Bus Terminals Research Articles

Prevalence, precision, and road safety implications of using faulty speedometers among commercial drivers in Ghana

ABSTRACT Vehicular speed is a significant risk factor for road crashes globally. The first objective was to establish the proportion of motorists who drive with faulty speedometers. Second, the study sought to establish procedures used to determine speeds when speedometers are defective. The third objective was to establish the precision with which motorists determine driving speeds with faulty speedometers. Convenience sampling was used to interview 124 professional drivers at 16 bus terminals in Kumasi to understand their speeding behaviors and perceptions on the accuracy of using defective speedometers. Secondly, drivers using defective speedometers were purposively nested for real-life driving tests in which their self-reported speeds were concurrently compared with actual speed measurements made with android-speedometers. Results show that 58% of drivers used defective speedometers. Ninety-six percentof the drivers with defective speedometers were confident that they could precisely tell their travelling speeds through procedures such as driving experiences, personal judgment, intruding wind, engine sound, and poking hands outside cars, thereby underestimating their actual speeds. In the driving tests, mean self-reported speed (58.7 ± 5.2 km/h) was significantly lower than measured speed (64.6 ± 8.9 km/h; p = 0.0003). This research has implications for road safety enforcement, education, and advocacy.

FROM NATIONALIZATION TO SECURITIZATION: AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF GENOSE COVID-19 TEST KITS IN INDONESIA

This research was carried out starting from the contemplation of seeing the Indonesian Government Policy on handling COVID-19 which is often inconsistent in several ways. The consequence of these problems is the trend of an increase in the number of Indonesian people who were confirmed positive for COVID-19. One of the inconsistencies in Indonesian government Policy can be seen in using the GeNose C-19 as a legally used COVID-19 test kit in Indonesia. GeNose developed and produced by Gadjah Mada University is claimed to be the national product. The procedure of GeNose is different from Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Swab tests. GeNose uses a breathing technique, and its result can be seen in 80 seconds. Aside from that, GeNose is also relatively cheap in terms of cost, when compared to PCR tests and Swab tests. It was designated as an official COVID-19 test kit in early 2021 by the state and has officially started being used legally at various airports, stations, and bus terminals. But unfortunately, in the last few days, due to an increase in the number of Indonesians who are confirmed positive for COVID-19, GeNose has started to stop. Hence, this research will look at the dynamics of how the Indonesian government is carrying out the nationalization and securitization of the GeNose test kit The researcher uses Barry Buzan's securitization theory and public health policy approach as analytical tools. The research method used is a qualitative approach with content analysis techniques. The results of the study stated that the actor of the nationalization and securitization of the GeNose issue was the state. There is a shifting paradigm in threats from military security to human security. GeNose issue so that at first nationalized and then constructed into a security threat and carried out securitization.

The New Street Gasworks, Caltongate

An extensive programme of archaeological fieldwork between August 2006 and May 2008 in the area of the former New Street Gasworks and New Street Bus Depot, Canongate, Edinburgh revealed remains of one of the earliest and most significant gasworks in Britain. As well as patches of medieval and post-medieval backland soils and post-medieval structures that pre-dated the establishment of the New Street works in the first quarter of the 19th century, substantial structural remains of the various phases of this industrial undertaking were recorded, along with a suite of associated artefacts.
 These works have permitted the exploration of the industrial heritage of Edinburgh, as well as revealing important evidence of the medieval and post-medieval occupation of the Canongate. This is the first major excavation of an urban gasworks in Scotland and has enabled an examination of how these gasworks functioned and how they expanded with the introduction of more efficient systems and new technology.

Optimal Power Flow in Wind–Photovoltaic Energy Regulation Systems Using a Modified Turbulent Water Flow-Based Optimization

This paper describes how to obtain optimal power flow (OPF) in power systems that integrate wind turbine (WT) and solar photovoltaic (PV) producers. A modified technique called modified turbulent water flow-based optimization (MTFWO) is presented to solve the nonconvex and nonlinear OPF problem effectively. In the OPF model, power output from renewable sources is regarded as a dependent variable. At the same time, the voltage at the bus terminals of WT/PV is used as a controller (decision variable). The amount of power generated by WT and PV generators is modeled using data collected in real time on the wind speed and the amount of irradiation from the sun. Although the TFWO algorithm has its benefits, it also has certain shortcomings in solving challenging problems. By more effectively searching the feasible space using different interaction mechanisms and improving exploitation capabilities, this paper improves the TFWO algorithm’s performance. We compare the performance and effectiveness of the suggested MTFWO method with cutting-edge optimization algorithms for solving the OPF problems, using the same system-specific data, limitations, and control variables in the comparisons.

#Betita TaughtMe: Risk-Taking as a Coalitional Gesture

#Betita TaughtMe:Risk-Taking as a Coalitional Gesture Rafael R. Solórzano (bio) Betita's History of Risk-Taking Movidas One cannot discuss the waves of youth activism in 1990s California without talking about the indispensable femtorship of Elizabeth "Betita" Martínez.1 As a freedom fighter and icon of the civil rights, Chicana/o, and women's movements, Betita's accessibility and popular education tools shaped youth of color's political activism and "understanding of their roles in social change" over many generations.2 For these youth, "to fight for justice alongside" Betita "was to connect to a lineage of nearly a century of revolutionary struggle."3 As a writer and organizer, Martínez documented and contributed to multiple freedom movements—from San Francisco, California, to Washington, DC. Her commitment to revolutionary politics and the fight against white supremacy led her to become director of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC) New York office in her forties. She continuously was part of young militant activist efforts to confront "southern strongholds of racism" despite its risks.4 Not only was "the work … grueling, especially for a single parent," as Tony Platt documented, Betita also carried out her activism in areas considered too dangerous to organize, such as rural Mississippi. In 1964, SNCC launched the Mississippi Freedom Summer Project (MFSP) to draw attention to the ways Mississippi Black people and civil rights workers experienced intimidation and violent oppression.5 As part of SNCC's increasing militancy in the region, Betita's stouthearted participation in this project helped document and build a homegrown freedom movement that consisted of traveling across the South to interview civil rights leaders and collect letters from volunteers. She later published this material in Letters from Mississippi (1965). But the act was particularly perilous, and in fact, scholars and organizers have acknowledged that the MFSP movement took "tremendous risks to combat the evil of racism."6 I open this piece with Betita's contributions to SNCC and MFSP to [End Page 1031] situate her activist past and how her many years of activism offered Bay Area youth of color activists in the nineties an understanding of the transformative potential that risk-taking and coalition building can facilitate. As the movement scholar Karma Chavez writes, Betita provides a "helpful model for how to think about such coalitional orientations."7 In a conversation with Angela Davis on May 12, 1993, at UC San Diego, Betita emphasized how building coalitions in a "me-first" generation after the Reagan-Bush administration requires experimentation, risk, and self-sacrifice, similar to the seven Black youth who sat down at the Woolworth's lunch counter at the first sit-in on April 1, 1960.8 She shared: "I want to emphasize the point about risk. There's not a climate of taking risks today. …There has to be some of that spirit today. Let's experiment, we don't have all the answers; we certainly don't have to have the ideology down, you know the whole package. But let's see some things that are wrong and try to change them, and take risks."9 So much of Martínez's writings and activism teaches us to reconsider the possibilities of risk-taking practices, or what I like to call "risk-taking movidas," on behalf of Black, Indigenous, queer, and youth of color activists. Risk-taking movidas not only are high-risk actions linked to activists' personal costs of time and energy and anticipated dangers but are resourceful undertakings meant to inspire mobilizations that center a new vision of racial solidarity among youth of color, queer youth, and women of color.10 At times, these new communityorganizing practices involve discomfort, fear, and sacrifice, such as the sit-ins at bus terminals and lunch counters led by Black leaders in the 1950s and 1960s. It is this teaching that remains most prominent and, I believe, inspired many of us youth of color in California to shift from our comfort zones in order to challenge the intensification of nativism and the state's youth abandonment by building a massive coalition in the 1990s. Drawing on my experience as a queer Chicano youth organizer in academic...

SITE PROCESSING ASSESSMENT TYPE A BUS TERMINAL IN SURAKARTA BASED ON ECO-TECH ARCHITECTURE THEORY

Abstract - Problems that are often seen in bus terminals are identical to air pollution, noise pollution and excessive use of energy in their operations, so that the bus terminal has a negative impact on the surrounding environment. Solving these problems can be done by site processing that applies Eco-Tech architectural theory. Eco-Tech architecture encourages environmentally-based designs combined with smart building design technology, is energy efficient, environmentally friendly and provides a sense of comfort for users. The theory is closely related to the principle of Green Building, where building design now must refer to the concept of green buildings. Assessment can be through the Greenship reference standard set by the Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI). One of the principles used in this assessment is appropriate land use management at the type A bus terminal site in Surakarta. This principle aims to assess and determine the condition of the site and its surroundings, the efficiency of land management, and rainwater treatment in the site in the future. This research method uses a qualitative method and provides an index value based on secondary data through the problem identification stage, inputting theory and literacy which is then followed by data analysis, and produces a conclusion, namely the application of this principle has not been fully applied to the design of the bus terminal in Surakarta.Keywords – Bus station, Surakarta City, Appropriate site, Eco-Tech

Analysis of Hybrid MCDM Methods for the Performance Assessment and Ranking Public Transport Sector: A Case Study

The quality of the public transport sector affects the economy and the daily livelihoods of passengers. One of the most important objectives of policymakers is to choose the influencing criteria for performance evaluations. A variety of factors are crucial for raising the standards of public transportation services. In this investigation, we used a decision-based model with uncertainty in order to identify significant criteria in the public transport sector. We also performed a comparative analysis to rank the Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC) bus depots based on their performance using hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques such as TOPSIS, VIKOR, and ELECTRE. To handle judgement ambiguities, in this work we incorporated the Delphi method (DM) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), along with fuzzy set theory. The fuzzy Delphi method was used to filter the important criteria. Using a fuzzy AHP approach, the screening criterion weights and rankings were determined. Furthermore, the bus depots were ranked using TOPSIS, VIKOR, and ELECTRE. Our findings can be applied in assisting policy-managers in formulating appropriate policies targeted at improving the overall health and competitiveness of bus depots using significant criteria and associated key indicators. In this study we investigated performance measures and proposed recommendations for the sustainable development of transportation in India.

Review of the energy forecasting and scheduling model for electric buses

Electric buses are getting more interest to be implemented in the public transport sector by different countries as a carbon mitigation strategy. However, there are a few issues with electric buses such as limited driving range and long recharging time compared to the conventional diesel bus. Due to its limited energy storage, estimation of the energy consumption for the electric buses becomes a crucial research area to prevent sufficient energy for electric buses during the service. The long recharging time of the electric buses requires a vehicle and a charging scheduling to ensure fulfilling the passenger demand without compromising the energy demand. The paper will review the state-of-the-art model for the energy forecasting model of the electric buses and electric bus charging scheduling models. The paper then compares the parameter in the energy forecasting model, the optimization objective, the charger technology, the charging pattern, and the constraint in the electric bus scheduling model. The purpose is to provide a well-structured comprehensive review on these energy forecasting and electric bus charging scheduling for engineers, researchers, investors, policy makers, bus depot companies, and other interested parties.

Decentralised multi-grid coupling for energy supply of a hybrid bus depot using mixed-integer linear programming

The present work refers to two current problems in the context of achieving Greenhouse gas (GHG) neutrality: first the curtailment of renewable, volatile power generation units and secondly the high share of the mobility domain in total GHG-emissions. Both problems can be countered by a decentralised, smart energy system that supplies electricity, gas and heat to a hybrid public transport bus fleet and is simultaneously coupled to the public gas grid, public electricity grid and the district heating grid (Multi-Grid-Coupling). The enabling energy conversion unit is a reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC), which is operated in combined heat and power (CHP) mode or in power-to-gas (P2G) mode. P2G is primarily a solution approach for the first-mentioned problem and can thus successively lead to the replacement of fossil energy sources. Furthermore, by integrating industrial waste gases – as a necessary CO2 source for the P2G process – an additional benefit is gained from the CO2 that is emitted anyhow. The hybrid bus fleet constitutes an ecological alternative concept in public transport and therefore addresses the second-mentioned problem. The system, developed under the current state of the art technologies and the current ecological and economic conditions for Europe and Germany, can be operated profitably from the perspective of the system operator. This applies to the economically and ecologically optimised operating schedule of the controllable system elements such as the electrical, thermal and compressed gas storages, rSOC, compressor and the energy exchange with the public grids. To derive the optimal operating schedule of the cross-sectoral system, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is implemented and simulated under the current legal situation.

Performance Evaluation of Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis

Maintaining and enhancing public transit services in Indian cities is important to meet rapidly-growing mass mobility needs. Indian cities rely predominantly on buses for public transportation, and issues of performance measurement and efficiency analyses for bus companies have been gaining significance due to severe operational stress and financial constraints in which these bus companies provide service to people. In public transportation, multiple parameters are involved that influence the efficiency of operation. This study measures the performance of premium bus services operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) using data envelopment analysis. This approach enabled the identification of opportunities for improvement at the bus depot and route levels. The analysis indicates that most depots are efficient, but some routes have significant opportunities for improvement.

Evaluation Method of Composite Development Bus Terminal Using Multi-Source Data Processing

Given the accelerating speed and scale of urbanization in China, a rational formulation of a composite development plan to increase the vitality and value of various areas is required. Thus, this study proposes a method for evaluating the spatial relationship among facilities around bus terminals by combining urban points-of-interest data and street view image data from two perspectives: the current level of development and potential of the terminals, and an evaluation of the surrounding pedestrian environment. This is in response to the lack of quantitative descriptions of the composite development of existing bus terminals. The validity and applicability of the methods are verified using the samples of five planned composite development bus terminals in the city of Zhengzhou. These results offer strategic suggestions for the composite development of the Zhengzhou bus terminals. This study demonstrates innovation in integrating geographic information data and street view image data. It reflects the spatial characteristics of the built environment using geographic information data and the visual characteristics of the built environment using street view images.

Multivariate Urban Air Quality Assessment of Indoor and Outdoor Environments at Chennai Metropolis in South India

The present study examines indoor and outdoor environmental particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in order to evaluate the urban air quality, the sources and pathways of pollutants, and its impact on Chennai megacity, South India. A total number of 25 air conditioner filter particulate matter samples collected from residential buildings, schools, colleges, commercial shopping malls, and buildings near urban highways were studied for indoor air quality. Similarly, outdoor air quality assessments have been done in various parts of the Chennai metropolis, including the Manali-Industrial area, the Velachery-Residential site, and the Alandur Bus Depot, as well as collected air quality data sets from the Central Pollution Control Board at continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations. The suspended atmospheric particles where the highest concentration (47%) occurred were mostly located in the roadside environments followed by commercial areas (42%), which indicates the increase in air pollution in the roadside areas. Further, environmental magnetism and ecological risk indices were studied from the collected data set. The study predicts that the air pollutants were predominantly from anthropogenic sources, such as vehicle emissions, effluents from power plants, abrasion of tires, steelworks, burning of fossil fuels and construction materials, etc. As a result, the current study suggests 68% of indoor pollutants were from the anthropogenic input, 18% from the pedogenic origin, and 14% from high heavy metal pollution at the sampling sites. This indicates that raising the ventilation rate via mechanical components significantly enhances the indoor air quality. These findings might be valuable in improving urban air quality, reducing traffic-related pollutants, and improving environmental quality.

Assessing the Planning Indicators for Open-Defecation Prevention in Ogun State Nigeria

This study is aimed at employing the structural equation model to estimate the significance of effective management of toilets, interventionist measures, and punitive measures, as veritable dimensions of planning that can mitigate open defecation in Ogun state, Nigeria. Adopting a four-level multi-stage approach, a total of 110, 100, and 120 questionnaires were respectively administered in Ogijo/Likosi, Ilaro I, and Sodeke/Sale‐Ijeun I wards. The selected criteria reflect the variance in the populations of 1,250,435(33%), 1,112,761(30%), and 1,387,944(37%) for Ogun East, Ogun West and Ogun Central, respectively. The pooled confirmatory factor analysis process involved several re-estimations, based on the deletion of lowly loading factors and correlation of redundant items. Next, the model was validated; normality was assessed; and full structural model was analysed. The structural model established a significant positive relationship between Effective Management of Toilets (MT) and Planning Dimension (PD) (β=0.773, p<0.05), Punitive Measures (PM) and Planning Dimension (PD) (β=0.765, p<0.05), and similarly, Interventionist Measures (IM) and Planning Dimension (PD) (β=1.093, p<0.05). The study, among all others, recommends the implementation of initiatives such as landscaping of open spaces; provision of bus terminals with adequate toilets, in the event that households members are pressed while travelling; installations of signposts warning against open defecation; connection of all residential developments to comprehensive water schemes; and enlightenment campaigns against open defecation by the authority, as planning measures that can discourage open defecation.

Geospatial analysis of reported activity locations to identify sites for tuberculosis screening

Mobile screening units can help close tuberculosis case detection gaps. Placing screening units where people at high risk for undiagnosed tuberculosis preferentially spend time could make screening more resource-effective. We conducted a case–control study in Lima, Peru to identify locations where people with tuberculosis were more likely to spend time than community controls. We surveyed participants about activity locations over the past 6 months. We used density-based clustering to assess how patient and control activity locations differed, and logistic regression to compare location-based exposures. We included 109 tuberculosis patients and 79 controls. In density-based clustering analysis, the two groups had similar patterns of living locations, but their work locations clustered in distinct areas. Both groups were similarly likely to use public transit, but patients predominantly used buses and were less likely to use rapid transit (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10–0.96) or taxis (aOR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21–0.85). Patients were more likely to have spent time in prison (aOR 11.55, 95% CI 1.48–90.13). Placing mobile screening units at bus terminals serving locations where tuberculosis patients have worked and within and around prisons could help reach people with undiagnosed tuberculosis.

Financial heist from counterfeit drug: A case study from Delhi, India

Drug abuse has become a severe social-economic problem, which is vulnerably affecting different age groups. All the regulatory bodies involved in strategic reduction in drug abuse need to strengthen to ensure effective implementation for combating illicit drug abuse. Also, many a times people are duped by spurious drugs, which have a stupefying effect on the victim and cheat them of their valuable belongings. The victim reports such cases after the incident to the concerned investigating agencies who subsequently register and strategize to nab the culprit. The seized materials from the culprit/accused persons are subsequently sent for forensic examination. The Forensic Science Laboratory receives many such cases of drug poisoning/overdose, spurious/illicit drugs. A case of a 40-year-old victim/farmer, who was robbed of his belongings at a bus depot, was registered in Forensic Science Laboratory, Delhi. A brief history of the case was that he was waiting to board a bus for a further journey; whereby he met the accused persons who befriended him and together they had some food. Later as there was further delay in the bus, they went to a restaurant at the bus depot, had tea and biscuits and slept. Later, the victim was discovered unconscious by investigating agencies who took him to the hospital. The Medico-Legal Certificate report indicated him to be drowsy and unfit for statement at the time of admission and therefore preserved his blood sample for chemical analysis. The victim later said that the accused had stolen his belongings, especially money. Investigating agencies corroborated small pieces of evidence finally to nab the accused and seized a medicine strip claiming it to be the sedative drug ‘Nitrazepam’ which was administered to the victim. The blood sample of the victim and the strip of tablets seized from the accused were submitted for forensic examination. The samples received in the present case were white coloured tablets and blood sample. On visual examination, the tablets appeared similar to that of manufactured pharmaceutical drug ‘Nitrazepam’. Preliminary examination gave surprising results. Therefore, detailed chemical and instrumental analysis using the techniques gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) were carried out to ascertain the contents in the tablets, that have stupefying effect. Preliminary screening by thin layer chromatography (TLC) did not indicate the presence of ‘Nitrazepam’ [the separated components did not tally with the certified reference material (CRM) of ‘Nitrazepam’]. GC-MS examination of the sample indicated the probable presence of pheniramine (78%) and chlorpheniramine (83%) using the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) database. Detailed analysis using the techniques HPTLC, FTIR and UPLC was carried out to ascertain the exact components in the tablets and blood sample. They were found to contain ‘Chlorpheniramine’ rather than ‘Nitrazepam’ as imprinted by the manufacturer. It is important to mention here that even Chlorpheniramine has sedative effect, apart from acting as an antihistamine medicine. An interesting case of robbing was deduced; with a simultaneous disclosure of counterfeit drugs, which may be blooming in the market. With the development of modern analytical techniques, even trace samples can be examined and have special significance while dealing with crime and criminals.

A Research on Chocolate Vending Machine

Abstract: This paper proposes the planning of Automatic chocolate slot machine. The first purpose of the thought is to dispatch new innovation application within the spotlight. Slot machine that sales completely different sort of merchandise. Here we have a tendency to uses frequency Identification (RFID) beside Arduino, to beat the coin primarily based slot machine that doesn't came back the balance quantity if no modification out there. This paper includes chocolate dispensing machines that are an integrated system. The most objective of our project is to launch new technology application in society. This machine will operate by UPI also as card so as to dispense needed quantity Chocolate. This technique is predicated on RFID card and UPI payment system during which if any card or UPI payment is detected then chocolate can get distributed from the nozzle betting on choice of chocolate. It aims at advanced management of the complete chocolate slot machine antecedently used. The machine is also accustomed dispense chocolate into container; such chocolate-dispensing machine are helpful in any places like railway stations, bus depots, public areas, colleges, huge establishments, government offices, courts, holy places, hospitals, etc. and particularly in extremely inhabited countries.

Public Transportation User Movement Analysis of Passenger Satisfaction with SEM PLS Method at the Tangerang Selatan City Bus Terminal

The characteristics of the movement of public transportation users in South Tangerang City must be reviewed and analyzed so that the use of public transportation can be used as one of the best alternatives in implementing an integrated city infrastructure service system. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of public transportation users who use the terminal in South Tangerang City, to find out the factors that influence people's satisfaction in choosing a bus terminal, and to analyze the influence of movement, facilities and zones on bus terminal user satisfaction and perceptions of public transportation users. in the city of South Tangerang. The research approach used is quantitative with primary data sources obtained from a questionnaire instrument to 160 users of Public Transportation Bus Terminals in South Tangerang City. The data analysis method used is Structure Equation Modelling (SEM) – Partial Least Square (PLS) with SmartPLS 3.0 program to measure the inner and outer models of this study and to assess the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. The results of the analysis show that the factor that has the most direct influence on user satisfaction is the mode facility variable with a t-statistic value of 5.377 > 1.87 while the zone variable has no positive and insignificant effect on the perception of public transportation users because it has a p-value of 0.187 > 0. .05 and t-statistic 1.32 < 1.87 or in other words that the perception of terminal users in South Tangerang City is not affected by zones or locations, so wherever the terminal is, if there is a demand from transportation users, it can be approved. Keywords: bus terminal, SEM-PLS, customer satisfaction, user perception

Fast Charging of an Electric Bus Fleet and Its Impact on the Power Quality Based on On-Site Measurements

The subject of this study was a distribution substation that feeds 14 fast DC chargers (80 kW) located at the bus depot in Lublin, Poland. The voltage variations were determined to be within the PN-EN 50160 standard limit values (±10% Un). There were several events registered when 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th voltage harmonics were above the PN-EN 50160 limit during the charging of the electric buses. The obtained maximum 10 min average values of the total voltage harmonic distortion (THD) were 3.36%, 2.27%, and 2.89% for the first, second, and third phase, respectively, i.e., below the limit value of 8% required by PN-EN 50160. Due to the exceedance of the 6th voltage harmonic, the PN-EN 50160 requirements were not met.

Access to paratransit bus terminals in Ghana: characterizing its geographical distribution by settlement density

ABSTRACT In Sub-Saharan Africa, paratransit is the primary means of mobility where accessibility to its bus terminals offers access to diverse societal opportunities. This study accounts for the capacity of bus terminals, population demand, the geographic separations between demand and supply locations, and pedestrian response to congestion in the Greater Kumasi area of Ghana. We found that access to bus terminals is low averaging 0.5 bus terminals per 10,000 people, underpinned by random distribution, low capacity, and high demand. Incorporation of urban morphology showed that high-dense settlements have better accessibility, while moderate-dense and low-dense settlements have comparable accessibility.

Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Bus Conductors of Udupi District, Karnataka.

Government bus conductors are at high risk for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to the work environment and work conditions. Thus, the present study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and associated factors of musculoskeletal problems among bus conductors. This cross-sectional study included 237 bus conductors of government bus depots. The data were collected by interview technique on a structured questionnaire. Self-reported musculoskeletal pain over the last 12 months was the case definition. The present study revealed that 62.4% of bus conductors had musculoskeletal pain. The multivariate analysis suggested that tobacco smoking, overweight or obesity, and lack of enough breaks during work were significant risk factors for the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain in study participants. Thus, to conclude, the conductors are at risk of musculoskeletal problems, which can be attributed to occupational as well as non-occupational factors.