Busy Intersection Research Articles

Analysis of Unmanned Four-Wheeled Bot with AI Evaluation Feedback Linearization Method

In this research paperwork, thereis the design and implementation of aBot with the ability to work in four directions of movement forward, backward, left, and right using aself-governingstability system. The bot's resultingbe in command of objective is to follow a path at the required speed, while its primary control purpose is to maintain equilibrium whenever the balance position is unstable owing to a change in the center of gravity. We report our surveys into the concertevaluation of a highly linear four-wheeledmatchingmachine using a PID regulator and a PI-PD regulator. Here I have added advantages with the AI evaluation feedback linearization technique to detect and process with auto error time solutions. The key benefits include cogency in the actual application; switchdevice, enhanced performance, and capacity to overcome uncertainties. Simulated and experimental findings are used to compare and support a performance evaluation of the system. Numerous automatic systems for detecting traffic accidents have been developed by researchers. These techniques frequently make use of many applications such as smartphones, infrared sensors, and mobile applications.All of these techniques fall short when it comes to the instinctiverecognition of traffic accidents. The sifters used in smartphones may make it difficult to detect low-speed collisions. The suggested system does not specify the threshold distances at which an IR sensor will react. It is suggested to use a revolutionary method based on ultrasonic sensors.Using an ultrasonic sensor to identify accidents allows for the ability to do so not only in different street contexts but also in industrial settings, busy intersections, and weather circumstances like clouds, fog weather, rain, and heavy traffic.

Walk or run? An observational study to explore pedestrian crossing decision-making at intersections in Dhaka, Bangladesh applying rules mining technique

To ensure the safety of pedestrians, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of their road crossing behaviors, including the factors that influence the decisions they make regarding crossing. One of the crucial crossing behaviors of pedestrians is the crossing pattern, which refers to whether a pedestrian crosses the road by walking or running. Safety of the pedestrians often depends on it as running crossing pattern is one of the riskiest crossing behaviors. However, there is a lack of inclusive studies that explore pedestrians’ decision regarding their crossing pattern. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the significant factors influencing pedestrians' decision regarding their crossing patterns (walk or run) at intersections in Dhaka, Bangladesh, using the chi-square test, and to examine the association between the identified contributory factors and crossing pattern using the association rules mining technique. Pedestrian road crossing behaviors, their characteristics, and traffic characteristics related data were collected from six busy intersections in Dhaka using the videography survey method. Findings of the study showed that walking crossing pattern was strongly associated with the factors such as controlled intersection, narrow road, wide median, female pedestrian, older pedestrian, using two-stage strategy, group crossing, accepting larger gap, using crosswalk, and crossing in front of slower vehicles. Besides, running crossing pattern was strongly associated with uncontrolled intersection, wide road, narrow median, male pedestrian, younger pedestrian, using rolling gap strategy, crossing alone, accepting shorter gap, crossing through conflict zone, and crossing in front of light and faster vehicles. The findings of this study would aid policymakers to develop effective solutions to improve pedestrian safety as well as to design future technologies like automated driving systems.

“You'll Never Walk Alone”: School Crossing Guard Associations and Labor Feminism in the Postwar United States

Abstract In the years immediately following World War II, cities and townships across the United States implemented public safety programs to oversee road crossing for children outside schools. The crossing guards assigned to coordinate safe passage at busy intersections were primarily women and, as part-time workers, were a distinct sector of an expanding public sector workforce. This article highlights the origins of these public safety initiatives and how crossing guards formed associations in the 1950s and 1960s to secure economic improvements. These independent organizations articulated an important variant of labor feminism in the early postwar era, and attention to the agendas put forward by these women opens new insight into this aspect of working-class activism. Into the 1970s, many guard associations merged with AFL-CIO unions, especially the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), becoming a catalyst for a range of programs that prioritized the needs of working women in collective bargaining agreements. The article concludes with an overview of the issues crossing guards and their organizations face in an age of increasing austerity in the new century.

Using Simulation Modeling to Determine Optimum Operating Modes of Traffic Lights at Investigated Crossroads

The problem of traffic regulation has been a big problem in many countries for many years. One of the most acceptable methods of decoupling the traffic flow is to optimize the operation of the traffic light. This article presents a simulation method used to find the optimal modes of operation of a traffic light at a given intersection. Models were created that simulate the transport networks of the city, on the basis of which the experimental results of this simulation were obtained. The simulation was carried out on the basis of optimizing the time of the traffic light on the given sections of the routes. To optimize the operation of traffic lights, the following sequence of operations was implemented: during the iteration, optimization parameters were selected from those specified in the database, followed by work on the model based on these parameters; at the end of one cycle of the model, the value of the optimizing function was determined at the time of the cycle completion. The resulting optimizing function is analyzed and, if necessary, new values of the optimization parameters are introduced, a new value of the optimization function is found, and the process is repeated until the function satisfies the specified initial conditions or reaches a constant value. The data obtained as a result of the optimization showed that the optimization made it possible to increase the capacity of busy intersections by almost three times.

Joint clustering and prediction approach for travel time prediction.

Modeling and prediction of traffic systems is a challenging task due to the complex interactions within the system. Identification of significant regressors and using them to improve travel time predictions is a concept of interest. In previous studies, such regressors were identified offline and were static in nature. In this study, an iterative joint clustering and prediction approach is proposed to accurately predict spatiotemporal patterns in travel time. The clustering module is tied to the prediction module, and a prediction model is trained on each cluster. The combined clustering and prediction are then iterated until a chosen metric is optimized. This orients clusters of data towards prediction while enabling model development on subsets of travel time data with similar prediction complexity. The clusters created using the joint clustering and prediction approach confirmed to the real-world traffic scenario, forming clusters of high travel time at busy intersections and bus stops across the study stretch and forming clusters of low travel time in the sub-urban areas of the city. Further, a comparison of the developed framework with base methods demonstrated a decrease in prediction errors by at least 22.83%. This indicates that creating clusters of data that are sensitive to the quality of predictions using the joint clustering and prediction framework improves the accuracy of travel time predictions. The study also proposes criteria for choosing the best predictions when cluster-based predictions are used.

A Cruel Theatre of Self-Immolations: Contemporary Suicide Protests by Fire and their Resonances in Culture [Okrutny teatr samospaleń: Protesty samobójcze w ogniu i ich echa w kulturze współczesnej

<i>A Cruel Theatre of Self-Immolations: Contemporary Suicide Protests by Fire and their Resonances in Culture</i> [Okrutny teatr samospaleń: Protesty samobójcze w ogniu i ich echa w kulturze współczesnej

Growth Plan In Operational Design Management For Pt. Traffic Light Jaya

Traffic congestion is followed via way of means of more and more site visitors injuries. These are ruled via way of means of bike injuries, which additionally account for the very best part of fatalities and essential injuries. Careless riding and unruly conduct via way of means of drivers are the primary reasons of injuries in Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk a coordinated attempt which can also additionally alleviate a metropolis’s congestion is deemed necessary, specially in tackling busy and complicated intersections on the middle of the trouble to lessen losses. Research is carried out using qualitative research. It was concluded that The company must have good marketing and operational strategies to get more customers and maintain the business in order to keep it disrupting the times. The future challenge is very challenging for this business to set up a new strategy to meet market demands and globally transform. With the presence of a 24-hour hotline to receive customer complaints I feel is one form of responsibility from the company. Building a laboratory seems to be needed in the near future given the many demands in the three cities as a preliminary experiment. It is hoped that with good management operations, this business can dominate and be irreplaceable, given the purpose of establishing this company is to be a solution to the bottleneck and effectiveness of the government budget

Growth Plan In Operational Design Management For Pt. Traffic Light Jaya

Traffic congestion is followed via way of means of more and more site visitors injuries. These are ruled via way of means of bike injuries, which additionally account for the very best part of fatalities and essential injuries. Careless riding and unruly conduct via way of means of drivers are the primary reasons of injuries in Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk a coordinated attempt which can also additionally alleviate a metropolis’s congestion is deemed necessary, specially in tackling busy and complicated intersections on the middle of the trouble to lessen losses. Research is carried out using qualitative research. It was concluded that The company must have good marketing and operational strategies to get more customers and maintain the business in order to keep it disrupting the times. The future challenge is very challenging for this business to set up a new strategy to meet market demands and globally transform. With the presence of a 24-hour hotline to receive customer complaints I feel is one form of responsibility from the company. Building a laboratory seems to be needed in the near future given the many demands in the three cities as a preliminary experiment. It is hoped that with good management operations, this business can dominate and be irreplaceable, given the purpose of establishing this company is to be a solution to the bottleneck and effectiveness of the government budget

Event-related potentials in traffic policemen

Objectives: Occupational exposure to environmental factors has various adverse effects on health. The traffic policemen are exposed to the higher health risk as they are constantly working in the noisy and polluted environment. Since the job of traffic policemen demands concentration and attention, we planned to study event-related potentials (ERPs) in them to assess this aspect of their cognitive ability. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 35 traffic police personnel from the area of East Delhi who were posted at busy traffic intersections for more than 3 years. ERPs were recorded using the oddball paradigm. They had to respond to target stimuli by pressing a button on the response pad with a thumb of their dominant hand. Results: The latencies of N100, P200, N200, and P300 waves were not significantly different between controls and subjects. P300 latency was 266.41 ± 39.21 in controls and 254.20 ± 30.84 in subjects (P = 0.15). P300 amplitude was also not significantly different in both groups. Conclusion: There are no changes in the latencies of different components of ERP’s of traffic policemen, indicating preserved concentration and attention in our study.

Effect of pedestrian characteristics and their road crossing behaviors on driver yielding behavior at controlled intersections

Introduction: Globally, pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable road-user groups. Their vulnerability increases while crossing the road at controlled intersections during the “don’t walk” phase. Previous literature shows that driver yielding behavior has an association with pedestrian safety at intersections. Though several studies have explored driver yielding behavior towards pedestrians at conflict points, evidence on how pedestrian actions influence driver yielding behavior at intersections is yet to be investigated. Method: To pursue this end, a binary logistic regression model was developed using the collected data to explore the effect of non-compliant pedestrian characteristics and their road crossing behavior on driver yielding behavior towards pedestrians at six controlled intersections of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The data were collected through videography survey. Results: Results showed that drivers were more likely to yield to pedestrians who were female, crossing in a group, carrying baggage, not using a mobile, making some hand gesture to the driver, or crossing by rolling gap strategy. Practical Applications: These findings add new insights for transportation planners into the complex interaction between vehicles and pedestrians at busy controlled intersections, and thus would help to make a pedestrian friendly street.

Characteristics and impact of environmental shaking in the Taipei metropolitan area

Examining continuous seismic data recorded by a dense broadband seismic network throughout Taipei shows for the first time, the nature of seismic noise in this highly populated metropolitan area. Using 140 broadband stations in a 50 km × 69 km area, three different recurring, strong noise signals characterized by dominant frequencies of 2–20 Hz, 0.25–1 Hz, and < 0.2 Hz are explored. At frequencies of 2–20 Hz, the seismic noise exhibits daily and weekly variations, and a quiescence during the Chinese New Year holidays. The largest amplitude occurred at a station located only 400 m from a traffic-roundabout, one of the busiest intersections in Taipei, suggesting a possible correlation between large amplitude and traffic flow. The median daily amplitude for the < 0.2 Hz and 0.2–1.0 Hz frequency bands is mostly synchronized with high similarity between stations, indicating that the sources are persistent oceanic or atmospheric perturbations across a large area. The daily amplitude for the > 2 Hz band, however, is low, indicating a local source that changes on shorter length scales. Human activities responsible for the 2–40 Hz energy in the city, we discovered, are able to produce amplitudes approximately 2 to 1500 times larger than natural sources. Using the building array deployed in TAIPEI 101, the tallest building in Taiwan, we found the small but repetitive ground vibration induced by traffic has considerable effect on the vibration behavior of the high-rise building. This finding urges further investigation not only on the dynamic and continuous interaction between vehicles, roads, and buildings, but also the role of soft sediment on such interaction.

City Profile: Dakar

City Profile:Dakar J. R. Patterson (bio) Léopold Sédar Senghor The Collected Poems Trans. Melvin Dixon University of Virginia Press Mariama Bâ So Long a Letter Trans. Modupé Bodé-Thomas Waveland Press David Diop At Night All Blood Is Black Trans. Anna Moschovakis Farrar, Straus and Giroux Boubacar Boris Diop Doomi Golo—The Hidden Notebooks Trans. Vera Wülfing-Leckie & El Hadji Moustapha Diop Michigan State University Press Anna Badkhen Fisherman’s Blues: A West African Community at Sea Riverhead Books 2022 NEUSTADT PRIZE LAUREATE! Click for larger view View full resolution “AFRICAN RENAISSANCE MONUMENT” BY PENNSTATENEWS IS LICENSED UNDER CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 LIKE A PILLOW that has burst its seams, Dakar overflows with an excess of life. The resultant drift of people, goods, and animals through the city is a raucous cacophony of metal and flesh. Initiating it, it seems, are the shopkeepers, who, egged on by some madness, empty their stores to display their wares on the sidewalks, if not the street itself. Pedestrians and aimless livestock, thus displaced, wander itinerant through busy intersections as one would an open plain. Drivers take it all in stride, using this stricture as an opportunity to free themselves from the burdens of direction and signage. The result is a pandemonium of travel, a melee of feet, wheels, and hooves. The klaxon is the lingua franca, a beep available for every expression from “Here I am!” to “Whee! I’m driving!” to “I don’t brake for children.” The gumming of Dakar’s arterial flow can be overwhelming; if one finds the car horn one of the world’s lesser languages, it is downright oppressive. Above the fracas, on a scrubby hillock, rise the emblematic threesome of a beefy man, his zaftig wife, and their pointing babe: the African Renaissance Monument, the tallest statue on the continent. The North Korean–built monolith is either, depending on one’s view, an embodiment of African rebirth and self-empowerment or a vanity project and cash cow for former president Abdoulaye Wade. Either way, it is impressively large, an imposing image of a pert, muscular family. Cities are not only formed of their brutish reality but also the collective ideas of their residents. This is fortunate for Dakar, a cornucopia of ideas and vision, where literature plays an important characterizing role. The most famous character is undoubtedly Léopold Sédar Senghor, who, elected as independent Senegal’s first president in 1960, was an acclaimed poet before his political rise, a model of Mao’s pen-and-sword ideal of a ruler. On the opposing side, his political rival, historian Cheikh Anta Diop, wrote a litany of intellectual publications that gave rise to Pan-Africanism and “Diopian thought.” Their joint struggle against oppression made Dakar one of the cradles of Négritude. Though Senghor and Diop, like Cheikh Hamidou Kane, are authors of another time, their themes of displacement and rebirth have carried through to today. The 2021 International Booker Prize went to the French-Senegalese author David Diop and translator Anna Moschovakis for At Night All Blood Is Black, which follows a Senegalese man into the fracas of the Second World War. That war casts a surprisingly heavy shadow over western Africa; war-grave cemeteries are found throughout this part of the continent. Dakar’s—Bel Air Cemetery—is near the sea, half a mile from the Museum of Black Civilization. Another everlasting theme is the troubled relationship between France and Senegal, between Dakar and Paris; two large, powerful countries within their respective spheres of influence, inextricably linked through history and language. This bond marks the work of authors Fatou Diome and Ndèye Fatou Kane, and filmmaker Ous-mane Sembène. There are, of course, other languages; both indigenous and widely spoken: Wolof, Pulaar, Sere, and Diola, to name a few. Books in these languages are rare to nonexistent, though the established writer and 2022 Neustadt Prize laureate, Boubacar Boris Diop, for one, writes in Wolof. When moving about the city, avoid, if possible, the cacophony of Sicap-Liberté and Grand Yoff arrondissements, where zones like S.C.A.T. live up well to their acronym. Stick to...

Visual propaganda at a crossroads: new techniques at Iran’s Vali Asr billboard

Located at one of Iran’s busiest intersections, the Vali Asr billboard has been a key venue for projecting and promoting the regime messaging of the Islamic Republic since 2015. With its unique ability to frequently change its images, unlike the more traditional painted murals populating Iran’s urban landscape, the Vali Asr billboard has the capacity to convey a wide-range of regime messages tailor-made for a variety of domestic and international events, whether foreseen or unforeseen, from national holidays to the outbreak of Covid-19. This article assesses how the Vali Asr billboard’s unique features and design style allow it to present a mix of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ propaganda and succeed in attracting public engagement with its images. Through a close analysis of the assassination of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) commander Qassem Suleimani (d. 2020), a series of murals unveiled during the holy month of Muharram in 2020, and a controversy around the 2018 World Cup, the article argues that the Vali Asr billboard is a unique communicative medium and potent tool for regime cultural producers in Iran’s twenty-first century media landscape.

Boundary conditions for gender differences in risk taking

Gender differences in risky behavior and decision-making have been observed across a number of behavioral domains. Reviews of this literature have tended to overlook the question of whether specific objective situational factors that are relevant to a particular risky decision moderate observed gender differences within risk domains. The current work explores this question by employing a naturalistic observation method. Over 2,700 pedestrians were observed crossing a busy intersection adjacent to a college campus in the southeastern U.S. Observers noted the number of male and female pedestrians present during each cycle of the traffic signal as well as how many individuals of each gender either crossed when the ‘don’t walk’ sign was active or waited for the safer ‘walk’ signal in order to cross. Also noted was whether these pedestrians were crossing at a ‘low risk’ area of the intersection, where a concrete safety island was present, or a ‘high risk’ area, where there was no safety island. The oft-observed gender difference in physical risk-taking was observed, with men being substantially more likely to cross during a ‘don’t walk’ signal compared to women. However, this was only observed at the ‘low risk’ area of the intersection. In contrast, risk-taking did not differ by gender at the ‘high risk’ crossing area. Implications for the understanding of the nature of gender-differences in risk taking are discussed.

Exploring urinary biomarkers to assess oxidative DNA damage resulting from BTEX exposure in street children

Children are highly susceptible to environmental contaminants as their physiology and some metabolic pathways differ from adults. The present cross-sectional study aimed to assess whether exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o,p-xylene, and m-xylene (BTEX) affects oxidative DNA damage in street children using a biomonitoring approach. Thirty-five boys (7–13 years of age), exposed by working at a busy intersection, and 25 unexposed boys of similar age and living in the neighborhood near the busy intersection were recruited. Urinary un-metabolized BTEX levels were quantified by a headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Urinary malonaldehyde (MDA) was measured with spectrophotometry. Sociodemographic and lifestyle conditions information was collected by interviews using administered questionnaires. Exposed subjects provided urine before (BE) and after work exposure (AE), while unexposed boys gave a single morning sample. Urinary BTEX concentrations in BE samples were similar to unexposed. Concentrations in AE samples were 2.36-fold higher than observed in BE samples (p < 0.05) and higher than those in the unexposed group (p < 0.05). In addition, urinary MDA levels in AE samples were 3.2 and 3.07-times higher than in BE samples and in the unexposed group (p < 0.05). Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) increased urinary BTEX and MDA levels in both groups. Our findings confirm that street children working at busy intersections are significantly exposed to BTEX, which is associated with oxidative stress. Implementing protective measures is crucial to reduce exposure and to improve health outcomes in this group.

Retina Metabolism and Metabolism in the Pigmented Epithelium: A Busy Intersection.

The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2, glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells to fuel the retina. Recent studies of energy metabolism have revealed striking differences between retinas and RPE cells in the ways that they extract energy from fuels. The purpose of this review is to suggest and evaluate the hypothesis that the retina and RPE have complementary metabolic roles that make them depend on each other for survival and for their abilities to perform essential and specialized functions.

A Case Study of Pedestrian Facility at Rangpo Traffic Intersection (Sikkim)

The risk to pedestrians increases as vehicular traffic increases, especially in developing countries where pedestrian movement is not given much consideration in design considerations. In hilly areas, pedestrian facilities such as foot paths and foot over bridges are available, but pedestrian crossings are not available at most of the busy intersections. The lack of dedicated pedestrian crossings causes pedestrians to cross at random, disrupting traffic flow and increasing pedestrian danger. In this analysis, a busy unsignalized intersection is investigated. This is a three-arm intersection leading to Majhitar, Rorathang and Teesta. A detailed traffic study (traffic volume and vehicle types) and pedestrian volume data is collected for each am. The information gathered is evaluated, and recommendations for engineering design and planning elements of pedestrian facilities along roadways and at road crossings are made.

High NO2 Concentrations Measured by Passive Samplers in Czech Cities: Unresolved Aftermath of Dieselgate?

This work examines the effects of two problematic trends in diesel passenger car emissions—increasing NO2/NOx ratio by conversion of NO into NO2 in catalysts and a disparity between the emission limit and the actual emissions in everyday driving—on ambient air quality in Prague. NO2 concentrations were measured by 104 membrane-closed Palmes passive samplers at 65 locations in Prague in March–April and September–October of 2019. NO2 concentrations measured by city stations during those periods were comparable with the average values during 2016–2019. The average measured NO2 concentrations at the selected locations, after correcting for the 18.5% positive bias of samplers co-located with a monitoring station, were 36 µg/m3 (range 16–69 µg/m3, median 35 µg/m3), with the EU annual limit of 40 µg/m3 exceeded at 32% of locations. The NO2 concentrations have correlated well (R2 = 0.76) with the 2019 average daily vehicle counts, corrected for additional emissions due to uphill travel and intersections. In addition to expected “hot-spots” at busy intersections in the city center, new ones were identified, i.e., along a six-lane road V Holešovičkách. Comparison of data from six monitoring stations during 15 March–30 April 2020 travel restrictions with the same period in 2016–2019 revealed an overall reduction of NO2 and even a larger reduction of NO. The spatial analysis of data from passive samplers and time analysis of data during the travel restrictions both demonstrate a consistent positive correlation between traffic intensity and NO2 concentrations along/near the travel path. The slow pace of NO2 reductions in Prague suggests that stricter vehicle NOx emission limits, introduced in the last decade or two, have so far failed to sufficiently reduce the ambient NO2 concentrations, and there is no clear sign of remedy of Dieselgate NOx excess emissions.

An integrated intersection design for promoting bus and car traffic

Signal priority and exclusive bus lanes are common measures used to promote bus travel at signalized intersections. However, these bus priority measures create significant damage to the car traffic especially at intersections with heavy bus and car traffic. For this reason, bus priority is not welcome at busy intersections. We examine a novel intersection approach design that can solve the above dilemma. The design integrates a bus lane, bus signal priority, and a midblock pre-signal for sorting different car traffic streams in tandem in the approach. Car capacity gains from the use of pre-signal can potentially recover the car capacity lost to bus lane and signal priority schemes. This paper first presents how the pre-signal and main signal can be timed to realize bus signal priority, and where the pre-signal should be placed. Models are then formulated for estimating the expected bus delay and car capacity under the integrated design. They are compared against three alternative designs, including a conventional intersection design without bus priority or pre-signal. Numerical results unveil that the integrated design produces not only significant bus delay savings, but also higher car capacities in most instances. Even greater car capacity gains are observed with higher bus frequencies. Moreover, the benefits are fairly robust when real-world operating features, such as bus arrival time prediction error, are considered. Thus, the integrated design can potentially promote both bus and car traffic at congested intersections.

Solution Concepts in Hierarchical Games Under Bounded Rationality With Applications to Autonomous Driving

With autonomous vehicles (AV) set to integrate further into regular human traffic, there is an increasing consensus of treating AV motion planning as a multi-agent problem. However, the traditional game theoretic assumption of complete rationality is too strong for the purpose of human driving, and there is a need for understanding human driving as a bounded rational activity through a behavioral game theoretic lens. To that end, we adapt three metamodels of bounded rational behavior; two based on Quantal level-k and one based on Nash equilibria with quantal errors. We formalize the different solution concepts that can be applied in the context of hierarchical games, a framework used in multi-agent motion planning, for the purpose of creating game theoretic models of driving behavior. Furthermore, based on a contributed dataset of human driving at a busy urban intersection with a total of ~4k agents and ~44k decision points, we evaluate the behavior models on the basis of model fit to naturalistic data, as well as their predictive capacity. Our results suggest that among the behavior models evaluated, modeling driving behavior as pure strategy Nash equilibria with quantal errors at the level of maneuvers with bounds sampling of actions at the level of trajectories provides the best fit to naturalistic driving behavior, and there is a significant impact of situational factors on the performance of behavior models.