Bus Terminals Research Articles

Optimization of Bridging Bus Timetable and Vehicle Scheduling under URT Disruption

After the occurrence of a disruptive event in an urban rail transit (URT) network, passengers’ travel is affected, and a large number of passengers are stranded in the stations. These stranded passengers have to be evacuated urgently. With its flexible deployment, a bus bridging service has become an effective solution to evacuate stranded passengers. In order to avoid large passenger flow at stations, in addition to evacuating the static passenger flow stranded at the disrupted stations, the bridging buses need to focus on the dynamic passenger flow arriving at the turnover stations along the short-turning trains. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model to optimize the timetable and vehicle scheduling of bridging buses considering the adjustment of rail transit operations. The model aims to minimize passenger waiting time, the number of lost passengers, and the amount of bridging buses used. The model makes buses operate flexibly on different routes, taking the bus capacity and number of buses into account. By creating an improved ε-constraint method, the Pareto front of the problem is solved using the model with a commercial solver. Finally, the accuracy and validity of the model is verified by applying an example based on China’s Hangzhou rail transit line 4. The results show that the bridging bus timetable and scheduling plan generated by the model effectively solved the problem of large passenger flow at turnover stations. In addition, compared with bridging buses with an even headway timetable, the results demonstrate that bridging buses with an uneven headway timetable, which considers coordination with rail transit, could reduce the passenger waiting time and the number of lost passengers. The model has better performance with an uneven headway timetable in the face of large passenger demand. The computational experiment shows that the total passenger waiting time and the number of bridging buses was reduced when the bus capacity was increased. However, the effect on passenger waiting time and the number of lost passengers was limited when the number of buses available at bus depots was increased.

Deslocamento casa-trabalho: o uso dos modais e do tempo na cidade de Fortaleza

Abstract The article analyzes data from a research carried out in Fortaleza, with the objective of reflecting on the home-work journey and its socio-spatial characteristics, and also on the relationship between modes of transport and time. It shows concentration of jobs in the central area (north--east) and population concentration in a west- -south peripheral belt, with a tendency towards monofunctionality. This points to the spatial mismatch that affects the poor population, penalized by long, time-consuming journeys on public transport. The research demonstrates that the upper classes benefit from shorter and faster journeys from home to work, while the public transport system suffers from disorganization and inefficiency, and the Integration Bus Terminals add much more time to the home-work journey.

A TWO-TIER MACHINE LEARNING FRAMEWORK FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN DRIVERS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS

This work proposes a scheme based on a two-tier machine learning (ML) framework for the initial screening of commercial drivers with cardiovascular disorders prior to the actual driving assessment. First, the proposed framework aims to provide primary health care to cardiac drivers in resource-constrained scenarios such as bus terminals with the help of paramedical staff. The prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in drivers is done using a variety of ML approaches, including Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Random Forests (RFs), Logistic Regression (LR), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Decision Trees (DT), Naive Bayes (NB), and XG-Boost (XGB). The K-fold cross-validation technique also tests the model’s ability to predict CVD. Second, a no-drive alert will be provided whenever the model predicts heart disease, and a comma-separated value (CSV) file stores the predicted abnormal parameters. An email-based data communication has been set up to transfer the CSV file. A MySQL database has been created to store the abnormal data received in hospitals which will help cardiologists with the proper diagnosis. This internet of medical things (IoMT) process will enable divers to come to the hospital for medication only when advised by a cardiologist, thereby reducing the burden of routine hospital visits. The Cleveland database of the UCI ML repository, a multivariate CVD dataset that contains 14 features from 303 people, is utilized to test the performance of the proposed model. Also, the proposed model performance is evaluated using two more publicly available heart disease datasets, i.e., the MIT-BIH arrhythmia dataset and the CVD dataset. The XGB, KNN, and RF ML techniques outperform state-of-the-art methods with performance accuracies of 88.53%, 91.8%, and 93.44%, respectively, for the Cleveland database; performance accuracies of 99.20%, 98.82%, and 99.08% for the MIT-BIH arrhythmia dataset; and performance accuracies of 73.29%, 69.48%, and 71.74% for the CVD dataset. Furthermore, the results showed comparable performance to the rest of the ML techniques. Early detection of CVD and consultation with specialist doctors are essential before it reaches a seriousness that can save drivers from vehicular accidents while seeking health care.

Prevalence of Nonspecific Low Back Pain Among the Long Route Bus Drivers in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Low back pain (LBP) causes significant socioeconomic loss due to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Prolonged sitting and vehicle vibration cause back pain, a typical complaint among long-route bus drivers. This study aimed to determine the frequency of job-related nonspecific LBP among long-route bus drivers in Peshawar, Pakistan. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 348 bus drivers working at three bus terminals (Haji Camp, Lahore, and Daewoo Bus Terminals). Data were gathered from January 2022 to June 2022 using a uniform, modified Nordic questionnaire. The mean age of drivers was 44. The results show a high prevalence of LBP at 93.4%. The most frequently impacted age group was in their fourth decade of life, and the least affected were the septuagenarians. According to the current study, job-related LBP was common among bus drivers. The study findings showed that long-route bus drivers are at continuous risk of developing nonspecific LBP due to long driving hours, with the driver's weight and age as additional risk factors.

Noise pollution and associated health impacts at Ganeshpeth Bus Terminus in Nagpur, India

Abstract Noise pollution, a man-made disaster in the present times, is becoming more severe and pervasive than ever before due to rapid urbanization, affecting quality of life in urban areas in India. Transit areas generate excessive noise which proves disastrous to human health. However, very few studies have mapped noise levels of transit terminals in India. The objectives of this study are (i) assessment of noise levels in Ganeshpeth Bus Terminus, the major interstate bus terminus in Nagpur and generation of noise contour map in ArcGIS and (ii) a qualitative assessment of the impact of traffic-related noise on the health of the people working in the terminus with prolonged exposure to noisy environment, by conducting a health perception survey based on a questionnaire comprising indicators of health parameters. This is a first-of-its-kind study on noise mapping at an interstate bus terminus in India. The results indicate that the noise levels all over the bus terminus site are much higher than the prescribed standards and the source of noise is not only the plying of vehicles but also the misuse of the public address system. Solutions have been suggested to achieve a drastic reduction in noise levels through simple planning-oriented measures.

Predict, Identify and Alert on Suspicious Activity by Multiple Zone

Abstract: Suspicious human activity detection in security capture is a study topic in image processing and vision. The mysterious identification of human activity from video surveillance is an area of study in both fields. Human activity can be monitored visually in conspicuous public spaces like bus depots, airports, railway stations, financial institutions, malls, schools, and universities to avoid terrorist activity, vandalism, accidents, prohibited parking spaces, vandalism, fighting chain theft, criminality, and other unusual behavior. Extremely difficult to continually monitor public spaces, thereby an innovative video surveillance installation system that can track people's movements in real-time, classify them as routine or odd, and send out an alert is needed. The field of visual surveillance to identify aberrant actions has seen a significant amount of publications in the last ten years. Furthermore There are a few surveys in the literature for recognising various abnormal activities, but none have reviewed various abnormal activities, but none of them have reviewed various abnormal activities. This study presents the stateof-the-art in the field of recognizing suspicious behavior from surveillance recordings during the past tenyears. We provide a brief outline of the risks and challenges associated with detecting suspicious human activity. This article examines six aberrant behaviors, including the identification of abandoned objects, theft, falls, traffic accidents, and unlawful parking, as wellas the detection of violence and fire. Generally speaking, we have covered all the processes that have been [1] Foreground object extraction, object identification based on tracking or non-tracking approaches, feature extraction, classification, activity analysis, and recognition are some ofthe techniques that have been used to identify human activity from surveillance movies in the literature. This paper's goal is to give field researchers a literature assessment of six different suspicious activity identificationsystems together with its broad framework.[1]

Detecting ulterior motives from verbal cues in group deliberations.

Forensic interviewing entails practitioners interviewing suspects to secure valid information and elicit confessions. Such interviews are often conducted in police stations but may also occur in field settings such as border crossings, security checkpoints, bus terminals, and sports venues. Because these real-world interviews often lack experimental control and ground truth, this investigation explored whether results of non-forensic interviews generalize to forensic ones. Organizational espionage was simulated to determine (1) what verbal signals distinguish truth from deception, (2) whether deception in groups aligns with deception in dyads, and (3) whether non-forensic venues can be generalized to forensic ones. Engaging in a mock hiring deliberation, participants (4-5 strangers) reviewed and discussed resumes of potential candidates. Surreptitiously, two group members assigned the role of "organizational spies" attempted to persuade the group to hire an inferior candidate. Each group member presented notes from an interview of "their" candidate, followed by a discussion of all candidates. Spies were to use any means possible, including deception, to persuade others to select their candidate. A financial incentive was offered for having one's candidate chosen. The interview reports and discussions were transcribed and analyzed with SPLICE, an automated text analysis program. Deceivers were perceived as less trustworthy than truth-tellers, especially when the naïve players won but overall, deceivers were difficult for non-spies to detect even though they were seen as less trustworthy than the naïve participants. Deceivers' language was more complex and exhibited an "echoing" strategy of repeating others' opinions. This collusion evolved naturally, without pre-planning. No other verbal differences were evident, which suggests that the difference between spies and non-spies was subtle and difficult for truth-tellers to spot. Whether deception can be successfully detected hinges on a variety of factors including the deceiver's skill to disguise and the detector's ability to sense and process information. Furthermore, the group dynamics and communication context subtly moderate how deception manifests and influence the accuracy of detecting ulterior motives. Our future investigations could encompass non-verbal communication channels and verbal patterns rooted in content, thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of deception detection.

Planning and optimization of green infrastructures for stormwater management: The case of Tehran West Bus Terminal

AbstractGreen Infrastructures as Best Management Practice (GI‐BMP) play important role in preserving cities from urban flood and excessive runoff. In the process of using GI‐BMP in cities for stormwater management, a number of steps are taken that normally include selection of suitable sites, formulating proper combination of infrastructures, and optimization of the place and design of GI‐BMPs to maximize their cost‐effectiveness. This paper presents a site‐scale GI‐BMP implementation in Tehran West Bus Terminal (TWBT), Iran. To achieve this goal, this study applies a three steps framework namely GI‐BMP suitability analysis, GI‐BMP combination planning, and GI‐BMP optimization. In the first step, using the BMP Siting Tool, the suitable places for allocating GI practices were identified. In the next step, suitable GI‐BMP practices, including permeable pavements, bioretention basin, infiltration trench, and rain barrel were planned and arranged for each subwatersheds of the study area. In the third step, with the use of System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis Integration (SUSTAIN) model and NSGA‐II algorithm, the sizes of the planned GI‐BMP types were optimized for each subwatershed. The results indicate that runoff problem caused by surface runoff in the study area was serious and needed to be controlled. The results also revealed that there were 104 near‐optimal solutions that help reduce runoff volume by up to 70%. According to the results, applying GI‐BMPs in TWBT will reduce 60% of flow volume in the site with the price of 353,568$. This research is of practical importance for stormwater management using nature‐based solutions in bus terminals.

Smart materials for construction of bus terminus in India

Bus terminals are mega structures designed to handle large volume of buses and passenger traffic. The study analysed the structures and materials used for construction of bus terminals from various Indian states and compared with various global standards focused on creating standards for usage of materials for construction with architectural aspects, structural response and able to fulfill the needs of the stakeholders. The study covers major bus stations in India and other countries like UK, Turkey, Malaysia and USA. Following a review of the situation as it stands, subsequent research takes into account various bus terminal designs from around the world. The examination includes a comprehensive review of urban, architectural, and structural approaches, as well as current global trends in terminal design. The link between structural design and architectural expression is the focus of the analysis. The intention is to demonstrate how the operation ability of bus terminals is dependent on functional characteristics that are influenced by architectural expression and structural systems, including their influence on the creation of memorable and observable landmarks. Few materials were suggested in the study for bus terminus constructions such as shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, smart concrete for large structures like terminal buildings and single/double decked bus parking, etc. It helps the architects and transit planners to design the bus terminus as per global standards design in India.

Optimal Charging Pile Configuration and Charging Scheduling for Electric Bus Routes Considering the Impact of Ambient Temperature on Charging Power

Charging piles in the bus depot provide charging services to multiple electric bus (EB) routes operating in the area. As charging needs may overlap between independently operated routes, EB fleets often have to wait in line for charging. However, affected by the ambient temperature, the length of the waiting time will cause the battery temperature to change at the beginning of each charging, thereby influencing the charging performance and charging time of the battery. To this end, this paper considers the influence of ambient temperature on battery charging performance, and collaboratively optimizes the number of charging piles in the bus depot and the scheduling problem of EB charging. Aiming at minimizing the cost of laying charging piles in bus stations and the charging costs of bus fleets, as well as minimizing the empty time of electric bus fleets and waiting time for charging in queues, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is established, and the immune algorithm is used to solve it. At last, an actual bus depot and four EB routes are taken as examples for verification. The results show that by optimizing the charging waiting time of the electric bus at the bus station, the rapid decline in charging performance caused by the sharp drop in battery temperature is avoided. Without increasing the charging cost of the electric bus fleet, the established method reduces the charging pile installation cost, improves the bus depot’s service efficiency, and ensures the punctuality and integrity of the regional bus route operation.

THE IMPACT OF ON-TIME PERFORMANCE TOWARDS QUALITY OF URBAN BUS SERVICES: A CASE STUDY IN STATE CAPITALS OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Urbanisation have given significant impact on escalating the traffic volume as the tremendous traffic congestion daily, especially during peak hours in weekdays. The objective of this paper is to assesses the impact of on-time performance towards quality of urban bus services in Malaysia. Therefore, this study was conducted at 11 state capitals in Peninsular Malaysia. The main local bus terminals had been designated in this study. The Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (TCQSM, 2013) was chosen as the guideline used in this study. The results showed that Johor Bahru recorded a total 648 departure daily which considered the highest departure. There were 4 state capitals that recorded more than 80% of overall on-time departure for each route, such as Kuala Terengganu (94.39%), Shah Alam (82.45%,), Ipoh (80.74%) and Kangar (80.06%). The overall quality of services for on-time performance in state capitals of Peninsular Malaysia was classified as QOS D. Based on the study results, several rectifications on bus services in state capitals of Peninsular Malaysia is highly required.

Electric bus charging facility planning with uncertainties: Model formulation and algorithm design

This paper investigates the electric bus charging facility planning (EB-CFP) problem for a bus transit company operating a heterogeneous electric bus (EB) fleet to provide public transportation services, taking into account uncertainties in both EB travel time and battery degradation. The goal of the EB-CFP problem is to determine the number and type of EB chargers that should be deployed at bus terminals and depots to meet daily EB charging demand while minimizing total cost. The problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic programming model, with the first stage determining the EB charger deployment scheme and the second stage estimating the EB daily operational cost with respect to a predetermined EB trip timetable for a given EB charger deployment scheme. To effectively address the second stage problem, a multi-agent EB transit simulation system that mimics the daily EB operation process is developed. We then design two heuristic methods, the reinforcement learning (RL)-based method and the surrogate-based optimization (SBO), that use the developed multi-agent EB transit simulation system to solve the two-stage stochastic programming model for large-scale instances. Lastly, we run a series of experiments on a fictitious EB transit network and a real-world EB transit network in Singapore to evaluate the performance of the models and algorithms. In order to improve the performance of the EB transit system, some managerial insights are also provided to urban bus transit companies.

Information Flash Board using IoT

Display boards have played a significant part in mass communication over the years. This work intends to propose an Internet of Things (IoT)-based online notice board. The proposed solution includes an online information flash board using IoT to decrease paperwork, time, and labour. Things are linked to the internet by IoT. As a result, the internet can be used to access the information flash board from anywhere in the world. The board has an interface for a Wi-Fi module to provide internet connectivity. The message is received from the specified user and shown on the flash board using the Wi-Fi module that is installed at the digital notice board. According to this suggested model, an authorised admin can post a message from any location, and the message will appear on the LED. The suggested concept includes several applications, such as support desks in transportation hubs including train, bus, and airport terminals that provide travellers with current/updated information. It works better, especially in congested areas like supermarkets, and decreases costs. Any remote region of the world can be represented on the screen with the most recent news, which is made possible only by IoT.

Prevalence of Risk Indicators of Heart Diseases Among Professional Male Bus Drivers

The study aims to determine the prevalence of heart disease risk indicators among male professional bus drivers. A quarter of all mortality is attributable toheart disease. The risk of heart disease is now more common among male professional bus drivers due to irregular diet, lifestyle and shift of work. This observational study included 100 male professional drivers selected by convenience sampling from an MTC bus stand (Chennai bus depot) and ACS medical college and hospital drivers. Face-to-face questioning strategies were administered to obtain information about their lifestyle conditions and shift of work from all participants. The Anthropometric measurement such as body mass index, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose level is measured by a handheld BMI machine, sphygmomanometer and glucometer. The risk score for the indicators of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)is estimated using a gender-specific Framingham risk score. The data analysis shows nearly 55% of subjects are in the low-risk category, 35% of issues are in the intermediate-risk category, and 10% are subjects in the high-risk category of developing a cardiovascular disease based on the estimation of 10 years of cardiovascular disease risk. The study concluded that bus drivers are at intermediate and high risk of developing CVD.Cardiovascular diseases have now become the leading cause of mortality in India. The risk of heart disease is more common among male professional bus drivers. The drivers are exposed to several possible risk indicators of cardiovascular diseases. Low physical activity levels were associated with higher CVD among male professional bus drivers.

Number Recognition Techniques to Automate Revenue Collection at Dodoma Mini Bus Terminals in Tanzania

The manual revenue collection process currently operating in Tanzania, has deprived the Local Government Authority (LGA) of its potential income. Meanwhile, The Number Recognition (NR), is a modern technique that uses optical character recognition on images to obtain desired characters. The technique involves Image acquisition, pre-processing, character segmentation and Character recognition. This technique has been used in activities like license plate detection as Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR). This research attempts to solve the problem by automating the current revenue collection process at the mini bus terminals in Tanzania taking a case of Dodoma Municipal using Number recognition techniques and Optical Character Recognition (OCR). The research adopted a case study research design and simulation. In addition, the study used key informant interviews and observations to acquire a good understanding of the current operations at the mini bus terminals and the necessary requirements to achieve the main goal of the study. Simulation of the Number Recognition System (NRS) was achieved by using Matlab R2017a as a simulation tool on a Dell computer running windows 7 professional, Hard Disk Drive (HDD) 500 Gigabyte (GB), Random Access Memory (RAM) 4 Gigabyte. The research, achieved a simulation for NRS with an accuracy of 0.988 for the character recognition of the captured Surface on mini buses. The researcher recommends a further study on the image acquisition process and messaging alert system, to completely automate the process.

Walk with Me: A Biography of Fannie Lou Hamer by Kate Clifford Larson

Reviewed by: Walk with Me: A Biography of Fannie Lou Hamer by Kate Clifford Larson Leigh Ann Wheeler Walk with Me: A Biography of Fannie Lou Hamer. By Kate Clifford Larson. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. Pp. viii, 322. $27.95, ISBN 978-0-19-009684-7.) More than forty years after it ended, Fannie Lou Hamer’s remarkable life is being rediscovered by scholars and filmmakers. Kate Clifford Larson’s Walk with Me: A Biography of Fannie Lou Hamer joins this wave of recent biographical attention to the inimitable civil rights leader, songstress, and maker of what fellow activist John Lewis called “good trouble.” The book [End Page 185] opens with Hamer’s inauspicious beginnings as the twentieth child of tenant farmers in order to highlight the unlikelihood of her later rise to local and national prominence. But even as Larson chronicles Hamer’s improbable trajectory, she emphasizes Hamer’s ordinariness as one of countless women whose grassroots organizing and everyday leadership made the civil rights movement in Mississippi. Hamer’s mother, Ella Townsend, set an example for her daughter that prioritized faith in God, pride and self-respect, storytelling and education, and protection of her family—by gun if necessary. But like so many Black children in the rural South, Hamer came up poor and left elementary school for field work. And like so many Black women in the rural South, Hamer found that she had been sterilized without her consent after seeking gyneco-logical care. It was to this experience—her “Mississippi appendectomy”—that Larson traces Hamer’s enraged political awakening, which Hamer enacted first through working with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, in the 1950s, and later with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Council of Federated Organizations (p. 48). Threats of violence, acts of actual violence, and injuries resulting from violence shadowed the rest of Hamer’s life. The brutal beatings she endured after being arrested for attempting to integrate a segregated bus depot in Winona, Mississippi, left her emotionally scarred and physically maimed but more determined than ever. Over and over again, she told her story, sharing excruciating details with the world when she testified on behalf of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) at the Democratic National Convention (DNC) in 1964. Larson skillfully explains the complex political maneuverings that under-cut the MFDP in 1964 but shows how early failure laid a foundation for greater success in 1968, ultimately feeding into a major party realignment that she alternately celebrates and laments. Even as the Democratic Party transformed from a “status-quo-oriented political machine into a multiracial and progressive voter movement”—a development that led to the election of a Black president and vice president in the twenty-first century—the Republican Party adopted a surprisingly durable “southern strategy” rooted in white fear of civil rights and Black voters that continues to shape conservative politics today (pp. 4, 223). Feminism and concerns about gender as it intersected with race also inspired Hamer’s activism. Aware that Black men faced greater and more certain violence, Hamer and other Black women often assumed positions of leadership in order to protect their men. Hamer also argued for gender equality at the DNC and extended that effort by joining with other women’s rights advocates to found the National Women’s Political Caucus in 1971. Hamer did not embrace all aspects of the day’s feminist agenda, however, and she made no secret of her opposition to birth control and abortion. Larson’s is not simply a cradle-to-grave treatment of Hamer’s life; it situates Hamer’s story in context, providing the reader with a rich understanding of relevant local and national events—including the impact of New Deal policies on Black tenant farmers in Mississippi and the effects of World War II [End Page 186] service on returning veterans—as well as events more directly related to civil rights. Walk with Me concludes on notes of despair but also hope. Hamer “waged a battle that cost her almost everything,” Larson admits, including “her health and personal relationships” (p. 4). On the upside, Hamer’s life shows us that...

Development of a Method for Selecting Bus Rapid Transit Corridors Based on the Economically Viable Passenger Flow Criterion

The creation of bus rapid transit systems requires significant investments in transport infrastructure. It often requires changes in roadway parameters, building boarding platforms, new bus depots, as well as creating a priority passage system at intersections with individual vehicles flows. In world practice, the routing of bus rapid transit (hereinafter—BRT) corridors is often based on the criterion of an opinion of transport experts who assess passenger flows and the location of main attraction points. This article describes an algorithm for building BRT corridors based on the criterion of economically viable passenger flow. The method is based on an iterative algorithm built on the principle of passenger flows redistribution over the transport network in the event of a change in its characteristics. Specifically, what changes is the speed of transit in certain areas due to inclusion of the area in a BRT corridor when the area reaches the threshold of economically viable passenger flow. A threshold value of passenger flow for different cities, grouped by population size, is determined on the basis of passenger flow statistics in globally operated BRT systems. The condition for exiting the iterative algorithm can be either the absence of new network areas where an economically viable passenger flow is achieved, or the achievement of 90% of the labor commuting share in the city during the time specified in the urban planning standard. This method can be used to identify new and extend existing BRT corridors in cities with populations from 100 to 2000 thousand people.

Techno-Economic Comparison of Stationary Storage and Battery-Electric Buses for Mitigating Solar Intermittency

The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power generation has led to more and more installation of renewable energies such as wind and solar power. However, the high intermittency of these generators poses a threat to electrical grid stability. The power output of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, for instance, depends on the solar irradiance, and consequently on weather conditions. In order to mitigate the adverse effects of solar intermittency, storage such as batteries can be deployed. However, the cost of a stationary energy storage system (SESS) is high, particularly for large PV installations. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are an alternative to SESS. With increasing number of BEVs, more and more storage capacity becomes available while these vehicles are charging. In this paper, we compare stationary batteries to mobile batteries of battery electric buses (BEBs) in a public bus terminus for balancing fluctuations of solar PV installations. Public buses have been chosen due to their large batteries and because they are more easily manageable than private cars. An optimisation model has been developed considering both the bus operator's and the PV operator's objectives. Cycle ageing of batteries is included in the investigation. Our analysis reveals that utilising public BEBs with high battery capacity to balance solar PV fluctuations can present a positive financial case.

Optimal Design of Modular Electrical Infrastructure for Large-Scale Electric Bus Depots

Owing to the immense climate changes in recent years, the city of Hamburg has decided to allow the purchase of only emission-free buses for public transportation. Meanwhile, Hamburg focuses on the implementation of electric buses. For this purpose, the two public transportation companies in Hamburg which are the Hamburger Hochbahn AG (HOCHBAHN), and the Verkehrsbetriebe Hamburg-Holstein GmbH (VHH) decided to build new charging infrastructure for electric bus depots. In addition, they started by electrifying their existing stations. This study proposes an optimal method for electrifying bus depots by modularizing the subsystems in electrical power systems. An approach that allows the study of different configurations of power system components. Analyzing these configurations results in the conclusion of the most technically feasible configuration achieving the lowest cost. Furthermore, the model objectives include reducing the required area, which is a challenging criterion for bus depots in many cities. Mixed-Integer Quadratic Programming (MIQP) is used to generate this combination based on predefined constraints that must satisfy all implemented constraints of the system.

People-centred design methods in a local decision-making process: masterplan for Lisbon's multimodal mobility hubs

Lisbon's City Council and EMEL (the city's mobility and parking management company) have been working on a concept for Mobility Hubs in Lisbon through a comprehensive participatory process that brings together a broad spectrum of stakeholders. We have adopted a design thinking approach rooted in a thorough user research process aiming at better understanding unmet needs, preferences, and expectations of city users, whilst co-creating alternative value propositions for future mobility hubs. Stakeholder outreach has been pivotal to ensuring active participation of all communities: passengers, former passengers, transport operators, local and regional administration bodies, civil society, among others have been voicing their views and concerns to help transform five bus terminals of Lisbon into inviting places of connectivity. Our goal is to better inform future investment choices.