Color and multi-band imaging of a cavity-based flameholder in supersonic flow

Abstract

Utilizing time-resolved CH*/C2* and multi-angle color flame imaging recorded at 1 kHz/22.5 kHz frequencies, this study investigates the dynamics and stabilization of supersonic flames in a cavity flameholder combustor at Mach 2, with ethylene fuel and air. A stagnation pressure of 289 kPa was used for the stable cavity burning experiments with fuel flow rates of 30, 60, and 90 slpm and 483 kPa for ignition transient experiments with fuel flow rates of 55 and 90 slpm, injecting fuel at the closeout ramp. The stagnation temperature was 597 K. Chemiluminescence analysis focused on the equivalence ratio (ER) and combustion intensity, while a fiber-based endoscope captured color flame image, informing on premixedness, flame structure, and flame surface density. Results from transient ignition showed that a progression from lean to stoichiometric, and ultimately to fuel-rich conditions was observed, with marked transitions occurring along the cavity floor. High-intensity CH* regions were consistently associated with fuel-rich zones. Digital flame coloration discrimination (DFCD) analysis provided insights into the mixing efficiency, affecting the flame color and structure. Despite reduced fuel flow rates significantly altering flame characteristics, such as thickness and the persistence of a 'W' flame structure, the shear layer remained a focal point for optimal combustion conditions. The study demonstrated that the shear layer's intense turbulent mixing is crucial for flame stability and structure, with chemiluminescence surface density (CSD) profiles suggesting balanced combustion at 60 and 90 slpm flow rates. However, an asymmetry of CSD at 30 slpm indicated a shift towards fuel-rich conditions at the burning surface, indicating potential instability and elevated blowout.