic modifications to cellulose assessed as cotton-based protease-lowering and hemostatic wound agents

Recent developments in cellulose wound dressings targeted to different stages of wound healing have been based on structural and charge modifications that function to modulate events in the complex inflammatory and hemostatic phases of wound healing. Hemostasis and inflammation comprise two overlapping but distinct phases of wound healing wherein different dressing material properties are required to bring pathological events under control when they present as a result of trauma or chronic wounds. Thus, we have designed cellulose wound dressings with properties that function through modified fiber surface properties to lower protease levels in the chronic wound and promote clotting in hemorrhaging wounds. With this in mind three finishing chemistries utilizing traditional pad-dry-cure approaches were explored for their potential to confer charged properties to cotton dressings. Cellulose dressings designed to remove cationic serine proteases from highly exudative chronic wounds were created to present negatively charged fibers as an ion exchange mechanism of protease-lowering. Phosphorylated cotton and polycarboxylic acid crosslinked cotton were prepared to examine their ability to remove human neutrophil elastase (HNE) from surrogate wound fluid. A cellulose phosphorylation reaction utilizing sodium hexametaphosphate: urea was explored to optimize cellulose phosphorylation as a function of HNE sequestration efficacy. Acid catalyzed cross linking of cellulose with butane-tetracarboxylic acid also resulted in a negatively charged dressing that removed HNE from solution more effectively than phosphorylated cellulose. Collagenase sequestration was also assessed with phosphorylated cellulose and polycarboxylic acid cross linked cellulose derivatives. Butanetetracarboxylic acid and phosphorylated cellulose functioned to remove collagenase from solution most effectively. Cellulose dressings designed to accelerate thrombosis and aggregation of blood platelets were prepared with a view to examining derivatized cotton fibers bearing a net positive charge to promote hemostasis. Cellulose and chitosan dressings bearing an aminoglucan functionality were created by grafting chitosan on cotton and preparing aminized cotton. The preparation of chitosan-grafted cotton dressings was completed with a citric acid grafting onto cellulose. Aminized cotton was functionalized as an ethylamino-ether cellulose derivative. The chitosan-grafted and aminized cotton demonstrated a dose response gelling of citrated sheep blood.

Use of chitosan/polyamine biopolymers based cotton as a model system to prepare antimicrobial wound dressing

The principle aim of this study is to explore and compare the effect of chitosan and linear polyvinyl amine, as biopolymer, on the antibacterial properties of the prepared dressing based cotton. The biopolymer molecules can be covalently fixed on to the cotton by using friendly anchor chemicals like butanetetracarboxylic acid. The treated cotton are characterised through monitoring the susceptibility of the amino groups created on the surface of the fabric. The bacteriostatic effect was evaluated against Escerichia coli (E. coli) DSMZ 498. The results obtained show a synergistic bacetriostatic effect of the treated cotton samples by using chitosan/polyvinyl amine finishing system. The produced dressing based cotton could be used as a model system to treat wounds, ulcers as well as diabetic ulcers, in addition some kind of burns.

Microwave curing for producing cotton fabrics with easy care and antibacterial properties

A new microwave curing system was used to affect crosslinking of cotton fabric with nonformaldehyde finishes, namely, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde and 1,2,3,4 butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). Water soluble chitosan was incorporated in the finishing bath in order to impart antibacterial activity to the fabric in addition to the ease of care characteristics. Glyoxal proved to be the best finish and, hence, it was studied along with the chitosan under a variety of conditions including chitosan concentrations, power and time of microwave curing. Besides the crease recovery and strength properties of the finished fabrics, the latter were also monitored for N%, antibacterial activity and characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and FTIR spectra when compared. With conventional curing system, the microwave curing system was found advantageous in production of cotton fabrics with easy care antibacterial properties without high losses in strength properties.

Alkali‐catalyzed low temperature wet crosslinking of plant proteins using carboxylic acids

We report the development of a new method of alkali-catalyzed low temperature wet crosslinking of plant proteins to improve their breaking tenacity without using high temperatures or phosphorus-containing catalysts used in conventional poly(carboxylic acid) crosslinking of cellulose and proteins. Carboxylic acids are preferred over aldehyde-containing crosslinkers for crosslinking proteins and cellulose because of their low toxicity and cost and ability to improve the desired properties of the materials. However, current knowledge in carboxylic acid crosslinking of proteins and cellulose requires the use of carboxylic acids with at least three carboxylic groups, toxic phosphorous-containing catalysts and curing at high temperatures (150-185 degrees C). The use of high temperatures and low pH in conventional carboxylic acid crosslinking has been reported to cause substantial strength loss and/or undesired changes in the properties of the crosslinked materials. In this research, gliadin, soy protein, and zein fibers have been crosslinked with malic acid, citric acid, and butanetetracarboxylic acid to improve the tenacity of the fibers without using high temperatures and phosphorus-containing catalysts. The new method of wet crosslinking using carboxylic acids containing two or more carboxylic groups will be useful to crosslink proteins for various industrial applications.

Removal of heavy metals from aqueous media by cation exchange nonwoven PET coated with β-cyclodextrin-polycarboxylic moieties

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the capacity of new cationic exchange textiles (CET) to uptake four heavy metals (Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+) from water. The CETs are nonwoven PET coated with a copolymer (polyester) of β-cyclodextrin and different polycarboxylic acids: citric acid (CTR), 1,2,3,4–butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), polyacrylic acid (PAA Mw=2000g/mol). The efficiencies of these three CETs (either on carboxylic or carboxylate forms) and the uncoated (βCD-citric acid) copolymer were established with respect to different experimental conditions (time, pH, metal mixture). Finally, two CETs (those coated with CTR or BTCA) gave the best results for depollution applications in terms of the metal adsorption/cost ratio.

Photocatalytic functional cotton fabrics containing benzophenone chromophoric groups

AbstractIn preparation of self‐decontamination clothing materials in high reactivities against toxic agents, photoactive benzophenone chromophoric groups were incorporated into cotton fabrics. The cotton fabrics were treated by using 4‐hydroxybenzophenone as a reagent, 1,2,3,4,‐butanetetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) as a crosslinker, and sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst. The fabric treatment was conducted by a pad‐dry‐cure method. The benzophenone chromophoric group incorporated cotton fabrics were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and so on. The results confirmed the expected structures of the benzophenone chromophoric group modified and BTCA crosslinked cotton fabrics. The treated cotton fabrics demonstrated radical reactivities and antibacterial activity under UV irradiation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007

Antimicrobial Cellulose: Preparation and Application of 5-Methyl-5-Aminomethylhydantoin

A new N-halamine precursor, 5-methyl-5-aminomethylhydantoin (AH), was synthesized. This N-halamine precursor can be coated onto cotton surfaces with the addition of the crosslinking agent butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and rendered biocidal by exposure to halogen solutions either before or after curing the coating or material. Standard washing tests show that covalently bound AH/BTCA on the cotton swatches can survive repeated washing cycles. After 50 washing cycles, chlorinated cotton swatches had lost 98.7 % of oxidative Cl+, but after rechlorination, almost 43.5 % of Cl+ was regained. Biocidal tests indicated that the cotton swatches coated with chlorinated AH/BTCA were effective against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative Escherichia coli.

Simultaneous x‐linking and antimicrobial finishing of cotton fabric

AbstractThis research work tries to achieve a multifunctional finishing on the cotton fabric by using environmentally friendly chemicals. Chitosan and N‐(2‐hydroxy) propyl‐3‐trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) with different crosslinking agents including citric acid (CA), butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA), and glutaraldehyde (GA) were coapplied on the cotton fabric. This improves the laundering durability of antimicrobial treatment by formation of covalent bond between the crosslinking agent, antimicrobial agent, and cellulosic chains. Furthermore, it helps to enhance the crease resistance properties of the treated samples. The antimicrobial activities of the treated samples were tested after 15 laundering cycles. The whiteness and wrinkle recovery angle of the treated fabric were also examined. The glutaraldehyde treatment was superior to CA treatment in terms of prolonged antimicrobial activity of the samples after successive laundering. Also, the treated samples with glutaraldehyde showed a higher wrinkle recovery angle with excessive deterioration in whiteness when compared with CA and BTCA. The treated samples with CA and BTCA show good antimicrobial activity after successive laundering and improved wrinkle recovery angle. However, BTCA indicates a higher durability in comparison with CA and same durability after repeated laundering with glutaraldehyde. This can be achieved without yellowing and unpleasant odor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 178–185, 2007

Polycarboxylic acids as network modifiers for water durability improvement of inorganic–organic hybrid tin-silico-phosphate low-melting glasses

We investigated the water durability of the inorganic–organic hybrid tin-silico-phosphate glasses Me 2SiO–SnO–P 2O 5 (Me designs the organic methyl group) doped with organic acids (salicylic acid (SA), tartaric acid (TA), citric acid (CA) and butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA)) containing one or more of carboxylic groups per molecule. The structure, thermal properties and durability of the final glasses obtained via a non-aqueous acid–base reaction were discussed owing to the nature and the concentration of the acid added. 29Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR and 31P MAS NMR spectra, respectively, showed clearly a modification of the network in the host glass matrix of the Me 2SiO–SnO–P 2O 5 system. The polycondensation enhancement to form –P–O–Si–O–P– linkages (PSP) and the increase of the Q 2 unit (two bridging oxygens per phosphorus atom) over the Q 3 unit (three bridging oxygens per phosphorus atom) as a function of the acid in the order SA<TA<CA<BTCA, suggest the formation of a chain-like structure which contrasts with the high cross-linkage in the Me 2SiO–SnO–P 2O 5 matrix. In addition, this structural change is accompanied by a decrease of the coefficient of thermal expansion and an increase of the water durability of the glasses with the acids containing a large number of carboxylic groups per molecule. The presence of carboxylic groups of the acid acting as network modifier may retard the movement of water molecules through the glasses due to the steric hindrance strengthening the PSP connections in a chain-like structure.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Dendrimers with a Hydrophilic Interior as Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery

Novel polyester-co-polyether dendrimers consisting of a hydrophilic core were synthesized by a combination of convergent and divergent syntheses. The core was synthesized from biocompatible moieties, butanetetracarboxylic acid and aspartic acid, and the dendrons from PEO (poly(ethylene oxide)), dihydroxybenzoic acid or gallic acid, and PEG monomethacrylate. The dendrimers, Den-1-(G 2) (second generation dendrimer-1) and Den-2-(G 2) (second generation dendrimer-2) consisting of 16 and 24 allyl surface groups, respectively, were obtained by coupling the dendrons to the core. The dendrimer (Den-1-(G 2)-OH) with hydroxyl groups at the surface was synthesized by oxidation of the allyl functional groups of Den-1-(G 2), which was divergently coupled to the dendrons to obtain the third generation dendrimer Den-1-(G 3) consisting of 32 surface groups. The modifications in surface groups and generation of dendrimers were shown to influence the shape of dendrimers in the AFM studies. The aggregation as well as self-assembly of dendrimers was observed at high concentration in water by light scattering studies; however, it was reduced on dilution and in the presence of sodium chloride. Dendrimers demonstrated good ability to encapsulate the guest molecule, with loading of 15.80 and 6.47% w/w for rhodamine and beta-carotene, respectively. UV spectroscopy proved the absence of any pi-pi complexation between the dendrimer and encapsulated compounds. (1)H NMR and FTIR studies showed that the physical entrapment and/or hydrogen bonding by PEO in the interior and branch of the dendrimer are the mechanisms of encapsulation. The release of the encapsulated compounds was found to be slow and sustained, suggesting that these dendrimers can serve as potential drug delivery vehicles.

The antimicrobial activity of cotton fabrics treated with different crosslinking agents and chitosan

Cotton fabrics were treated with two different crosslinking agents [butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and Arcofix NEC (low formaldehyde content)] in the presence of chitosan to provide the cotton fabrics a durable press finishing and antimicrobial properties by chemical linking of chitosan to the cellulose structure. Both type and concentration of finishing agent in the presence of chitosan as well as the treatment conditions significantly affected the performance properties and antimicrobial activity of treated cotton fabrics. The treated cotton fabrics showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi tested. Treatment of cotton fabrics with BTCA in the presence of chitosan strengthened the antimicrobial activity more than the fabrics treated with Arcofix NEC. The maximum antimicrobial activity was obtained when the cotton fabrics were treated with 0.5–0.75% chitosan of molecular weight 1.5–5 kDa, and cured at 160 °C for 2–3 min. Application of different metal ions to cotton fabrics treated with finishing agent and chitosan showed a negligible effect on the antimicrobial activity. Partial replacement of Arcofix NEC with BTCA enhanced antimicrobial activity of the treated fabrics in comparison with that of Arcofix NEC alone. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the exposure of bacteria and yeast to chitosan treated fabrics resulted in deformation and shrinkage of cell membranes. The site of chitosan action is probably the microbial membrane and subsequent death of the cell.