Bulk Transfer Research Articles

Fully Flexible All‐in‐One Electronic Display Skin with Seamless Integration of MicroLED and Hydrogel Battery

AbstractVisualization is a cornerstone in human–computer interaction, evolving from large screens to mobile devices and now to wearable display technology. However, conventional batteries and displays lack the softness and stretchability inherent to human skin. Here, a fully flexible, all‐in‐one electronic display skin by integrating a flexible microLED display, a stretchable circuit, and a Zn|PAM|V2O5 hydrogel battery pack is developed. Vapor‐phase bulk transfer is used to efficiently and accurately transfer 10 000 microLEDs onto a flexible substrate, ensuring high flexibility and ultra‐thin (240 µm). The flexible hydrogel battery pack provides sustainable energy, with a high specific capacity of 331.3 mAh g−1. Additionally, a transparent stretchable circuit board (maximum stretch 40%) is made by 3D printing technology. The skin display exhibited exceptional stretchability and biocompatibility, conforming to movements while maintaining high‐resolution dynamic visual outputs. These innovations pave the way for advanced skin‐implanted displays, promising transformative applications in information interaction, healthcare, and artificial intelligence.

Boosting bulk photocharge separation and transfer in heterojunctions for antibiotics removal: Enhanced internal electric field and interfacial electric field

The electric fields created by semiconductor heterojunctions often only separated photogenerated charges at component interface, not sufficiently inhibiting carriers’ recombination in their bulk phases. Herein, we introduced the enhanced bulk internal electric field into BixOyIz/g-C3N4 heterojunction, constructing a dual electric field structure through in-situ precipitation and calcination to boost photocharge separation and transfer at both the interface and the bulk. The interfacial electric field created by heterojunction boosted the photocharge separation, and the enhanced internal electric field resulting from iodine reduction improved the bulk charge dynamics of BixOyIz. The dual electric field endowed BixOyIz/g-C3N4 with high photocatalytic activity and broad application potential. Specifically, the photocatalytic reaction rate constants of BixOyIz/g-C3N4 calcined at 460 °C for tetracycline removal reached 0.024 min−1, which was 3.42 times higher than that of BiOI/g-C3N4. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and scavenging experiments proved that ·O2− was the predominant active species in oxidizing tetracycline. The experiments on simulated real water showed that BixOyIz/g-C3N4 has a broad range of pH applicability, strong resistance to anionic interference, and good cycling performance. This work provided new insights for inhibiting bulk phase photocharge recombination of individual components in heterojunctions.

Control of Interface Migration in Nonequilibrium Crystallization of Li2SiO3 from Li2O-SiO2 Melt by Spatiotemporal Temperature and Concentration Fields.

During liquid-solid transformation, bulk mass and thermal diffusion, along with the evolved interfacial latent heat, work in tandem to generate interfacial thermodynamic and kinetic forces, the interplay of which decides the solidification velocity and consequently the solidified phase attributes. Hence, access to interface dynamics information in dependence of bulk transfer processes is pivotal to tailor the desired quantity of solid phases of unique compositions. It finds particular application for engineering concentrated Lithium (Li) phases out of Li-ion battery slags, thus generating a high value-added product from a conventional waste process stream. However, considerable challenge exists to predict the impact of the diverse external cooling rates on the evolving internal transfer processes and thus tuning solidification routes for achieving phases of interest. Hence, in this work, a thermodynamically consistent nonequilibrium model, by considering spatiotemporal temperature and concentration fields, is developed and applied to study solidification of Li2SiO3 from a Li2O-SiO2 melt that constitutes an important subsystem of the Li containing battery-recycling slags. The approach treats the sharp solid/liquid interface as a moving heat source. In the presence of different heat extraction profiles, it evaluates the spatial temperature heterogeneity and its implicit correlation to internal material fluxes resulting from maximization of dissipation and consequently the interrelation to interface velocities. Model calculations revealed that irrespective of the external cooling rate, for an initial short time duration, the magnitude of which increased with decreasing cooling rates, the interface velocities show a reducing trajectory directly relatable to the reducing thermodynamic forces due to localized interfacial temperature rise from the generated latent heat of fusion from the initial solidification. This is followed by a thermodynamically controlled regime, whereby for each cooling rate, the interface velocities increase until a maxima, the magnitude of which decreases with decreasing cooling rates. Finally, the interface propagation speeds decrease as controlled by the kinetic regime.

Enhanced bulk and interfacial charge transfer in Fe:VOPO4 modified Mo:BiVO4 photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is a promising photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. However, its performance is greatly hindered by poor bulk and interfacial charge transfer. Herein, to address this issue, iron doped vanadyl phosphate (Fe:VOPO4) was grafted on molybdenum doped BiVO4 (Mo:BiVO4) for significantly enhancing charge transfer and oxygen evolution kinetics simultaneously. Consequently, the resultant Fe:VOPO4/Mo:BVO4 photoanode exhibits a remarkable photocurrent density of 6.59 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE) under AM 1.5G illumination, over approximately 5.5 times as high as that of pristine BiVO4. Systematic studies have demonstrated that the hopping activation energy of small polarons is significantly reduced due to the Mo doping, resulting in accelerated bulk charge transfer. More importantly, the deposition of Fe:VOPO4 promotes the interfacial charge transfer between Mo:BiVO4 and Fe:VOPO4 via the construction of V−O−V and P−O bonds, in addition to facilitating water splitting kinetics. This work provides a general strategy for optimizing charge transfer process, especially at the interface between photoanodes and cocatalysts.

Solvation structure dependent ion transport and desolvation mechanism for fast-charging Li-ion batteries.

The solvation structures of Li+ in electrolytes play prominent roles in determining the fast-charging capabilities of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are in urgent demand for smart electronic devices and electric vehicles. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of how solvation structures affect ion transport through the electrolyte bulk and interfacial charge transfer reactions remains elusive. We report that the charge transfer reaction involving the desolvation process is the rate-determining step of the fast charging when ion conductivity reaches a certain value as determined by investigating electrolytes with eight conventional solvents (linear/cyclic carbonate/ether). The physicochemical characteristics of solvent molecules can result in strong ion-ion, moderate ion-dipole, strong ion-dipole, and weak ion-dipole/ion-ion interactions, respectively, in which the speed of the charge transfer reaction follows the above order of interactions. Among all solvents, dioxolane (DOL) is found to enable strong ion-ion interactions in electrolytes and thus exhibits exceptional fast-charging performance and it can still retain 60% of the initial capacity at 20C (1C = 170 mA g-1) with a polarization of merely 0.35 V. Further experimental characterization and theoretical calculation reveal that the aggregates in DOL electrolytes contribute to hopping assisted ion transport and facilitate the desolvation process of Li+. Our results deepen the fundamental understanding of the behavior of Li+ solvation and provide an effective guiding principle for electrolyte design for fast-charging batteries.

Enhancing photocatalytic efficiency with hematite photoanodes: principles, properties, and strategies for surface, bulk, and interface charge transfer improvement

This review systematically explores various strategies aimed at enhancing charge transfer at different levels—bulk, surface, and interfaces of hematite. The examination encompasses diverse approaches, and assesses their impact on mitigating the identified issues.

An approach to substitute costly-commercial capattery electrodes by activated carbon@Co with advanced retention: Detailed device study supported by DFT investigation

Modern technological development requires researchers to develop cost-effective materials for energy storage/conversion device. The activated carbon, its composite with oxyhydroxide opens new areas for making low-cost commercial sustainable devices synthesized by hydrothermal method. Here, we have broadly compared the different types (Al, Co, Ni) of oxyhydroxide carbon composite for energy storage with detailed theoretical investigations. The detailed DFT simulation is done to see the electronic properties by evaluating the total density of the state and the orbital contribution of the density of the state along with the band structure. The band structure and orbital contribution of DOS show the metallic nature of the CoOOH and the quantum capacitance(QC) obtained for pure CoOOH is 3000 μF. The crucial finding of the research is broad comparative electrochemical performance, with surface area variation for all electrode materials AlOOH@activated carbon, CoOOH@activated carbon, and NiOOH@activated carbon, respectively. The specific capacitance value for otimized CoOOH@activated carbon, from cyclic voltammetry, is 230 F g−1 at 10 mV/s. The bulk and charge transfer resistance calculated for CoOOH@activated carbon (Co@AC) is, respectively 0.82 Ω and 1.18 Ω. The energy, and power density values for CoOOH@AC are 37.34 W h kg−1 and 4200 W kg−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1. The capacitance retention and Columbic efficiency for Co@AC are 72, and 96 % for Co@AC till the last 20,000 segments of GCD. Overall, out of all electrode, the devices with Co@AC electrode shows very promising performance. The fabricated device can glow 26 LED panels for 5 min.

Chimie Douce Derived K-Based P2-Type Transition Metal(s) Layered Oxides for Secondary K-Ion Batteries

Owing to great societal and technological benefits, there has been a remarkable growth in the industrial demand for enhanced energy storage for many target applications including electric vehicles, aerospace applications, and portable electronics. Secondary K-ion batteries (KIBs) are among the potentially inexpensive candidates for energy storage systems beyond state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Electrochemical cells based on mobile carrier K+ can provide efficient energy storage because of comparative ionic diffusion in bulk and swift charge transfer at the interface due to weak Lewis’s acidity.1,2 Despite various advantages over LIBs and NIBs, the roadblock of practical KIB implementation lies in identifying suitable cathodes that reversibly (de)intercalate K+ at optimum voltage, swift rate, and with prolonged cycle life.Despite constant efforts to develop new cathodes for K+ -ion batteries, several challenges such as low concentrations of K-ions due to strong electrostatic repulsions between the K+ - K+ ions and difficulty in preparation from direct synthesis routes3 limit its practical application. In this scenario, we have adopted the chimie douce (soft chemistry) method to design the novel layered transition metal oxide cathode from the parent P2 type Na-based system. In addition, we have probed the ion exchange mechanism using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Rietveld analysis confirmed the structure having a P2-type stacking sequence with hexagonal symmetry and P6/3mmc space group. Further, we have successfully examined the chemical ion-exchanged novel layered P2- K2/3Co1/3Mn2/3O2 as a cathode for KIB at ambient and high temperatures. It delivered a good capacity (~70 mAh/g) with an average redox potential of 3.0 V along with good cycling stability and coulombic efficiency (CE) in temperature ranging from 25-50 ºC. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction analysis and potentio/galvanostatic titration techniques were used to analyse the K+ insertion mechanism. This study can assist in developing new insertion K+ host materials for viable and reliable practical applications.

Bifunctional Co-TiO2 co-promoted bulk and interfacial charge transfer of BiVO4 photoanodes for solar water oxidation

The primary causes of photogenerated carrier recombination in BiVO4 photoanodes are the formation of bulk polarons and sluggish water oxidation kinetics. To address these issues effectively, we designed a bifunctional Co-TiO2 to modify the BiVO4 photoanodes. UV–vis DRS and Mott-Schottky results indicate that Co adjusts the band gap of TiO2, and there forms a type-II heterojunction between BiVO4 and Co-TiO2. The experimental tests and theoretical calculations for OER as well as EIS results demonstrate that Co sites in Co-TiO2 provide more reaction sites for the interfacial oxidation reaction, reducing the overpotential. Under the dual action of Co-TiO2, the co-promotion for the migration ability of photogenerated carriers in the bulk and on the surface of BiVO4 photoanode has been realized. This conclusion is supported by analysis of photogenerated charge transfer behavior through transient photocurrent and IMPS. As a result, the photogenerated current density of BiVO4/Co7 %-TiO2 photoanode reaches 4.38 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE under AM 1.5 G illumination, which is four times that of pure BiVO4 photoanodes.

Swelling of lignin-based gel in salt-containing organic solvents and its application as gel electrolyte

Abstract A lignin-based gel prepared by the chemical crosslinking of hardwood acetic acid lignin (AL) with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether has been reported to shrink in water and organic solvents but swell specifically in aqueous binary solutions. In this study, the AL-based gel was also found to swell in lithium-salt-containing organic solvents, namely, liquid electrolytes. The uptake of salt solutions reached five times the dry weight of the gel. The ionic conductivity of the gel swollen with 1 M LiBF4 in propylene carbonate or a mixed solution (1:1, v/v) of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate exceeded 1 mS cm−1 at room temperature (25 °C), suggesting that this gel can be applied as a gel electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A prototype LIB was assembled with the AL-based gel electrolyte and LiCoO2/graphite-based electrodes and exhibited low bulk and charge transfer resistances of 4.1 and 9.7 Ω, respectively. Moreover, its initial specific capacity reached 104 mAh g−1 at a current density of 28 mA g−1, which is comparable to that of a reference LIB assembled using a commercial polyethylene separator. These results indicate the significant potential of this lignin-based gel for application in energy storage devices.

Upstream–Downstream Asymmetry in Multiscale Interaction Underlying the Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Blockings

Abstract The typical blockings over the Pacific, Atlantic, and Ural Mountain regions are investigated for an understanding of their dynamical interactions in a unified treatment with their respective basic flows and high-frequency processes, respectively. Thanks to the localized nature of the new methodology as used in this study, for the first time we identify a dipolar structure (for each of the three regions) in the map of the interscale energy transfer from the basic flow to the composite blocking, with a positive center upstream and a negative center downstream. This indicates the crucial role of the instability of the basic flow in the maintenance of blockings, which has been overlooked due to the bulk nature of the spatially integrated energetics (by summing the transfer over the whole blocking, the two centers essentially cancel out, leaving an insignificant bulk transfer). For the interaction between the blocking and the high-frequency storms, the well-known critical role of the upscale forcing in blocking development is confirmed. But, unexpectedly, except for that over the Atlantic where the forcing exists throughout, over the other two regions the forcing is found to occur mainly downstream. This is quite different from what the classical theory, e.g., the famous eddy strain mechanism of Shutts, would predict.

Enhancing HTTP Web Protocol Performance with Updated Transport Layer Techniques

Popular Internet applications such as web browsing, and web video download use HTTP protocol as application over the standard Transport Control Protocol (TCP). Traditional TCP behavior is unsuitable for this style of application because their transmission rate and traffic pattern are different from conventional bulk transfer applications. Previous works have analyzed the interaction of these applications with the congestion control algorithms in TCP and the proposed Congestion Window Validation (CWV) as a solution. However, this method was incomplete and has been shown to present drawbacks. This paper focuses on the ‘newCWV’ which was designed to address these drawbacks. NewCWV provides a practical mechanism to estimate the available path capacity and suggests a more appropriate congestion control behavior. This paper describes how this algorithm was implemented in the Linux TCP/IP stack and tested by experiments, where results indicate that, with newCWV, the browsing can get 50% faster in an uncongested network.

Fine-tuning Li+ solvation structure enabled by steric effect and solvating chemistry of the anion for practical electrolyte engineering

Electrolytes capable of stably functioning in high-voltage lithium metal batteries are forwardly pursued to exceed the energy storage limits of current devices. Practical electrolyte engineering is required to promote anode and cathode compatibility without sacrificing bulk transfer capability and cost-effectiveness. Herein, based on the steric effect and solvating chemistry of anions, we propose a fine-tuning of carbonate-based electrolytes with high anodic stability to derive an optimal solvation structure for better interfacial behaviors of Li+. This strategy enhances the Li plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency in the Li||Cu cell to an ultra-high value of 99.61% without increasing the cost and lowering the ionic conductivity of the electrolytes. Besides, when the design is applied to practical Li||NMC811 full cells, a capacity retention of 88.5% and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.74% after 200 cycles are obtained at a current density of 1 C. This work provides insights into the functions of anions in electrolytes and demonstrates a novel designing perspective for high-voltage lithium metal battery electrolytes.

Parameterization and Remote Sensing Retrieval of Land Surface Processes in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China

The exchange of energy between the land surface and atmosphere is dependent upon crucial parameters, including surface roughness, emissivity, bulk transfer coefficients for momentum (CD) and heat (CH). These parameters are calculated through site observation data and remote sensing data. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) the aerodynamic roughness of the Gurbantunggut Desert measures 1.1 × 10−2 m, which is influenced by the varying conditions of the underlying surface. The roughness decreases as wind speed increases and is seen to be directly proportional to the growth of vegetation. From April to June, the aerodynamic roughness increases with increasing vegetation cover, but begins to gradually decrease after July. Spatially, the middle regions show higher roughness values than the eastern and western areas. In the central part of the desert, the roughness is between 2.37 × 10−2 m and 2.46 × 10−2 m from April to November. The northwest and northeast regions measure 1.41 × 10−2 m–2.04 × 10−2 m and 1.53 × 10−2 m–2.39 × 10−2 m, respectively. (2) The surface emissivity is 0.93, and it varies depending on the snow and vegetation present in the underlying area. (3) CD and CH exhibit an inverse relationship with wind speed. When wind speed falls below 6 m/s, the CD declines rapidly as wind speed increases. In contrast, once wind speed surpasses 6 m/s, the propensity for the CD to decrease with increasing wind speed slows down and approaches stability.

An Application of the Maximum Entropy Production Method in the WRF Noah Land Surface Model

AbstractThe calculation of surface sensible heat (SH) and latent heat (LE) fluxes using the bulk transfer models for complex terrains, tall vegetation regions, and morning and evening transition periods remains a challenging problem in numerical weather and climate models. The maximum entropy production (MEP) model, a new method of calculating surface heat fluxes, is coupled with the Noah land surface model (LSM) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Surface heat fluxes and meteorological variables including air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature, and precipitation data at nine intensive observation stations and 453 routine meteorological operational observation stations in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) from 1 June to 31 August 2015 are used to evaluate the coupled model. The results show that the MEP method improves the nonclosure of the surface energy balance in the WRF (with an energy residual from 24.3 to 1.9 W m−2), reducing the overestimations of SH and LE and the underestimation of the surface ground heat flux over the complex terrain of TP (with the bias decreases of 50.6% and 117.1% for SH and LE in turn), especially during the daytime. The improved SH and LE reduce the cold and wet biases in the TP by 29.4% and 51.7%, respectively. The MEP model also reduces the overestimated soil temperature by 63%. Moreover, the overestimated daily precipitation is reduced by 3% over the TP. The successful application of the MEP method demonstrates its advantage over the bulk transfer method, providing a new approach for reducing the overestimation of surface heat fluxes and wet and cold biases in numerical forecast models in complex terrains.

Bulk Transfer Coefficients Estimated From Eddy‐Covariance Measurements Over Lakes and Reservoirs

AbstractThe drag coefficient, Stanton number and Dalton number are of particular importance for estimating the surface turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and water vapor using bulk parameterization. Although these bulk transfer coefficients have been extensively studied over the past several decades in marine and large‐lake environments, there are no studies analyzing their variability for smaller lakes. Here, we evaluated these coefficients through directly measured surface fluxes using the eddy‐covariance technique over more than 30 lakes and reservoirs of different sizes and depths. Our analysis showed that the transfer coefficients (adjusted to neutral atmospheric stability) were generally within the range reported in previous studies for large lakes and oceans. All transfer coefficients exhibit a substantial increase at low wind speeds (<3 m s−1), which was found to be associated with the presence of gusts and capillary waves (except Dalton number). Stanton number was found to be on average a factor of 1.3 higher than Dalton number, likely affecting the Bowen ratio method. At high wind speeds, the transfer coefficients remained relatively constant at values of 1.6·10−3, 1.4·10−3, 1.0·10−3, respectively. We found that the variability of the transfer coefficients among the lakes could be associated with lake surface area. In flux parameterizations at lake surfaces, it is recommended to consider variations in the drag coefficient and Stanton number due to wind gustiness and capillary wave roughness while Dalton number could be considered as constant at all wind speeds.

Developing a dynamic semi-distributed hydrological model considering interactions between soil moisture and evapotranspiration: application of bulk transfer method

ABSTRACT Empirically-derived relationships are mainly used to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) in water balance models. Due to a lack of effective factors and correct conceptual relationships, the resulting ET may be inaccurate. Therefore, a hydrological model was developed by combining water balance and bulk transfer theory, called semi-distributed coupled water balance and bulk transfer (SD-CWBT). According to it, a dynamic interrelationship between ET and soil moisture was correctly established to estimate ET via physical concepts. Global gridded ET retrievals, which provide the spatiotemporal distribution of ET at a global scale, including ECMWF Reanalysis v5-Land (ERA5-Land), TERRA, Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), and Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop), were employed to evaluate the model. The results indicated the SD-CWBT, with Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of [0.6, 0.95], [0.68, 0.96], and [12.61, 0.99] for the streamflow and groundwater level simulation, respectively, had better performance compared to the alternatives. Furthermore, the estimated spatiotemporal distributions of ET agreed well with the climatic-vegetation conditions.

Chemical looping oxidative propane dehydrogenation controlled by oxygen bulk diffusion over FeVO4 oxygen carrier pellets

The oxygen distribution and evolution within the oxygen carrier exert significant influence on chemical looping processes. This paper describes the influence of oxygen bulk diffusion within FeVO4 oxygen carrier pellets on the chemical looping oxidative propane dehydrogenation (CL-ODH). During CL-ODH, the oxygen concentration at the pellet surface initially decreased and then maintained stable before the final decrease. At the stage with the stable surface oxygen concentration, the reaction showed a stable C3H6 formation rate and high C3H6 selectivity. Therefore, based on Fick’s second law, the oxygen distribution and evolution in the oxygen carrier at this stage were further analyzed. It was found that main reactions of selective oxidation and over-oxidation were controlled by the oxygen bulk diffusion. C3H8 conversion rate kept decreasing during this stage due to the decrease of the oxygen flux caused by the decline of oxygen gradient within the oxygen carrier, while C3H6 selectivity increased due to the decrease of over-oxidation. In addition, reaction rates could increase with the propane partial pressure due to the increase of the oxygen gradient within the oxygen carrier until the bulk transfer reached its limit at higher propane partial pressure. This study provides fundamental insights for the diffusion-controlled chemical looping reactions.

Bridge-Like Lipid Transfer Proteins (BLTPs) in C. elegans: From Genetics to Structures and Functions.

In eukaryotic cells, lipid transfer can occur at membrane contact sites (MCS) to facilitate the exchange of various lipids between two adjacent cellular organelle membranes. Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), including shuttle LTP or bridge-like LTP (BLTP), transport lipids at MCS and are critical for diverse cellular processes, including lipid metabolism, membrane trafficking, and cell signaling. BLTPs (BLTP1-5, including the ATG2 and VPS13 family proteins) contain lipid-accommodating hydrophobic repeating β-groove (RBG) domains that allow the bulk transfer of lipids through MCS. Compared with vesicular lipid transfer and shuttle LTP, BLTPs have been only recently identified. Their functions and regulatory mechanisms are currently being unraveled in various model organisms and by diverse approaches. In this review, we summarize the genetics, structural features, and biological functions of BLTP in the genetically tractable model organism C. elegans. We discuss our recent studies and findings on C. elegans LPD-3, a prototypical megaprotein ortholog of BLTP1, with identified lipid transfer functions that are evolutionarily conserved in multicellular organisms and in human cells. We also highlight areas for future research of BLTP using C. elegans and complementary model systems and approaches. Given the emerging links of BLTP to several human diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Alkuraya-Kučinskas syndrome, discovering evolutionarily conserved roles of BLTPs and their mechanisms of regulation and action should contribute to new advances in basic cell biology and potential therapeutic development for related human disorders.

Dropsonde-Based Heat Fluxes and Mixed Layer Height over the Sea Surface near the Korean Peninsula

Dropsonde-based sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and buoyancy flux were estimated over the sea around the Korean Peninsula in 2021. During a preceding severe weather (SW) mission, a total of 243 dropsondes were released from a National Institute of Meteorological Sciences (NIMS) Atmospheric Research Aircraft (NARA). The heat fluxes were indirectly validated by comparison with model-based heat fluxes. The sensible heat flux calculated by the bulk transfer method depended entirely on the temperature difference between the sea level and atmosphere, whereas the latent heat flux was mainly affected by wind speed. Boundary layer heights above 800 m are closely related to buoyancy flux, which is greater in regions with higher sea surface temperatures. Furthermore, the utility of the dropsonde was confirmed in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) growth, which is difficult to observe in situ and, a relationship was proposed for estimating MABL based on mean meteorological data over the sea level.