Burnout Phenomenon Research Articles

Burnout and perceived stress among health visitors in Hungary

Abstract Background In Hungary, the health visitors are responsible for the health promotion of families and communities. However, as a consequence of the structural reorganization of the health visitors service and the emotionally situations (e.g. the war in a neighboring country, the economic crisis) that have arisen, there has been an increased prevalence of chronic stress, burnout and career abandonment among health visitors. The objective of the cross-sectional study was to ascertain the prevalence of burnout among health visitors and to examine the relationship between burnout and job stress. Methods The data was collected via an online questionnaire tool. In addition to questions pertaining to sociodemographic data, the questionnaire employed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI Human Services Survey) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Hypotheses were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunett test. The source population of the study was health visitors. A total of 178 health visitors constituted the target population. Results The average age of the study participants was 45.2 years. It can be observed that health visitors who perceive less appreciation from their colleagues, employers and caregivers are more likely to experience higher levels of burnout and stress (p < 0.05). The lowest levels of stress were observed in school health visitors, while the highest levels were seen in health visitors covering villages (p < 0.05). Those who remained in the field due to a passion for working with families and children, a sense of vocation, and a desire to help others exhibited lower levels of burnout (p < 0.05). The high number of clients served by health visitors was found to increase burnout and stress levels (p < 0.05). Conclusions The findings of this research will assist in the comprehension of the phenomenon of burnout among health visitors, thereby enabling the development of more efficacious methods for the treatment and prevention. Key messages • Preventing burnout among health visitors is a priority, as it affects their work and their relationship with the families they care for in the short and long term. • Health visitors frequently encounter families in crisis during the course of their work, necessitating regular supervision to maintain their mental health.

Unveiling the Layers of Faculty Burnout in Canadian Private Universities during the post-COVID Pandemic Period

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered the employment landscape, including educational institutions, creating long-term effects for college and university employees. One of the major implications of the pandemic is the systemic transformations in employment and organisational dynamics, that resulted in effects on working conditions and workplace responsibilities. Emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion accompanying these changes have heightened the risk of faculty burnout. This qualitative research, reports on the multifaceted phenomenon of faculty burnout within Canadian private universities amidst the post pandemic. A phenomenological approach was used to conduct indepth interviews with participants, resulting in narrative responses regarding experiential aspects of participants’ workplaces, daily routines, social interactions, and perceptions of organisational support. Notable findings included burnout in eleven distinct categories: technology and tools, career development, intrinsic motivation, psychological factors, social worth, unmet individual expectations, mental and physical health, time constraints, task management, workload, and professional role. The findings were categorized into three overall themes, including organisational factors, individual factors, and work-specific factors. A comprehensive conceptual model was developed to provide a snapshot of the value alignment of these factors to the overall concept of faculty burnout. The results highlight the significance of the intricate interplay of various elements contributing to burnout and offer significant insights into the lived experiences of faculty members within the context of burnout among Canadian private universities during and after the pandemic. The study informs academic researchers and institutional policymakers of the need for adaptable and responsive interventions to support the faculty, especially in the post-Covid context.

Investigation and Analysis on Learning Burnout of Local College Students in China

The phenomenon of learning burnout is widespread among college students, which seriously affects their academic performance and hinders their physical and mental health development. In order to study the causes of college students' learning burnout and its impact, this project designed a questionnaire according to the current situation of learning burnout and conducted a pre-survey by combining online and offline. Taking college students in Anyang as the survey object, 443 formal questionnaires were distributed, and 381 were effectively recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 86%. Then, the reliability of the questionnaire is tested, and in-depth research is carried out from three modules: personal basic information, causes of learning burnout and effects of learning burnout. Using descriptive statistics to analyze the basic situation of the questionnaire, analyze the causes of learning burnout, and further analyze the influence of learning burnout according to the data. Finally, according to the above research and the current situation of college students' learning burnout, some suggestions are put forward for college students to avoid falling into learning burnout.

Various aspects of the doctor's quality of life

Nowadays, more and more attention is paid to the quality of life. Both private and work-related. More and more actions are taken to improve the quality of life in order to reduce the phenomenon of professional burnout. This significantly improves work efficiency and allows employees to work longer. It is no different in medical professions, including doctors. Fortunately, there is more and more scientific research on this topic. This allowed us to write an illustrative article about various aspects of the doctor's quality of life. The article will provide information about what quality of life really is and how it is defined. We will present the impact of various factors influencing this, such as length of work, sleep time, age, shift work and work at irregular intervals. We will also show how occupational factors influence health, which translates quite well into life expectancy. It is surprising that doctors have higher than expected risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, body mass. The cause is usually high stress and lack of time for physical activities after work. Specialization is also important when it comes to life expectancy. Charts with this information about expected age will be presented along with discussion in the text. We hope that in the future there will be further research expanding knowledge on this very important topic. And employers will have developed appropriate standards to improve the quality of life among their employees.

Single-event burnout in β-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diode induced by high-energy proton

Single-Event Burnout (SEB) can cause hard damage to devices, leading to permanent failure. However, previous studies have rarely explored the effects of high-energy proton irradiation-induced SEB in β-Ga2O3 Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD), and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Experimental results indicate that the reverse bias voltage during irradiation is a critical factor influencing the failure of β-Ga2O3 SBD. Compared to 300 MeV proton irradiation without bias, the introduction of a 300 V reverse bias voltage results in a significant reduction in forward current density (JF). When the reverse bias voltage reaches 400 V or higher, the 300 MeV proton induces SEB in the device. The SEM image of the damaged region reveals that the irradiated device has “voids” formed due to the melting of the Ga2O3 material. Geant 4 and TCAD simulation results indicate that the burnout phenomenon is caused by the elevated lattice temperature inside the device, which results from the implantation of secondary particles under a high reverse bias voltage. As the reverse bias voltage increases, the maximum lattice temperature of β-Ga2O3 SBD also rises. When the reverse bias voltage is sufficiently high, the local lattice temperature inside the device reaches the melting point of Ga2O3 material, ultimately leading to SEB.

The burnout phenomenon: Association and risk factors among dermatology residents in Gulf Cooperation Council countries

The burnout phenomenon: Association and risk factors among dermatology residents in Gulf Cooperation Council countries

Efektivitas Konseling Teman Sebaya (Peer Counseling) Dalam Mereduksi Burnout Akademik Kelas XI SMAN 1 Pagerbarang

This research was motivated by the phenomenon of academic burnout which is often experienced by students which is shown by lazy behavior in studying and being sleepy during teaching and learning activities. The aim of this research is to determine the level of academic burnout and the effectiveness of peer counseling in reducing academic burnout in class XI at SMAN 1 Pagerbarang. The method used is experimental research with a one group pretest posttest design. The research results show that (1) the level of academic burnout is in the medium category with a score of 369; (2) peer counseling can reduce academic burnout as indicated by a sig score. 0.0000.05 and a decrease in pretest and posttest scores of 38,635 to 26,625; (3) peer counseling is quite effective in reducing academic burnout as seen from the N Gain score of 56%

Burnout Phenomenon on Principals: Impact on Behavior and its Mitigation Strategies

Objective: This research was conducted to gain further understanding of the real experiences (life experiences) of private school principals in order to reveal the substantive meaning of the entire process of their experience of the burnout phenomenon through personal interactions with the principals who were the research subjects which were then articulated through a burnout model that explains more about the processes and factors that play a role in the dynamics of the burnout phenomenon that apply specifically to the subject of school principals. Theoretical Framework: Qualitative research conducted using the phenomenological approach. Research validity was obtained through triangulation of data sources and cross perspectives. Research reliability was obtained through data saturation and in-depth-understanding of the subject from the selected informants. Method: 12 school principals that have worked for around 5-17 years are selected through criteria matching for interviews. This research uses narrative analysis of stories obtained from in-depth interviews with research informants. Result and conclusion: This research has presented evidence that although the role of a leader is very important to motivate and improve the performance of the people being led, in fact the same thing also applies vice versa, the more the people being led or managed can be cooperative with the leader, the more positive the performance of a leader, especially for private school principals in Indonesia. On the other hand, educational foundations as the authority to supervise school principals also have a role in creating a conducive situation for school principals to carry out their duties as well as possible. Research Implications: This research point out several potential steps that need to be taken by educational foundations or organizations that manage an educational institution. This is to ensure that anyone who serves as a school principal can play their role appropriately, efficiently, and produce added value to the organization in the long term. Originality/Value: The findings of this research reinforce theories regarding the burnout phenomenon that have existed so far, by enriching and clarifying the understanding of the meaning of the phenomenon by which the burnout phenomenon occurs at the leadership level in education industry nowadays.

Examining the Prevalence of Burnout among Golf Operations Employees in Canada

The burnout phenomenon has been explored in many industries. However, there has been minimal research among those who work in various sport occupations. This project examined the prevalence of burnout among golf operations employees across Canada and the effects of various predictors of the burnout phenomenon. The conservation of resource theory (COR) was utilized, as it has been widely employed in the study of burnout among employees. The sample included 112 golf operations employees, with a mean age of 38.12 years. A hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed positive significant relationships between burnout and the average number of hours worked, post-secondary education, and turnover intentions. Further, a negative significant relationship was found among burnout and age. The results of this study stress the importance of employers taking the time to understand the needs of their employees in this unique environment to ensure they have the proper resources to mitigate negative behavioural and organizational predictors of burnout.

Burnout and Life Satisfaction among Healthcare Workers Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic (Silesia, Poland).

The phenomenon of burnout among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic is a widespread problem with several negative consequences for the healthcare system. The many stressors of the pandemic have led to an increased development of anxiety and depressive disorders in many healthcare workers. In addition, some manifested symptoms of the so-called postpandemic stress syndrome and the emergence of occupational burnout syndrome, commonly referred to as "COVID-19 burnout." The aim of this study was to assess the burnout and life satisfaction of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted in 2020-2022 among medical staff working in hospitals in Silesia, Poland. The instruments used to assess life satisfaction and burnout were the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which assesses three dimensions: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DEP), and sense of reduced professional accomplishment (SRPA). The study group included 900 participants. There were 300 physicians (mean age 38 ± 7 years), 300 nurses (mean age 35 ± 6 years), and 300 paramedics (mean age 31 ± 5 years). Life satisfaction as measured by the SWLS was lowest among nurses and paramedics in 2021 and among doctors in 2022. Male respondents and those with fewer years of work had higher levels of life satisfaction. People with more years of work had higher scores in EE and DEP and lower scores in SRPA (p = 0.001). We found a negative correlation between life satisfaction and EE (p = 0.001), DEP (p = 0.001), and SRPA (p = 0.002). The results highlight the need for further research into the causes of burnout among medical professionals and the need for effective interventions to promote well-being and prevent burnout in this group.

Burnout: Historical Background, Concepts, Methodological Problems, Prevention And Different Perspectives On A Striking Phenomenon

Burnout, historically the successor to neurasthenia, is considered an exhaustion phenomenon caused by prolonged work-related stress. The very concept of "being burned out" implies an image that is immediately understandable and concise to any layperson. Academic psychiatry and psychology pose conceptual challenges to this popular model, which was first published in 1974 by the German-American psychotherapist Herbert Freudenberger. To date, more than 140 definitions of burnout have been proposed. All of the main features of burnout, especially the experience of exhaustion, are non-specific. Various burnout development models have been proposed, which were assumed to represent a quasi-natural process. None could be confirmed empirically. An expert consensus on the diagnostic criteria and conceptual classification, whether as an independent disorder or as a risk condition, could not be achieved. Nevertheless, burnout is classified as a work-related disorder in the ICD-11. Current findings indicate that the experience of burnout among members of the baby boomer generation often reflects their high performance expectations of themselves, while the identical subjective feeling in Generation Z is often associated with missing or unsustainable professional goals. The research on the burnout phenomenon, which largely ignores the fact that burnout - in the absence of reliable diagnostic criteria - must be considered a subjective model, meets social expectations but does not meet scientific criteria. A parallel recording of ICD/DSM diagnoses and subjective disorder models is recommended in everyday therapeutic practice in order to meet the needs of both sides.

Professional staff burnout: causes, economic consequences, ways of prevention

The purpose of the research. Based on a critical analysis of scientific research on the problems of social and financial well-being of employees, their physical and mental health, to prove the objective reality of professional burnout of employees and to propose such forms of labor motivation that do not require significant investments from business owners and employers, but will reduce the degree of professional burnout of personnel in the prevailing conditions of social and labor relations.Research methodology. The article uses theoretical, empirical and general scientific research methods in order to comprehensively study the phenomenon of professional burnout of employees, identify its causes, factors of influence, and economic consequences for business entities. Statistical methods of economic analysis were also used to systematize the evidence and conduct an analytical review.Originality / value of the research. The article analyzes a significant layer of data related to professional burnout of employees, obtained as a result of generalization of scientific research and surveys of respondents in many countries of the world. On this basis, a set of measures aimed at preventing chronic stress in the workplace in new working conditions has been formulated.The results of the study. The authors clarified the signs and systematized the causes of the phenomenon of «professional burnout of personnel», revealed its impact on the economic performance of business entities. Proposals have also been developed for the implementation of effective work motivation tools that do not require employers to make almost any investments in personnel, but contribute to the prevention or reduction of professional burnout.

The Neglected Healers: Urgent Need for Physicians Self-care in Healthcare

In the heart of healthcare, where doctors tirelessly tend to their patients, a crisis quietly brews – the disregard for their own well-being. The phenomenon of physician burnout is rampant, fuelled by relentless work demands, unyielding stress, and a culture that prizes patient care above self-care. In Pakistan, where the health system is still developing, clinicians have to go beyond their capacity for the provision of standard care to the patients. Physician burnout, a shadow that looms over the medical profession, is reaching alarming proportions. Studies reveal shocking rates of emotional exhaustion, detachment, and a sense of diminished accomplishment among doctors.1 This epidemic not only threatens the mental health of physicians but also compromises patient care and safety.2 Yet, burnout is just the tip of the iceberg. Mental health struggles, like anxiety and depression, affect doctors at disproportionately high rates.3 Stress-induced ailments, from hypertension to musculoskeletal disorders, plague the healers who sacrifice their own well-being in the name of their patients. The solution lies in a radical shift – a culture of wellness and self-care within the medical community. Institutions must step up to provide the support systems necessary for doctors to thrive. Mental health resources, wellness initiatives, and flexible work arrangements are not luxuries but necessities in combating burnout and promoting resilience.4 Doctors must carve out time amidst their demanding schedules for rest, rejuvenation, and reflection. Regular exercise, mindfulness practices, and hobbies are essential tools for preserving physical and emotional well-being.5 Education on stress management and self-care should be woven into the fabric of medical training, right from the medical college, empowering future generations of physicians to prioritize their own health. Peer support networks and mentorship programs offer a great support in the face of adversity.2 As there are regular campaigns and awareness sessions for the patients and general public, there is an immense need to talk about well-being of the health professionals. In conclusion, the plight of physicians neglecting their own health demands urgent attention. By championing self-care and wellness, we can create a more resilient medical workforce, better equipped to navigate the challenges of patient care with compassion and efficacy.

Measuring Burnout: A Validation Study of The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory for The Sri-Lankan IT Sector

Burnout is a psychological syndrome emerging as a prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job. WHO defines burnout as an “occupational phenomenon” and is included in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Research reveals the existence of this burnout phenomenon across a range of occupations, such as healthcare professionals, teachers, athletes, pilots, IT professionals etc. A study conducted by Yerbo, a mental wellbeing platform revealed that 2 in 5 of the workers in the IT industry show a high risk of burnout. At present, there are few tools available to measure burnout. After the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) is considered the most widely used measure of burnout and is also freely available. The current study is aimed at determining the measurement validity of the OLBI in the local context based on IT professionals. To determine the content validity of the OLBI, an expert panel was employed. In order to examine the construct validity and concurrent criterion validity, a questionnaire-based study was conducted among 161 (n = 161) randomly chosen IT professionals. MBI and DASS-21 were used to explore the convergent and divergent validity of the OLBI. Four items were deemed not essential to measure burnout based on content validation. The MTMM analysis revealed adequate evidence of the existence of both convergent and divergent validity of the OLBI. The current study was able to provide evidence of content, concurrent criterion and construct related validity of the OLBI in the Sri Lankan context based on IT professionals. These findings suggest that OLBI can be used as a reasonable tool to measure burnout among IT professionals in Sri Lanka. Availability of such a tool will undoubtedly help organizations in ensuring their workforce is healthy and productive. KEYWORDS: Occupational burnout, Content validity, Construct validity, Criterion validity, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, Multi Trait Multi Method Matrix

Job Characteristics and Burnout: The Role of Self-Efficacy Among the Tunisian Police Officers

ABSTRACT Using the Job Demands-Resources Model as a theoretical framing, the paper aims to investigate the association between job characteristics and burnout of the Tunisian police officers, taking the potential moderating role of self-efficacy as a key individual resource. To ensure more parsimonious research, we conducted a pilot study as a preliminary step in order to identify job characteristics that are specific to police work in the Tunisian context (Delphi technique). To test our research hypotheses, we carried out a confirmatory quantitative study using data from a sample of 245 Tunisian police officers using Structural Equations Modeling. Contrary to the common assumption, the results indicated that police officers are more sensitive to the job resources than to the job demands. More importantly, burnout seems to be a matter of job characteristics (social phenomenon) rather than an individual issue. This study offers a better understanding of the burnout phenomenon among police officers in an African country and especially in the post-revolutionary Tunisian context.

The Relationship between Self-Esteem and Academic Burnout in Students of SMPN 5 Jambi City

Based on the background of the problem, the phenomenon of academic burnout among students is a serious concern in Indonesia. Academic burnout is a condition experienced by individuals due to high academic demands resulting in fatigue, apathy towards academics, and a decrease in academic achievement. One of the causes of academic burnout is the individual's lack of confidence in his abilities. This research aims to show that there is a relationship between self-esteem and academic burnout of students at SMPN 5 Jambi City. This research is limited to academic burnout which has aspects of Exhaustion, Cynicism, and Reduced academic efficacy. Self-esteem which consists of competence and worthiness. The sample in this research was 285 students. This research uses research instruments in the form of an academic burnout scale and a self-esteem scale with the selection of answer options using a Likert scale. This research applies a quantitative approach in this type of research, namely correlation using product moments with the aim of finding out the relationship between academic burnout and self-esteem. The research results show that there is a significant relationship between academic burnout and negative self-esteem. Negative in this case, if the level of self-esteem is high then the level of academic burnout is low, and vice versa. The correlation analysis obtained was 0.573 which was included in the moderate or adequate relationship category. Analysis of the percentage of academic burnout was found to be 58% which is included in the medium category. Meanwhile, the self-esteem analysis obtained was 66.75% which was included in the high category. Thus it gets higher self-esteem , the lower the academic burnout of SMPN 5 Kota students.

Современный взгляд на феномен профессионального выгорания в медицинской среде: обзор литературы.

The literature review presents the results of a theoretical analysis of modern scientific sources devoted to the problem of the phenomenon of burnout among medical workers. An up-to-date definition is given, criteria, signs and types of burnouts are described. Much attention is paid in the article to describing the dynamics of this phenomenon. Burnout is discussed in this article not only from a medical, but also from a psychological point of view. Various theoretical models and empirical research data are also described that reveal the clinical, psychological and organizational aspects of this phenomenon. In particular, it was found that doctors who combine different roles and functions in the workplace, as well as those working in emergency care, are more susceptible to burnout. The features of the development and course of burnout among doctors working in the scientific field are described. The authors proposed modern methods for diagnosing burnout in the professional sphere and targets for psychotherapeutic interventions for people with burnout traits. During the literature review, it was found that burnout remains a global health problem and requires further efforts to develop and implement programs for prevention, early detection and overcoming among employees of medical institutions.

MEANINGFUL ORIENTATIONS IN THE SYSTEM OF PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT FACTORS OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS

The article presents the results of a theoretical and empirical study of meaningful life orientations indicators f in the system of teacher’s of higher education institutions professional burnout factors.
 The results of the teacher’s of higher education institutions professional burnout phenomenon theoretical analysis, the system of factors of it’s occurrence are presented. Research methods and sample characteristics are described.
 The indicators of the general level and components of professional burnout of teachers of higher education institutions with different levels of meaningfulness of life are analyzed. The relationship between the level of meaningfulness of life and the characteristics of professional burnout of teachers is outlined.

Can family resources and place of residence play a beneficial role in explaining burnout levels in working men?

The phenomenon of occupational burnout is a common factor affecting employees' health. In a study on occupational burnout it may happen that variables that are not among the main predictors of burnout can noticeably affect burnout and the main independent variables. The aim of this study was to verify hypotheses about the role of demographic variables in explaining levels of stress and burnout, based on the example of men working as firefighters and 112 emergency operators. A total of 823 men employed as firefighters and 112 emergency number operators were surveyed. The study applied the LINK Occupational Burnout Questionnaire, the PSS-10 Perceived Stress Scale and a demographic questionnaire. It was followed by an analysis of covariance of qualitative variables and quantitative predictors (ANCOVA). The study showed that living in rural areas was associated with lower levels of burnout among the men in the examined group. A similar relationship was detected for marital status, having children and secondary education. The other main variable, the level of perceived stress and age, showed typical associations with occupational burnout. The search for the causes of occupational burnout should not be narrowed only to stressors related to the demands of the workplace. Demographic variables are important elements of an employee's non-work environment and often a source of personal strengths. However, it should be remembered that the same factor can have both a protective function as well as a source of additional stress.

Strategie przeciwdziałania wypaleniu zawodowemu na poziomie organizacyjnym i indywidualnym oraz etyka zawodowa jako istotne czynniki w pracy administracji publicznej

Aim: The main objective of the paper was to show important factors in the work of public administration officials, namely the strategy of counteracting professional burnout at the organizational and individual level and professional ethics. Methods: Research methods such as observation and analysis were used in the presented paper. Results: The analysis presented in the text shows that, firstly, it is necessary to take care of strategies for counteracting professional burnout at the organizational and individual level. This requires a high level of awareness of the organization itself, as well as the attentiveness of the officials themselves and continuous work and improvement. Secondly, taking care of the lack of professional burnout will have a positive impact on maintaining professional ethics among public administration staff. Next, it should also be remembered that the phenomenon of burnout can be cyclical, so it can occur many times throughout the entire working life. On the other hand, the culmination of the entire process of professional burnout may be a sense of complete inadequacy and a belief in the lack of self-worth, affecting not only the feeling of individual ineffectiveness, but also affecting the effectiveness of the entire organization, including professional ethics. Conclusion: Burnout syndrome is, according to experts on the subject, one of the most important contemporary threats for all professionally active people. It also applies to public administration employees. And although the phenomenon itself in this professional group has not been comprehensively studied, there is no doubt that it is present among employees of today's public administration. Despite the many, as it turns out, factors contributing to the burnout of civil servants in public administration, it is not an inevitable process that cannot be stopped in any way. There are a number of actions presented in the paper which, if taken early enough and implemented in a consistent and systemic manner, can effectively counteract the professional burnout of civil servants. Without a doubt, this effort is worth the price, as it guarantees long-term employee satisfaction, also determining the effectiveness and efficiency of the entire organization. Unfortunately, there is no effective remedy that protects against the occurrence of the syndrome, nor is there one that is able to effectively immunize against it. Strategies for counteracting professional burnout should be introduced already at the organizational level in order to minimize the causes of professional burnout, which may lead to a gradual spiral of discouragement among officials, growing in them a feeling of fatigue with work to the point of complete exhaustion, negatively affecting not only professional relations, but also the entire sphere of private contacts. Originality: What should be emphasized, which deserves special attention, is that it is also extremely important, recommended by many experts on the subject, mindfulness, listening to oneself and the signals sent by one's own body, as well as constant work on oneself. These actions should be treated as prevention, which will prevent the first symptoms of burnout or, if they do appear, will allow you to successfully emerge from the initial phase of burnout while maintaining professional ethics. Key word: professional ethics, organization, strategy, burnout, public administration, official, responsibility