Burning Surface Research Articles

Epidemiological and cost analysis of burned patients in Iran

IntroductionConsidering the financial support provided by insurance and the government for burn patients in Iran, and recognizing the substantial economic impact associated with their treatment, there is a pressing need to delve into the epidemiology of these patients and analyze the related costs. This study aims to explore the epidemiological aspects and hospitalization costs of burn patients specifically within the burn ward of Imam Reza 68-bed Hospital in Mashhad, a regional center of referral in the eastern part of the country. MethodsData had extracted from the electronic data collection system, which is used on a daily basis in the hospital. We included patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of burns, code T20.0-T32.9 and T95 according to the International Classification of Diseases ICD-10. Ultimately, 1151 patients were included in the study. We analyzed 1151 burn cases in terms of patients’ age at the time of the event, gender, type of burn (Chemical, scalds, flame, electrical and contact burns), anatomical location of the burn (head and neck, upper limb, lower limb, multiple regions and part unspecified), burn etiology, burn degree (I, II, III), total burn surface area (%TBSA), Inpatient ward, expenditure ($), burn mortality rate and length of hospitalization. The age group was divided into seven groups by the 10 years intervals. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS-16 and Excel software. Results1151 patients were included in the study. High-risk groups are pediatric up to nine (0–9) years. According to age, we found that most cases were children, respectively, 25% (291) cases. Men accounted for 743 cases (65%), women for 408 (35%). Major causes of severe burn injury were flame burns (49%) and scalds (43%). Unspecified was the most common burn location (40%), followed by the multiple regions (23%) and upper limb (11%). In cases of head and neck burns, the financial burden on the patient is elevated compared to other types of burns due to increased expenses for medications, disposable medical instruments, and hoteling. The main items for the burned patients are hoteling (38% of total costs), surgeon (24%), medicine (16%), and medical consumables (6%). The per capita expenditure was $9,365 ± $8,100 in pediatrics and $11,179 ± $10,180 in adults Conclusions: Most cases of death were related to burn in multiple areas of the body and then trunk burn (30% and 19%, respectively) and no death was observed in patients with hand and wrist burn. Burns can be incredibly severe and life-threatening, especially when they affect multiple areas of the body, such as the trunk and any burn injury is still a serious matter. It's important to prioritize fire safety and take precautions to prevent such accidents from happening.

Assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with burns injuries during the COVID-19 epidemic: A critical topic for burn survivors

PurposeIt is well known that the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) epidemic had an adverse effect on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with disabilities, or neurological or chronic conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the possible factors affecting HRQOL in patients with burn injuries during COVID-19 epidemic. MethodsThe study included a total of 40 burns patients. The demographic and burn injury information of the patients were recorded. The active range of motion was measured with a goniometer. The HRQOL, community integration, scar tissue quality and anxiety level were evaluated using the Burn-Specific Health Scale (BSHS), the Community Integration Questionnaire Revised (CIQ-R), Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, respectively. ResultsThe history of COVID-19 infection, total burn surface area (TBSA), community integration level, work-related burns, the presence of trunk burn injury, the presence of face burn injury, and the presence of a major burn injury were determined to be significantly associated with the HRQOL of burns patients (p < 0.05). ConclusionThe history of COVID-19 infection, community integration level, and burn-related parameters (TBSA, localization, severity etc.) were found to be factors associated with the HRQOL during the epidemic. The history of COVID-19 and community integration level should be evaluated in addition to the burn injury parameters to improve the quality of life of burn survivors. It can be recommended that these clinical parameters should be considered when planning the treatment program during and after the epidemic.

Evaluation of Mixing Effect on Coupled Heat Release and Transfer Performance of a Novel Segregated Solid Rocket Motor

The effect of mixing on coupled heat release and transfer performance of a novel segregated solid motor is numerically evaluated with a transient two-dimensional combustion model. The results show that vortex structures are formed and evolved in the combustion chamber. Quantitative calculation of the mixing effect shows the inhomogeneous distribution of oxidant and fuel species. The well-mixing area is located in a narrow belt-like coupled combustion region near the burning surface of the propellant. Heat transfer coefficient decreases greatly due to lower combustion reaction rate and enlarged flow channel area. Heat transfer coefficients near the two ends of the propellant grain are higher than other parts due to the influence of vortex mixing. Raising the inlet mass flow rate leads to enhanced mixing and heat transfer, which results in a lower temperature and regression rate of the propellant with combustion time. Temperature and oxidation rates of H2 and CO are unevenly distributed in the boundary layer of coupled combustion. Increasing the mass flux of inlet oxidizer gas leads to a higher combustion heat release rate. Therefore, the gas-phase temperature increases significantly. The heat release rate reaches the maximum near the ends of the propellant grain, where vortex mixing strengthens the coupled combustion process in the motor.

The Use of Intraosseous Infusion in the Early Resuscitation of Patients With Extremely Severe Burns.

According to research, shock, the most common complication of extremely severe burns, is also the leading cause of mortality among patients with such burns. The case fatality rate reaches 83.45% when the total burn area exceeds 90%. The American Heart Association in 2020 recommended the intraosseous (IO) access after the peripheral access and prior to the central venous access when venous cannulation is either difficult or delayed. The use and experience with intraosseous infusion in extremely severe burns are still limited. We report efficacy and safety results from 19 burn patients treated with IO infusion between June 2020 and December 2022. In these patients, the mean injury time of burns was 1.55 ± 1.10 hours, the mean burn surface area was 86.24% ± 11.33%, the mean catheterization time was 49.68 ± 10.11 seconds, and the mean emergency retention time was 2.75 ± 1.74 hours, the mean actual fluid supplement amount was 5,533.68 ± 3,077.19 mL, the mean hourly urine volume of the patient was 93.31 ± 60.94 mL, the mean emergency detention time was 4.16 ± 2.97 hours, and the mean duration of hospitalization was 34.50 ± 25.38 days. The results demonstrated a clinically meaningful improvement and higher response rate vs peripheral venous cannulation and an acceptable safety profile in those patients.

Исследование газодинамики горения смесевого твердого топлива при колебаниях давления

The non-stationary burning rate of a solid rocket propellant under harmonic variations in pressure over the combustion surface is studied. The physical and mathematical model is based on the equations of heat transfer and oxidizer decomposition in the solid phase, and on the flow model for the reacting products of solid propellant gasification. Calculations are carried out for the unsteady burning rate of mixed solid propellants with harmonic pressure variations over the combustion surface. The dependence of the amplitude of the burning rate fluctuations on the frequency of the pressure variations are obtained. The amplitude of the burning rate varies non-monotonically with frequency. As the frequency increases, the amplitude first increases and then decreases. At a frequency of pressure variation with a semi-period greater than or equal to the characteristic time of relaxation for heat transfer in solid propellants, the instantaneous burning rate at the lowest point of the pressure curve is lower than the equilibrium value and is higher at the highest point. At high frequencies, the burning rate exceeds the corresponding equilibrium value at minimum pressure and is lower than the equilibrium value at maximum pressure.

Color and multi-band imaging of a cavity-based flameholder in supersonic flow

Utilizing time-resolved CH*/C2* and multi-angle color flame imaging recorded at 1 kHz/22.5 kHz frequencies, this study investigates the dynamics and stabilization of supersonic flames in a cavity flameholder combustor at Mach 2, with ethylene fuel and air. A stagnation pressure of 289 kPa was used for the stable cavity burning experiments with fuel flow rates of 30, 60, and 90 slpm and 483 kPa for ignition transient experiments with fuel flow rates of 55 and 90 slpm, injecting fuel at the closeout ramp. The stagnation temperature was 597 K. Chemiluminescence analysis focused on the equivalence ratio (ER) and combustion intensity, while a fiber-based endoscope captured color flame image, informing on premixedness, flame structure, and flame surface density. Results from transient ignition showed that a progression from lean to stoichiometric, and ultimately to fuel-rich conditions was observed, with marked transitions occurring along the cavity floor. High-intensity CH* regions were consistently associated with fuel-rich zones. Digital flame coloration discrimination (DFCD) analysis provided insights into the mixing efficiency, affecting the flame color and structure. Despite reduced fuel flow rates significantly altering flame characteristics, such as thickness and the persistence of a 'W' flame structure, the shear layer remained a focal point for optimal combustion conditions. The study demonstrated that the shear layer's intense turbulent mixing is crucial for flame stability and structure, with chemiluminescence surface density (CSD) profiles suggesting balanced combustion at 60 and 90 slpm flow rates. However, an asymmetry of CSD at 30 slpm indicated a shift towards fuel-rich conditions at the burning surface, indicating potential instability and elevated blowout.

A grain-scale modeling on the surface burning and agglomeration of the metalized solid propellants

This study delves into the dynamic behavior of reactive grains within metalized propellants during surface deflagration. Our grain-scale simulations account for both fast and slow deflagration processes involving two distinct metal fuels, namely zirconium and magnesium, with potassium perchlorate (KClO4) as the common oxidizer. Our primary goal is to develop a model and numerical technique capable of replicating the surface reactions observed in experiments. To achieve this, we utilize the compressible Navier–Stokes equations, incorporating the Arrhenius rate law and Johnson-Cook stress model. We pay particular attention to the melt layer, where surface burning occurs in an open atmosphere, and we develop a mechanism to describe the interaction between reactive grains and exhaust gases. We differentiate between two limiting scenarios: convective burning, where unreacted particles experience high-speed compression waves leading to reduced thermal diffusion within the cold reactant, and diffusive burning, characterized by insufficient pressure from particles undergoing both reaction and deformation to erode the burning surface. This results in pronounced agglomeration and the formation of gaseous metal oxides above the melt layer. The results shed light on critical factors influencing surface combustion, including the thermal softening of reactive particles, the time required for particle agglomerations, and tangential forces at multi-element interfaces within the grain-scale simulation domain.

MINIMUM EXPLOSIBLE CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS OF HYBRID ROCKET SOLID FUEL DUST

Hybrid rockets are considered safe because there is no affinity between the fuel and oxidizer. However, if the solid fuel turns to dust, the dust might cause rapid combustion. Therefore, the dustification of fuel has been evaluated using crushing tests. In an earlier study by the authors, wax was used as a specimen. It was crushed by explosives in a balloon filled with air and oxygen. Then pressure waves near the balloon were measured. Results show that the pressure fluctuation in the oxygen-filled case was greater than that in the air-filled case, but it could not be ascertained whether this result was attributable to the combustion of the wax that had become dust or to the combustion of the wax surface which the explosive contacted. Therefore, the authors measured the lower explosion limit concentration of wax dust under atmospheric conditions and in an atmosphere with a high oxygen concentration to obtain knowledge related to the wax dust mixture flammability. A blow-up type dust explosion test apparatus was used to measure the lower explosion limit. The specimens were produced by grinding and sieving the wax pellets. Powders of four types were produced: 850 &amp;mu;m, 500 &amp;mu;m, 212 &amp;mu;m, and 53 &amp;mu;m. The dust concentration was calculated by dividing the sample mass by the volume of the explosion cylinder. Based on the test results, the lower explosion limits were identified for 212 &amp;mu;m and 53 &amp;mu;m, but not for 850 &amp;mu;m and 500 &amp;mu;m.

Effects of early exercise training following severe burn injury: a randomized controlled trial.

Despite being a stable component of burn rehabilitation at later stages of recovery, exercise training is not commonly provided during the acute phase of burns. A lack of evidence surrounding its efficacy and safety in severely burned adults has hampered its implementation in acute burn care. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of early exercise training to modulate parameters of postburn muscle wasting and quality of life. Adults <65years of age with burns ≥40% total burn surface area (TBSA) were randomly allocated to either receive early exercise (n = 29) in addition to standard care or standard care alone (n = 29). Early exercise involved resistance and aerobic training, which commenced as early as possible and lasted for a duration of 6 to 12 weeks, in line with burn center length of stay. Ultrasound-derived quadriceps muscle layer thickness (QMLT) and rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RF-CSA), lower limb muscle force, Eurocol Quality of Life-5 Dimensions and Burn Specific Health Scale Brief (BSHS-B) were assessed 6 and 12 weeks after baseline. Mixed models were fitted to compare between-group changes over time. A total of 58 adults [42 (95% confidence interval 40-45) years old; 40-94% TBSA range, 86% previously mechanically ventilated] participated in this study. Exercise commenced 7 days [IQR (interquartile range) 5-9] after burn center admission with an attendance rate of 93%. Allocation to the exercise group had a protective effect on the loss of muscle size from baseline to 6 weeks of follow-up (QMLT: β-coefficient: 0.05cm, p = 0.010; RF-CSA: β-coefficient: 0.05 cm2, p = 0.045), and resulted in an improved recovery from 6 to 12 weeks (QMLT: β-coefficient: 0.04cm, p = 0.01; RF-CSA: β-coefficient: 0.06 cm2, p < 0.001). Muscle force increased significantly more in the exercise group than in the control group (β-coefficient: 3.102N, p < 0.001) between 6 and 12 weeks. Besides a marginally significant effect for the BSHS-B domains 'affect' and 'interpersonal relationships' between 6 and 12 weeks, no benefits were observed in the other assessed quality-of-life measures. No serious adverse events were reported in the exercise group. The results of this study support the use of early exercise training as a feasible and efficacious therapeutic strategy to manage burn-related changes in muscle size and strength in adults with acute severe burn injury.

Healthcare-Associated Infections' Characteristics Among Burn Patients and Risk Factors of Mortality: A Study Based on Data From a Tertiary Center in Iran: Nosocomial Infections Among Burn Patients.

Background: Burn patients are more likely to get healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The current study aimed to investigate the characteristics of HAI and mortality risk factors among burn patients admitted to a tertiary center in Iran. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 2021 on burn patients who developed HAI after hospitalization in a tertiary center in Ahvaz, Iran. The records of patients admitted and managed between March 2019 and March 2020 were reviewed. Statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Version 26, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 1,659 admitted patients, 395 (23.8%) developed HAI during the study period. After excluding patients with incomplete medical records and those with fungal or viral infections, 363 patients remained. The majority of these cases occurred in male patients. The most common type of HAI was burn wound infection (56.2%). Patients were mainly affected by Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (39.7%), while the most common Gram-positive bacteria was Staphylococcus epidermididis (9.6%). The most common antibiotic resistance among P. aeruginosa-infected patients was reported against imipenem, followed by gentamicin and ciprofloxacin; however, the mentioned organism was mainly sensitive to colistin. Gender, age, bloodstream infection (BSI), ventilator-associated infection (VAI), ICU admission, and total burned surface area (TBSA) resulted in 3.585, 1.028, 2.222, 7.469, 5.278-, and 1.031 times higher mortality rates, respectively. Conclusion: Female gender, advanced age, BSI, VAI, and ICU admission are risk factors for HAI. These findings emphasize the need for focused infection prevention and management to improve high-risk burn patient survival.

ELECTROCHEMICAL BURN RATE ACCELERATION

An electrochemical mechanism of accelerating the burn rate of pyrotechnic compositions and composite propellants is presented. Magnesium-Teflon-graphite fluoride-graphite (MTGFG) compositions were used as the model system to demonstrate the effect. Electric currents are generated in situ by electrochemical cell reactions in the composition itself by introducing materials with differing electrochemical potentials and an electrolyte into the composition. Electric currents flow through the combusting surface, where materials melt and allow ion transport. The electrochemical cell is shorted at the burning surface providing more heat feedback than the back radiation from the flame alone accelerating the combustion considerably. No external power source nor auxiliary electrodes are required to increase the burn rate by electric currents like with methods hitherto known. Up to a 2.5-fold increase in the burn rate of baseline composition was achieved by using graphite as the cathode material, the magnesium powder in the composition as anode, and graphite fluoride (GF) as depolarizer and oxidizer in the cell reactions. Various electrolytes were investigated keeping the base composition otherwise unchanged.

Prognostication of the development of septic complications in children with burn injuries.

Aim: To determine the prognostic criteria for the development of septic complications in children with thermal injury. Materials and Methods: A single-center retrospective-prospective cohort study included a retrospective analysis of 98 medical histories of children of different ages with severe burns who were treated from 2007 to 2017. A prospective study was conducted among children (n=63) from 1 to 5 years old, who received various degrees severity burn injury, according to an open comparative method in the period from 2018 to 2021. Results: Indicators of a high risk of developing sepsis were burns by flames of any etiology, damage severity index ≥75 units, total burn surface ≥25 %, deep burn area ≥ 5%. The threshold value of procalcitonin (PCT) ≥ 0.86 ng/ml on the 1st-3rd day and PCT > 0.51 ng/ml on the 7th day of burn disease, had a prognostic value for assessing the probability of sepsis. On the 1st day of hospitalization, the development of sepsis was predicted if the C-reactive protein (CRP) value was higher than 6.98 ng/ml, on the 3rd - the CRP level was above 7.43 ng/ml, on the 7th day - above 7.28 ng/ml. Conclusions: Based on the obtained data, we selected the criteria with the best prognostic characteristics, which allows us to predict and prevent the development of sepsis in the early stages of burn disease in children.

Better among the two for Burn Mortality Prediction in Developing Nations: Revised Baux or Modified Abbreviated Burn Severity Index?

Burns is one of the leading causes of mortality in developing countries like India. Most of the major burns requiring hospital care are not triaged adequately for the use of medical resources. An efficient mortality predicting scale would not only help in better care to those who will benefit the most but also make it easy to explain to patient's attendants. Among the various tools, revised Baux (rBaux) and modified Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI) are two most commonly used scales in developed nations. We proposed this study to analyze the reliability of these two scoring scales in our burn population. This study aimed to retrospectively study the two scoring systems and analyze them for their reliability in predicting mortality compared to actual observed mortality in each case. This study was conducted on all burn patients admitted to the intensive care unit of our hospital. Data on their demographic profile, total burn surface area, thickness of burns, inhalational injury, and other comorbidities were collected from files. rBaux and modified ABSI (mABSI) were calculated. The end result in the form of survival or nonsurvival was also recorded. Appropriate statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-square test, and receiver operator characteristic curve was done to look for a better scoring system out of the two. A total of 504 patients were included in the study, out of which 337 were survivors. Female gender was not a risk factor for mortality in our study. The median rBaux score in the survivor group was 100 (80-110) and in nonsurvivor group was 111 (103-123). The median mABSI score in the survivor group was 8 (7-9) and in nonsurvivor group was 10 (9-11). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve shows mABSI having better specificity for predicting mortality. rBAUX, though more sensitive, overestimates mortality than actual observed mortality. mABSI predicts mortality better than rBaux. A multicentric prospective study is recommended for mABSI to be used as a standard mortality predictor in burns in India.

Моделирование теплового потока пожара пролива в программном комплексе PyroSim

Purpose. This article discusses the configuration of parameters in the PyroSim software, which play a significant role in modeling thermal flows during a pool fire. The results of thermal flow calculations in PyroSim are compared with experimental results obtained by other researchers. Methods. Mathematical modeling methods in the PyroSim software were used, as well as comparison of physical modeling results of a pool fire with mathematical modeling results. Findings. The results of a pool fire modeling in PyroSim are influenced by such parameters as the lower heating value of the substance, the flame radiation fraction coefficient, the mass burning rate of the substance, and the division of the burning surface by the computational grid. Research application field. The results of the study can be used when modeling pool fires in the PyroSim software. Conclusions. The article highlights settings that require special attention during pool fire modeling in PyroSim, as they significantly impact thermal flow values. It is recommended to use a flame radiation fraction coefficient of 0.15 when modeling pool fires with diameters up to 10 meters.

Использование вегетационных и водных индексов для оценки состояния постпирогенных верховых болот Западной Сибири

The article presents an analysis of the using vegetation and water indices possibilities to assess the pyrogenic load and post-pyrogenic vegetation restoration in raised bogs. The object of the study is burned out in 2016 site within the drained part of the Great Vasyugan mire. The research based on the vegetation field description data carried out in 2023 and Landsat 8 satellite data. Vegetation (NDVI, VARI, NBR) and water (NDWI WRI) indices for field research plots were calculated, and a statistical analysis of their interrelationships with the degree of pyrogenic load and characteristics of vegetation cover was performed using the principal component method. The effect of the wildfire was manifested in the partial or complete burning of the surface, trees, dwarf shrubs and mosses. Seven years after the fire, there was an almost complete restoration of dwarf shrubs, the appearance of pine and birch undergrowth, intensive overgrowth of burnt surfaces by Polytrichum strictum, and the restoration of sphagnum mosses began. The study showed that the values of all the considered indices, with the exception of NDVI, are lower at post-pyrogenic points compared to unburned ones. Of all the indices considered, NDWI showed the maximum dependence on the proportion of surface burnout and projective coating with sphagnum mosses. Water indices turned out to be more suitable in comparison with vegetation indices for assessing pyrogenic load and trends of post-pyrogenic restoration in conditions of raised bog. The results obtained will be used to create training inputs for decoding satellite data and to conduct a spatial and temporal assessment of the restoration of post-pyrogenic sites.

Improvement of centerless grinding process. Part 1. Problem and methodological justifi cation of its solution

The need to process hard-to-process corrosion-resistant stainless steels such as steel grade 12Kh18N10T is growing sharply due to the growing demand for such steels. There was a demand for high-performance grinding of blanks of parts made of such steels. The paper discusses the features and results of the development of an abrasive tool for centerless grinding of one of these parts. The possibility of designing and/or selecting abrasive tools for rational and efficient grinding without cauterization with the required accuracy and roughness of processing has been established. Appropriate recommendations have been developed that reduce the complexity of designing (selecting) an abrasive wheel from 1.5 hours to 2 minutes and reduce the defect of parts to 0.1 % due to surface burns and the error of the obtained part dimensions.

Improvement of centerless grinding process. Part 2. Initial data and design stage

The need to process hard-to-process corrosion-resistant stainless steels such as steel grade 12Kh18N10T is growing sharply due to the growing demand for such steels. There was a demand for high-performance grinding of blanks of parts made of such steels. The paper discusses the features and results of the development of an abrasive tool for centerless grinding of one of these parts. The possibility of designing and/or selecting abrasive tools for rational and efficient grinding without cauterization with the required accuracy and roughness of processing has been established. Appropriate recommendations have been developed that reduce the complexity of designing (selecting) an abrasive wheel from 1.5 hours to 2 minutes and reduce the defect of parts to 0.1 % due to surface burns and the error of the obtained part dimensions.

Blood‐derived trophic factors for the treatment of ocular surface diseases

The use of blood‐derived products (Eye Drop of Human Origin—EDHO; in Italian: Emocomponents for Not Transfusional Use, EUNT) for the treatment of various ocular surface diseases has become increasingly utilized in ophthalmic practice over the years. In particular, they are recommended as a third line option, when conventional tear substitutes, or active drugs, such as corticosteroids or Cyclosporine A, result unsuccessful in controlling either signs and, perhaps most importantly, subjective symptoms of discomfort and pain. The rationale for their use is based on the stimulation of cell proliferation and migration through the supply of metabolically active substances, in particular growth factors, and definitely mimicking the function of natural tears.EDHO have been used for the treatment of various ocular surface diseases, including dry eye, persistent corneal epithelial defect, corneal ulcer, neurotrophic keratitis, ocular surface burn, recurrent corneal erosion and limbal stem cell deficiency. However, the therapeutic potential of these products is still to be fully explored, as randomized clinical trials and internationally recognized harmonized guidelines are still needed to provide better evidence, improve quality of the final products and lead to a more widespread use of these therapies in daily clinical practice. The autologous source is still quite popular, although allogeneic sources appear to be a promising innovation. These might offer the solution of obtaining in advance products tailored for each patient and ocular surface disease, at scalable concentrations based on the severity of the disease and clinical parameters. There remain many unanswered questions regarding what might be considered optimal treatment, sketched as “The 5 Ws (and 2 H) for blood based eye drops”, to quote a review from our group (doi: 10.3390/jcm8091478). This presentation will discuss: 1. who is the patient to be treated, in terms of disease type, severity, and stage?; 2. Why is an EDHO needed, in terms of a target indication?; 3. When is it appropriate to prescribe an EDHO therapy?; 4. Where are EDHO be dispensed, and is a national/regional program a feasible solution to optimize resources?; 5. What is the EDHO of choice, which source and preparation are targeted for a given patient? And further: 1. how is EDHO standardized in terms of processing to ensure an optimal dilution, solvent, dispenser, storage time?; 2. How is EDHO delivered to the ocular surface, in terms of form, dose‐size modulation, length of treatment?An interdisciplinary work with transfusional medicine specialists is imperative to share information and competences, to achieve a better clinical management.

Characteristics and factors affecting the outcomes of massive burn paediatric patients

This study investigated characteristics and factors affecting the outcome of massive burns in children. A retrospective study was conducted on 288 pediatric burn patients (=&lt;16 years old) with burn extent ≥ 30% of total burn surface area (TBSA) admitted to the Le Huu Trac National Burns Hospital from 1/1/2018 to 31/12/ 2022. Patients were divided into two groups of survival and death comparing demographic characteristics, burn features, and outcome. The results showed that most patients were under 6 years old (79.51%), boys (64.58%), due to scald (76.69%). Inhalation injury accounted for 6.25% and the overall mortality rate was 6.94%. There was no remarkable difference between survival and death groups in terms of age, gender, and admission time (p &gt; 0.05). Meanwhile, the death group had significantly greater burn extent, deep burn area as well as the rate of inhalation injury than the survival group (p &lt; 0.01). The most fatal causal agent was flame as compared to scald and other agents (18.75%; p &lt; 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that the increased deep burn area and the presence of inhalation injury were independent risk factors for mortality with AUC = 0.82; sensitivity: 80%; specificity: 91.42% in the case of combining both variates.

Aircraft Firefighting Capabilities Using Suspended Containers

In the world, the fight against forest and industrial fires is carried out by both ground based equipment and aircraft – airplanes and helicopters. Each of these has its specific advantages and disadvantages. The use of aviation containers for extinguishing fires is an alternative to existing methods at the moment. They are particularly effective in the initial outbreaks of fires in hard-to-reach areas and fires caused by toxic substance, as well as in limiting the growth of their spread. The advantage is that they can be targeted at a specific place and, depending on the type of fire, can be filled with the corresponding fire-fighting substance. These containers can be hung on airplanes and helicopters depending on their load capacity. They are used in the following way, after their targeted drop from the aircraft at a specific effective height, the container is destroyed and a fire-fighting substance is poured onto the burning surface. The moment of release of the aviation fire-fighting container is determined depending on the flight conditions and the targeting system of the aircraft used. For this purpose, mathematical modelling of the process of using the aviation container was carried out, mathematical models for the movement of the aircraft and the aviation fire-fighting container were compiled, and a mathematical model of the targeting system was created.