Busan Port Research Articles

Real Ship Experimental Analysis on the Influence of Fuel Oil Consumption Considering Ship Speed and Ocean Environment

Ship fuel consumption is affected by ship speed and ocean environmental factors, which are resistance to ships. There have been not only mainly theoretical studies due to the difficulty of obtaining real ship experiment data, but also insufficient studies on correlation analysis between ship speed and ocean environment factors. In this study, we performed data pre-processing work to interpolate and integrate multi-type and shape data acquired by real ship experiments. Using the integrated data, we analyzed an empirical correlation between FOC and ship speed, ocean environmental factors (wind, current, wave). Navigation experiments for collecting data were performed on five voyages, starting at Busan Port, Ulsan Port, and Ulleungdo Island. FOC data was extracted from the electronic flow meter pre-installed for the research on ship, and ship position (Lon, Lat), speed (SOG) data were acquired from AIS and mobile phone, and ocean environmental data was used grid-type data generated by Korea Operational Oceanographic System (KOOS). As a result of daily correlation analysis, SOG was the greatest influence on FOC. Current velocity had the greatest effect on FOC according to the stronger external force by correlation analysis of average filtering condition. When receiving external force from the ship's heading, Wind speed was derived the highest rate of change in FOC compared to the maximum correlation coefficient of daily analysis. Current velocity was analyzed to have a high effect on FOC at low ship speed (6~7kts), and wind velocity was analyzed to be correlated with FOC at high ship speed (10kts), and wave affected FOC at all ship speed. wind velocity was found to have the greatest influence on the FOC during Maneuvering, and the correlation of wave force was analyzed to be the highest correlation during Cruising. In addition, we found to save the FOC with increasing rate of SOG change to 11% according to a force of 65kg⋠f acting on ship stern. This study has a meaning in the aspect of using the results of the real ship experiment because the results were derived with the limited condition and ship type, it is necessary that supplementation research. Keywords: Fuel oil consumption, Correlation analysis, Ocean environment, Ship speed, Real ship experiment

해방 직후 일본군의 귀환 수송과 부산항

해방 직후 일본군의 귀환 수송과 부산항

A Study on the Policy Priorities for the Enhancement of the Trans-shipment Competitiveness of the Port of Busan

A Study on the Policy Priorities for the Enhancement of the Trans-shipment Competitiveness of the Port of Busan

Economic Analysis for Investment of Public Sector’s Automated Container Terminal: Korean Case Study

The purpose of this case study is to conduct an economic analysis to calculate the proper terminal capacity of automated container terminal (ACT) investment from the perspective of the public sector. As a key element of smart port, the ACT is an important terminal operating facility for import/export and transshipment cargo between countries and must have facilities with sufficient capacity to load/unload export/import cargo in a timely manner according to the user’s request. Recently, the method of calculating the capacity of seaport infrastructure is changing from the method of applying the maximum capacity to the method of applying the proper capacity. Therefore, it is desirable to expand port facilities by investigating proper capacity rather than expanding port facilities based on the maximum performance. This study is a case study focusing on the new port of Busan introducing the ACT. From the perspective of national fiscal income and national economy from the ACT investment, this study determines the proper terminal capacity for each berth. As a result of economic analysis, the break-even terminal capacity to secure economic feasibility is from 544,272TEU of the nine berths to 600,138TEU of two berths applying a 2.96% discount ratio. In a sensitivity analysis considering the social discount rate and the change in the size of berths, the net present value has a positive value from a minimum of 530,000 TEU (nine berths with 1.96% social discount ratio) to a maximum of 620,000 TEU (three berths with 3.46% social discount ratio).

Effects of a Vessel Speed Reduction Program on Air Quality in Port Areas: Focusing on the Big Three Ports in South Korea

As the seriousness of air pollution from ports and ships is recognized, the Korean Port Authority is implementing many policies and instruments to reduce air pollution in port areas. This study aims to verify the effects of the vessel speed reduction (VSR) program among the procedures related to air pollution in port areas. This study was conducted using panel data created by combining ship entry and departure data and air quality measurement data. We measured the changes in air quality according to the entry and departure of ships and examined whether it changes due to the VSR program. For estimation, the panel fixed-effect model and the ordinary least squares (OLS) model were used. The results suggest that the VSR program had a positive effect on improving air quality in port areas. However, the VSR program’s effects were different over ports. Busan Port showed the highest policy effect, and Incheon Port showed a relatively low policy effect. Based on the results of this study, to maximize the VSR program’s effectiveness at the port, it is necessary to implement other eco-friendly policies as well.

Optimization in Handling Tasks in Monorail Transportation System at Busan Port

This paper presents an optimal solution for handling tasks at Busan Container Port in South Korea. Currently, there is a monorail transportation system being constructed and supposed to be ready in use in 2045. It is a project in association with Korean Government that aims to increase the utility rate at Busan Port – one of the biggest container port in the world. At the moment, the main transport mean at Busan Port is truck – whose speed is about 40-50 km/h, however this traditional method leads to a low productivity and traffic congestions on the road. An innovation is to build a monorail system that could operates at high speed (about 80-90 km/h) along the entire port to transfer standardized containers. This new transportation system is expected to strongly reduce the delay in transporting as well as increase the overall efficiency for the system. In new system, there are transport vehicles called shuttles that would move on the rail in only one direction, and to turn back in the opposite way, there are some special stations called change stations that would direct the shuttles into the other lanes – which is similar to the lane driver systems on the railway. Containers at each inner terminal in Busan Port will be grabbed onto the shuttles by special equipments called loaders – a kind of giant automated manipulator that would load or unload whenever a shuttle requires. To optimize the operation, we introduce a heuristic algorithm called Greedy Algorithm for scheduling tasks and assigning tasks – two major actions in a cycle work that significantly affects to the system’s performance. First, the containers at each loader position will be sorted in a proper sequence, and then the sorted schedule will be assigned to proper shuttles in order to lower the total working time and delay time as much as possible. The overall performance is simulated by MATLAB software, including the result charts showing the main criteria points, in order to highlight the advantage of new transportation system.

컨테이너 터미널 인력운영 변화요인의 탐색적 연구 - 부산항과 광양항을 중심으로 -

본 연구에서는 컨테이너 터미널의 변화요인(터미널 운영, 안전 및 법규, 조직문화, 기술발달, 사회외부적환경변화)이 컨테이너 터미널의 인력운영에 미치는 인과관계를 파악하고자 한다. 연구를 위해 부산, 광양항에 종사하는 터미널 관계자를 대상으로 300부의 설문지를 배포하였으며, 수집된 설문지 중 무응답 및 부실하게 응답한 설문지 53부와 결측치가 있는 16부의 설문지를 제거한 유효 설문지 231부를 통해 5가지 요인을 추출하였다. 이후 탐색적요인분석과 다중회귀분석을 진행하였으며 다음과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 첫째, 컨테이너 터미널의 변화요인 중 기술발달(자동화), 조직문화, 사회·외부적환경 변화 요인이 컨테이너 터미널 인력운영에 유의미한 영향을 미친다는 사실을 도출해 낼 수 있었다. 둘째, 컨테이너 터미널 인력운영체계의 변화에 기술발달과 사회·외부적환경변화가 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 인력구성(사무직/현장직)에 기술발달과 사회·외부적환경변화, 그리고 안전 및 보안이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 인력감소에 기술발달이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 인력의 전문화 및 교육시스템에 기술발달과 사회·외부적환경변화, 그리고 터미널 운영이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

부산⋅진해 신항 현황 분석을 통한 항만물류산업 활성화 방안에 관한 연구

최근 정부가 발표한 ‘2030 항만정책 방향 및 추진 전략’에 따라 시행되고 있는 부산 및 진해 신항이 동북아시아 지역의 핵심 항구로 발전하고 고부가가치를 창출하는 지역경제 중심지로 성장하기 위해서는 다양한 분야에서의 개선이 필요하다. 특히 부산 신항은 진해, 마산, 통영, 고현 등 인근 항만과의 클러스터 구축을 추진하고 있으나 부산 신항을 제외한 항만은 과잉경쟁 등으로 발전에 많은 한계가 드러나고 있다. 따라서 이런 상황에서 국내외 선진 주요 항만들의 사례를 분석하여 강점 및 쟁점을 분석함으로써 지역 항만물류산업의 발전 원동력과 발전 방안을 마련할 필요성이 있다. 이에 본 연구는, 부산 신항과 인근 지역항만의 항만물류산업 현황을 분석하고, 해외 주요 항만에 대한 고찰을 통해, 부산 신항 개발의 문제점 인식과 경쟁력 강화 요인을 파악함으로써 지역 항만물류산업의 활성화 방안을 제시하였다. 부산신항의 발전을 위한 개선방안으로, 부산신항 물류창고 단지 내 글로벌 물류기업 유치강화, 물류 창고에 대한 정부의 투자 및 지속적 관심 필요, 배후 단지의 추가적 물류 창고 부지 확보, 독자적 행정 서비스 구축, 물류창고단지 내 입주 기업의 수혜조건 완화, 투자형태의 다각화, 종합물류 기지와 복합적 교통시설 확충, 배후도로 확장, 입주업체 서비스 요구 수용 등이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 장기적인 관점에서 동 지역 항만물류산업의 경쟁력을 강화하고 상생 방안을 강구 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

항만과 도시의 관계 재정립을 통한 부산항과 부산의 연계성 강화 연구

항만과 도시의 관계 재정립을 통한 부산항과 부산의 연계성 강화 연구

해역별 해양오염사고 위험도 평가 및 개선방안 연구:해양경찰청 해양오염방제국 관할 구역을 중심으로

In recent years, on average, 270 domestic marine pollution accidents are occurring a year and especially, damage by oil outflow accidents is extremely serious. These large-scale oil spill accident bring about a very huge damage to marine living resources and recovery of nature and it takes a long period of time to rehabitation marine eco system. Therefore, this study aims to examine the increase in the marine pollution control staff over the last decade focusing on the Maritime Pollution Response Bureau that is an organization affiliated to Korea Coast Guard run by the state and compare the number of marine accident risk index. Over the past decade, the pollution staff has increased to 110, which is 30 percent higher than the total number of employees. When classifying the sea areas with the highest level of marine pollution accident risk among 17 jurisdictions into Grade D, Yeosu port had the highest risk index value at 9.38, and it was followed by Mokpo port at 9.13, Ulsan port at 8.75 and Busan port at 8.25. Therefore, it is considered that there is a need to increase the staff to be in charge of marine pollution control and deployed a dedicated patrol ships and facilities in the relevant districts.

A Study on Research Trend in Field of Busan Port by Social Network Analysis

A Study on Research Trend in Field of Busan Port by Social Network Analysis

Distribution and mitochondrial DNA tracing of the invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) in South Korea

AbstractArgentine ants (Linepithema humile) are one of the world's most invasive species and were first reported in South Korea, near Busan Port in 2019. The distribution of their initial spread was investigated here from April to July 2020. In the invasion area, numerous nests and individuals were identified, indicating that they had settled and successfully invaded the habitat. To track the invasion of the Argentine ants we conducted haplotype analysis using COI, COII, and Cytb sequences of their mitochondrial DNA. The invasive ants had the same mitochondrial haplotype (H3) as Argentine ants from America (Chile, Ecuador, Bermuda) and East Asia (Japan). When comparing the import trade volumes at Busan port with the Argentine ant haplotypes from other countries, it was determined that the invasive ants may have originated from the United States or Japan. Numerous ecological and economic impacts due to their invasion and spread in other countries has previously been reported. Therefore, prompt control measures for the Argentine ants found at Busan port, at this relatively early stage of settlement, is required.

A Study on the Optimization Maritime Shipping Network Analysis of Exported Container to the New Southern Area: A Focus on the Busan Port

A Study on the Optimization Maritime Shipping Network Analysis of Exported Container to the New Southern Area: A Focus on the Busan Port

A two-stage parallel network DEA model for analyzing the operational capability of container terminals

ABSTRACT This study proposes a systematical approach to evaluate the operational capability of container terminals and discusses the effect of resource usages on operational performances. Two inter-dependent processes (i.e. the loading-discharging (L&D) and the delivery-receiving (D&R) operational processes) with shared/non-shared resources and common/separate productions are examined and characterized as a two-stage parallel network. An evaluation model is developed upon the principles of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the operational capability of the terminals. Using the real-world dataset of 9 container terminals at Port of Busan, comparative performance results are obtained for 5 years spanning across 2014–2018. The proposed model demonstrates a much stronger discriminative power compared to the traditional CCR model in its estimations of performance in the decision-making units (DMUs). It can also be inferred from the results that efficiency in operations is a key qualifier for container volume while the market aggressiveness lends a competitive edge and reinforces a positive outcome on the performance of a container terminal. The study further examines the influence of management directive on a terminal performance and confirms that alignment of management directive with the operational capability of L&D and D&R processes is important in maximizing terminal throughout.

Financial Analysis of Automated Container Terminal Capacity from the Perspective of Terminal Operating Company

This study examines the financially feasibility of the proper terminal capacity by each berth size of the automatic container terminal (ACT) from the perspective of Terminal Operating Company (TOC). ACT is a highly productive and eco-friendly port facility, but it requires a lot of capital investment. Thus, the investment of ACT should consider the TOC’s operating profit preservation to determine the proper terminal capacity. In this study, we attempt to conduct financial analysis using the net present value method and estimate breakeven handling volume of five berth sizes (nine, five, four, three, and two berths). In particular, as the aim of this study is to propose a capacity model of ACT, the model must be able to adapt to a variety of situations reflecting the number of berths and financial discount rate. The case study focused on the new port of Busan, introducing ACT. As a result, the breakeven terminal capacity changes from 560,421 TEU of the 9-berth model to 633,102 TEU of the 2-berth model, applying a 4.5% standard discount ratio. In a sensitivity test considering the change in discount rate and the size of the berth at the same time, the net present value (NPV) has a positive value at the level of at least 550,000 TEU (nine berths and 3.5% discount rate) and up to 650,000 TEU (two berths and 5.5% discount rate). The method of optimizing financial efficiency by analyzing the appropriate loading capacity will be an important support tool in decision-making by providing the analysis results and reasonable information obtained during the analysis process to the TOC, the main stakeholder in the adoption of ACT.

The impact of organizational culture and strategy on shipping liner’s awareness and utilization of the 4th IR technologies

ABSTRACT When the industry is busy seeking ways to exploit the 4th IR to create added value, how should an organization prepare internally for bringing the common goal to fruition? This research studies the suitable organizational culture and strategy that enables an organization to be swiftly cognizant of external changes; as well as efficiently respond to the trend. Organizational culture and strategy types are identified and differences in the degree of awareness and utilization of 4th IR technologies according to the types are examined by ANOVA across 38 liner shipping companies that call at Busan Port. In addition, this study examines the future prospects of available technologies, business services, and partners with the progress of 4th IR. The empirical result shows that organization which is oriented based on developmental or rational culture and prospector strategy is expected to take lead in 4th IR, with both high mean value and statistical significance observed. This study emphasizes that for shipping companies to actively introduce and utilize the 4th IR technologies in response to environmental changes, it is necessary to manage or transform their organizational culture into the developmental or rational culture, and organizational strategy into prospector strategy.

A Study on the Selection of VTS Marine Incident Classification Criteria at the Busan Port

A Study on the Selection of VTS Marine Incident Classification Criteria at the Busan Port

A Study on the Estimation of Optimal Traffic Distribution near Breakwater in Busan Port

ABSTRACT Many studies have been carried out regarding the navigation algorithms and scenarios of other and own ship related to autonomous ships. However, there was a lack of research on the selection of safety ranges during passing marine structures. In this study, marine traffic analysis was performed at Busan Port in June 2020. As a result of analyzing optimal distribution group through Cullen and Frey graph, it was selected as gamma distribution, lognormal distribution, and normal distribution. The statistic was analyzed by the ranking of the goodness-of-fit test according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Anderson-Darling test, Cramer-von Mises test, Akaike’s Information Criterion, Bayesian Information Criterion. As a result, it was analyzed that lognormal distribution at arrival and gamma distribution at departure was best fitted. In this study, the optimal distribution was derived based on Bayesian Information Criterion through observations of 32 distributions through Monte Carlo simulation, and the results were the same. In general, when passing through the route and TSS, we performed the study by assuming the distribution as normal distribution. However, it is expected that more accurate traffic distribution can be derived based on this study, since distribution is different depending on the characteristics and circumstances.

Cloud-Based Virtual Port-Container Terminal Establishment and Operation Analysis

Worldwide, governments are making efforts to enhance the efficiency of port terminals by applying new technologies developed in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This study aims to systematically analyze port productivity and operational efficiency by establishing cloud-based virtual port-container terminals using operational data from Busan Port terminals. Accordingly, the integrated aspect-oriented modeling approach is applied to actual operational data from port-container terminals to develop a reusable, extendible and modifiable control system. This technique is used to establish a virtualized port-container terminal. In addition, this study presents a way to solve various problems arising from port-container terminals by analyzing real-time operation data generated by the terminals through a cloud system, as well as suggests ways to streamline operations. The methodology presented in this study can be applied to establish optimal operating systems for various ports and to develop and operate future port-container terminal systems.

Busan port’s Strategies for Utilizing Arctic Shipping Route

북극해의 결빙해역이 빠른 속도로 줄어들면서 북극항로를 활용하는 해상운송의 가능성이 확인되었다. 북극항로가 지니는 여러 문제점에도 불구하고 러시아의 북극자원 수출 운송, 일반화물과 중량화물의 통과운송 외에 중앙아시아 방면으로의 복합운송도 이루어지고 있다. 북극항로 운항의 불확실성이 점차 해소되면서 향후 북극항로 정기 운항의 실현 가능성이 높아지고 있다. 이러한 추세에 대응하여 우리나라의 주요 항만들도 미래의 북극항로 활용 가능성에 대해 선제적으로 대비를 해야 한다. 몇몇 항만들이 북극항로 시대에 대비하려 하고 있지만, 북극항로 통항여건, 운항현황, 법률적인 문제, 쇄빙지원 등 북극항로 관련 실질적인 운항정보 파악에 상당한 어려움이 있는 것이 사실이다. 하지만, 부산항은 북극해항로가 활성화될 경우 가장 많은 혜택을 볼 수 있는 항만이므로 컨테이너 중심항만인 부산항은 북극해항로가 본격적으로 활용될 시점에 대비하여 부산항의 경쟁력을 극대화할 수 있는 방안과 전략을 미리 준비해야할 것이다. 이를 위해 부산항은 북극 컨테이너 셔틀망 건설과 항만 건설에 대한 참여를 검토해야 한다. 또한 북극해항로가 필요로 하는 화물, 선박, 정보 시장을 부산항에 유치하기 위해 북유럽국가와 러시아와의 네트워크를 시작해야 한다. 동북아 최대 환적항만으로 북극해항로, 수에즈항로와 대륙철도를 유연하게 사용하는 해운서비스가 제공되는 항만으로 발전해야 한다.