Burn-in Research Articles

N-BIR: A NUMERIC OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER BURN-IN TESTING TIME REDUCTION

Burn-in testing is an effective method for detecting early faults in electronic products before they reach the market. This test has a high cost due to lengthy test time on a test bench. In this paper, we propose N-BIR (Numeric optimization approach for power electronic Burn-In testing time Reduction), an algorithm capable of predicting the burn-in (BI) test temperature of power electronic converters, intending to shorten the duration of such tests. This algorithm optimizes by least squares a theoretical model of the system, using as data a fraction of the total burn-in test. Moreover, not only is it capable of making accurate predictions, but it also accompanies them with a prediction interval (PI), so that the algorithm itself can quantify how confident it is of its predictions. We show that using 40% of a conventional rolling test total, our algorithm outperforms several of today's most common Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. Furthermore, we show that it can reduce burning time by 50% to 60% by making accurate predictions, which makes it possible to identify a significant portion of converters that don't require full testing, ultimately lowering costs and boosting productivity. Keywords: Burn-in temperature prediction, Burn-in time reduction, Levelized Cost of Energy, Machine Learning, Electronic Power Converter, Reliability.

CLASSIFICATION OF GRINDING BURNS IN BEARINGS WITH TRANSFER LEARNING

Grinding is used to improve surface roughness and dimensioning precision in the metal industry. A large amount of heat is released during grinding. Most of this heat is transferred to the workpiece. In this case, a grinding burn may occur on the workpiece. Grinding burn is a significant issue in the production of bearings. If a burn occurs on the workpiece during grinding, the surface quality deteriorates and the internal structure and mechanical qualities of the material are adversely affected. Therefore, detecting grinding burn is critical for bearing manufacturers. In this study, during the grinding of the bearing parts, the machine conditions were changed in accordance with the real grinding scenario, and burnt and non-burned bearing data were obtained with the acoustic emission sensor. Then, time-frequency representations were obtained from these data with the continuous wavelet transform. These images have been classified in the GoogLeNet Network by transfer learning. Combinations of faulty/ normal data processed under different machine settings and combinations of faulty/ normal data processed with the same machine parameters were classified with the proposed method and compared. Faulty bearings processed with the same machine characteristics were detected with 100% accuracy using the proposed method. This percentage gives a reliable result for bearing producers. This study contributes to the literature in three ways: (a) It is based on data collected under real-world grinding situations. (12 different machine settings were employed.) (b) Various machine conditions were compared. (c) Faulty bearings were detected with high accuracy.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, NANO SILVER AND CHLORHEXIDINE AGAINST MONO-SPECIES BIOFILMS OF SELECTED MICROORGANISMS OF ORAL SOURCES

Background: Among the measures involved in the control of endodontic infection, irrigation is an important factor in the elimination of microorganisms present in the open root canal. It is known that mechanical debridement alone does not result in a complete or permanent reduction of bacteria, therefore antimicrobial agents are used as an aid to mechanical cleaning to completely kill or reduce the number of microorganisms. Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of 2.5%, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 2.0% chlorhexidine liquid and as the first new study of 60 mg/L silver nanoparticles as an endodontic-irrigating substances against single-species biofilms. Methods: Biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans oral sources were produced on a cellulose nitrate membrane placed on agar medium. Membrane filters were transferred to tubes containing 2 mL of fresh broth medium plus neutralizers. Microorganisms were suspended using a vortex, and the inoculum was serially diluted 10-fold. Aliquots of the dilutions were placed on 5% blood agar medium and incubated under appropriate gaseous conditions. Colony forming units were calculated. Results: The antimicrobial agents in liquid presentation, especially 5.25% NaOCl, 2% chlorhexidine, and 2% nano-silver liquid killed the tested microorganisms more rapidly with mean rank equal to 1.4, 1.9, and 1.6, respectively. Saline did not inhibit the growth of any of the tested microorganisms, as it was statistically (p < 0.05) different for NaOCl, Nano-silver and chlorhexidine. Conclusions: Preferring agents in liquid supply to get rid of biofilm microorganisms, especially 5.25% NaOCl and 60mg/L nanosilver liquid. Peer Review History: Received: 9 January 2022; Revised: 11 February; Accepted: 9 March, Available online: 15 March 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, gorkemdulger@yandex.com Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, rawah67@hotmail.com Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, edress2020@gmail.com Similar Articles: INVESTIGATION OF LIPOIDIAL CONTENTS AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FORSSKAOLEA VIRIDIS AND TRICHODESMA EHRENBERGII WILDLY DISTRIBUTED IN EGYPT ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA. (GUAVA) MEDICINAL PLANT LEAVES USED IN FOLK MEDICINE FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND BURNS IN HUFASH DISTRICT AL MAHWEET GOVERNORATE–YEMEN ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES FOR HADHRAMI HONEY ON GROWTH OF SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Two-level differential burn-in policy for spatially heterogeneous defect units in semiconductor manufacturing

Burn-in (BI) is an effective technique in semiconductor manufacturing to weed out defective devices. BI has been generally conducted on all of packaged devices for the same duration. Realizing that devices in the BI population usually have different reliability at various production levels, this study proposes a new two-level differential BI policy and two BI optimization models to determine the cost-optimal and profit-optimal BI decisions, respectively. The BI tests are conducted at two production levels: wafer-level (WL) and package-level (PL). After a common wafer-level BI for all devices, survival devices are subject to three different decisions: rejection without PLBI, acceptance without PLBI, and test with PLBI. The cost objective function consists of the BI test costs, BI failure costs, and warranty failure cost, while the profit objective function considers the manufacturing costs, BI test costs, warranty failure cost, revenue, and yield loss. Spatially varying yield and probability with reliability defects are computed via spatial regression modeling of clustered defect counts. Two numerical examples are used to illustrate the proposed BI policy and models based on the spatial defects modeling. Analytical results demonstrate that the two-level differential BI policy can be a cost- and profit-effective alternative over the conventional single PLBI policy.

INVESTIGATION OF LIPOIDIAL CONTENTS AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FORSSKAOLEA VIRIDIS AND TRICHODESMA EHRENBERGII WILDLY DISTRIBUTED IN EGYPT

Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the antimicrobial activity and investigation of lipoidial contents of F. viridis and T. ehrenbergii wildly distributed in Gebel Elba, Southeast of Egypt for the first time.
 Methods: The phytochemical investigation of the ether extracts of F. viridis and T. ehrenbergii carried out by saponification of two lipoidial extracts and using gas chromatography (GC) with reference standards. The antimicrobial activity of the ether extract was performed as in vitro studies by diffusion agar technique for selected +ve and –ve gram bacterial and fungal strains with reference used drug as a control.
 Results: The findings of this study revealed that the two lipoidial extracts have sufficient steroidal and fatty acid methyl ester compounds where F. viridis contain (22) hydrocarbons, (6) sterols and (14) fatty acid methyl esters while, T. ehrenbergii contain (20) hydrocarbons, (5) sterols and (17) fatty acids where β-amyrin and stigmasterol and palmitic and Tricyclic acid were the major concentration of steroid and fatty acid methyl ester contents of F. viridis and T. ehrenbergii respectively. The lipoidial extract of F. viridis and T. ehrenbergii exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against all tested strains as compared to reference used drug.
 Conclusion: It can be elicited that the ethereal extracts of two plants have moderate antimicrobial activity against selected strains.
 
 
 Peer Review History: 
 Received 20 November 2020; Revised 11 Decembe; Accepted 3 January, Available online 15 January 2021
 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.
 Received file: Comments of reviewer(s): 
 Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10
 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10
 Reviewer(s) detail:
 Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id
 Dr. Mohamed Said Fathy Al-Refaey, University of Sadat City, Menofia, Egypt, Mohamed.said@fop.usc.edu.eg
 Similar Articles:
 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES FOR HADHRAMI HONEY ON GROWTH OF SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA 
 ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA. (GUAVA) MEDICINAL PLANT LEAVES USED IN FOLK MEDICINE FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND BURNS IN HUFASH DISTRICT AL MAHWEET GOVERNORATE–YEMEN 
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF FOUR VARIETIES OF LIPPIA MULTIFLORA IN BENIN 
 IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LACTOBACILLI METABOLITES LOADED HYDROGEL FORMULATIONS AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

SAPONINS, GLYCOSIDES AND FLAVONOIDS IN CELLS AND TISSUES OF BALANITES AEGYPTIACA CULTURED ON SOLID AND LIQUID CULTURE MEDIA

Objectives: The main objective of the present study is to obtain callus and cell suspension culture from Balanitesa egyptiaca sterile plantlets grown in vitro and to compare growth and the biosynthetic potential of saponins, flavonoids and glycosides by callus and cell suspension culture Balanitisa egyptiaca.
 Methods: Callus was induced from the mother plants on MS culture media supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BA + 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D with and without agar gelling. Total saponins, glycosides and flavonoids were estimated in both types of cultures over a period extending from 1 to 5 weeks to compare the productivity of such secondary metabolites in callus and cell suspension cultures.
 Results: The results obtained indicated that both calli and cell suspension cultures were able to synthesize the target active ingredients and that cell suspension culture was superior to the callus culture in the biosynthesis and accumulation processes. By the end of the incubation period, the amount of total saponins in cell suspension culture reached up 51.97±0.26 dry biomass compared to 35.02 ±0.06 mg/g in callus culture. The amount of total flavonoids in cell suspension culture reached up 10.88±0.24 dry biomass compared to 6.40±0.02 mg/g in callus culture and of total glycosides reached up 6.11±0.25 dry biomass compared to 5.06 ±0.05 mg/g in callus culture.
 Conclusions: The results obtained in this study may indicate the promising role that plant cell culture will play in the future in phytopharmaceutical industry.
 Peer Review History: 
 Received 16 July 2020; Revised 12 August; Accepted 26 August, Available online 15 September 2020
 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.
 Received file 
 
 Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10
 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10
 Reviewer(s) detail:
 Name: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel
 Affiliation: Researcher at pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Egypt.
 E-mail: gehankandeel9@yahoo.com
 
 Name: Ahmad Najib
 Affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemystry Universitas Muslim Indonesia-Indonesia
 E-mail: ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id
 
 Comments of reviewer(s): 
 
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 PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COLOCASIA ESCULENTA (TARO) MEDICINAL PLANT LEAVES USED IN FOLK MEDICINE FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND BURNS IN HUFASH DISTRICT AL MAHWEET GOVERNORATE–YEMEN 
 PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC OF PRUNUS DULCIS (ALMOND) MEDICINAL PLANT LEAVES USED IN FOLK MEDICINE FOR TREATMENT OF WOUNDS AND BURNS IN HUFASH DISTRICT AL MAHWEET GOVERNORATE–YEMEN 

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BURNS AND ITS OUTCOME IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL - A 10 YEARS STUDY.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BURNS AND ITS OUTCOME IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL - A 10 YEARS STUDY.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BURNS AND ITS OUTCOME IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL - A 10 YEARS STUDY.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BURNS AND ITS OUTCOME IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL - A 10 YEARS STUDY.

EVALUATION OF DIGITAL DETECTOR ARRAYS SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY

Digital Detector Arrays (DDA) or Flat Panel Detector (FPD) is a highly efficient technique that is used in nondestructive testing of internal features of an object. The evaluation of DDA systems for industrial radiography is important to ensure the image quality and to enables long-term stability of this system. This evaluation is specified by ASTM E2737–10, which describes the fundamental parameters of DDA systems to be measured. The tests require the usage of either the five-groove wedge or the duplex plate phantom with separate Image Quality Indicators (IQIs). The purpose of this work was evaluate the radiographic performance achieved using both techniques in two DDA systems manufactured by GEIT: DXR250P and DXR250V, which have thallium-doped cesium iodide (CsI:Tl) and terbium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2O2S:Tb - GOS) scintillators, respectively. For this purpose, it was used an X-ray equipment as radiation source. The image quality parameters analyzed were Image Lag (IL), Offset Level (OL), Bad Pixel distribution, Burn In (BI), Spatial Resolution (SR), Material Thickness Range (MTR), Contrast Sensitivity (CS), Signal Level (SL) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). As result of this study, has been observed that the use of the five-groove wedge phantom made the measurements to become easier to execute. Regarding the DDA system, the DXR250P presented more IL and BI, but produced images with better CS and SNR and needed a dose almost twice smaller than the DXR250V to achieve a similar SL.

Role of Annealing in Constant Period of Voltage Stress on the Burn-in Effect Suppression of InGaP/GaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors

Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) is proved to be more efficient in dissociating hydrogen complexes than using a constant period of voltage stress (CPVS). Without waiting for the bond breaking of complexes by minority carrier injection, RTA favors the critical base–emitter voltage (VBE) responsible for the occurrence of burn-in (BI) from 1.75 to 1.4 V and thus assists CPVS in reducing VBE by about 25% used in BI suppression. Besides eliminating the BI, the sample first prepared by RTA and followed by CPVS has larger base and collector current densities at VBE>1.1 V and reaches 6 times those at VBE>1.3 V compared with the sample only using by CPVS.

Bad Communities

Bad Communities

Real Impact of Dynamic Operation Stress During Burn-In on DRAM Retention Time

The burn-in (BI) mechanism in connection with the dynamic operation stress (DOS) has been investigated to examine the real impact on dynamic random access memory (DRAM) reliablity. In this paper, the wafer burn-in (WBI) method with equivalent screening efficiency as the package burn-in (PBI) is implemented by employing DOS. It is found that retention time degradation by BI stress in DRAM with potentially lethal defects is mainly attributed to DOS-induced hot carrier (HC) degradation of DRAM cell. Hot electrons injection in Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface brings about lots of interfacial states as well as the electrical field modification at the gate-overlapped region, causing the degradation of retention time. This is clarified by an anomalous threshold voltage (V/sub T/) shift, and an increase of gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) after dc HC stress having the identical stress voltage as DOS. Moreover, it is proved that a WBI procedure with the relevant DOS can screen out weak bits effectively, compared to that with only static stress.

DRAM Reliability Degradation By Dynamic Operation Stress During Burn-In

The circuit to apply dynamic operation stress (DOS) to dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell in wafer burn-in (WBI) mode is successfully implemented. We have verified that the degradation of data retention time occurred during burn-in (BI) test is mainly attributed to DOS-induced hot carrier (HC) degradation of DRAM cell. The characterization result of DRAM reliability by DOS-applying method in WBI mode is a good agreement with that by real operation stress in package burn-In (PBI) mode.

TREATMENT OF EXTENSIVE THIRD-DEGREE BURNS IN 1970–80 (Successful Treatment of a child with Full-Thickness Burn of 94% of Body Surface)

The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care: July 1983 - Volume 23 - Issue 7 - p 671

PREVENTION OF BURNS AND SCALDS IN A DEVELOPED COUNTRY

PREVENTION OF BURNS AND SCALDS IN A DEVELOPED COUNTRY

EARLY NEUROLOGICAL DISTURBANCES FOLLOWING RELATIVELY MINOR BURNS IN CHILDREN

6 cases of early "burns encephalopathy" are described. The patients were children with burns of 9% to 33% of their body-surface. Although their expected mortality in terms of size of burn would be negligible, 2 children died. Death was attributed to brain " swelling " the cause of which is unknown. It is postulated that, during the first 48 hours after burn injury, there is a range of acute neurological disturbance, from mild to severe, which may occasionally prove fatal.

DERMATOME DEBRIDEMENT, EARLY GRAFTING AND MANAGEMENT OF EXTENSIVE THIRD-DEGREE BURNS IN CHILDREN(Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, English Panel Discussion at the II Annual Meeting of Japan Pediatric Surgery)

DERMATOME DEBRIDEMENT, EARLY GRAFTING AND MANAGEMENT OF EXTENSIVE THIRD-DEGREE BURNS IN CHILDREN(Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, English Panel Discussion at the II Annual Meeting of Japan Pediatric Surgery)

Moral Dilemmas by Gerald VannO.P.. Collins. 18s

Book reviewed in this article:MORAL DILEMMAS by Gerald Vann, O.P.OPULATION: EXPLOSION OR CONTROL? by A. Nevett, S.J.THE EXPERIENCE OF MARRIAGEMARRIED LOVE by Emile Joseph de Smedt.THE CHURCH IS A COMMUNION by Jerome Hamer, O.P.THE BEGINNINGS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY by Franklin EdgertonFRENCH MORALISTS: THE THEORY OF THE PASSIONS 1585 TO 1649 by Anthony Levi, S.J.RONALD KNOX THE PRIEST by Thomas Corbishley, S.J.TEILHARD DE CHARDIN by Claude Cuénot: Burns and OatesDISSONANT VOICES IN SOVIET LITERATUREDISSONANT VOICES IN SOVIET LITERATURETHE DANGEROUS QUEEN by Francis Edwards, S.J.SMALL SOCIAL GROUPS IN ENGLAND by Margaret PhillipsMONASTIC TITHES FROM THEIR ORIGINS TO THE TWELFTH CENTURY by Giles ConstableCRISIS OF FAITH: the religious psychology of adolescence, by Pierre BabinTHE NEW LIBRARY OF CATHOLIC KNOWLEDGE, VOLS. 1–6. Burns and OatesTHE NATURE AND USE OF PRAYER by Maurice Nédoncelle, translated by A. Manson

Corrigendum

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 2, Issue 24 p. 820-820 CorrigendumFree Access Corrigendum This article corrects the following: A SOCIAL STUDY OF BURNS AND SCALDS IN CHILDREN Howard Williams, Nancy Bowman Dip.Soc.Stud. (Melb.), A.I.H.A. (Vic.), Gudrun Malare Socionom, Volume 2Issue 18Medical Journal of Australia pages: 599-601 First Published online: November 1, 1958 First published: 01 December 1958 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1958.tb36561.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume2, Issue24December 1958Pages 820-820 RelatedInformation

DUODENAL ULCER COMPLICATING BURNS IN AN INFANT

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 1, Issue 9 p. 183-183 Reports of Case DUODENAL ULCER COMPLICATING BURNS IN AN INFANT Ivan E. Ashby M.B., B.S. (Adel.), Ivan E. Ashby M.B., B.S. (Adel.) Resident Medical Officer Adelaide Children's HospitalSearch for more papers by this author Ivan E. Ashby M.B., B.S. (Adel.), Ivan E. Ashby M.B., B.S. (Adel.) Resident Medical Officer Adelaide Children's HospitalSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1917 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1917.tb101526.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume1, Issue9March 1917Pages 183-183 RelatedInformation