Powder Bulk Density Research Articles

Investigation of excipients’ nature influence on the quality indices of effervescent tablets of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and ascorbic acid

The priority objective of pharmaceutical science remains the creation and rational use of medicines. In recent years among these medicines particular attention is paid to the form of sparkling (fast-dissolving, gaseous or effervescent) solid dosage forms – tablets, granules, powders, microspheres, capsules, suppositories and others. In the development of effervescent tablets, which are absent in the domestic market, a combination of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and ascorbic acid was selected for experimental studies. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of excipients on the pharmaco-technological properties of effervescent tablets of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and ascorbic acid. Materials and methods. In the course of the experiment, nine excipients from groups of fillers, leavens and binders were investigated. By studying qualitative factors, one of the plans of dispersion analysis was used, namely a three-factorial experiment based on the Hyper-Greek-Latin square. In experiments we used modern equipment for determining the bulk density of powders (ERWEKA GT, Germany), bulk density (ERWEKA SVM 202, Germany), tablet press (Korsh XL-100, Germany), uniformity of the weight of tablets (Mettler Toledo AB54-S, Switzerland), crushing resistance (ERWEKA TBH-525 WTO, Germany), abradability (ERWEKA TAR 200, Germany), disintegration time (ERWEKA ZT 33, Germany). Results. As a result of the statistical processing of experimental results, the influence of excipients on the pharmaco-technological parameters of mass for tableting (bulk density, density after compression, Carr's index, flow ability, slope angle), tableting process, tablet appearance, mass uniformity, abradability, resistance to crushing, disintegration and transparency of the solution were investigated. Conclusions. The influence of nine excipients on the pharmaco-technological characteristics of effervescent tablets of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and ascorbic acid was studied. One-dimensional leaders for most of the investigated pharmaco-technological parameters are anhydrous lactose (SuperTab ® 22AN), crospovidone XL-10, sodium stearyl fumarate (Pruv ® ). The obtained results are the basis for the development of the optimal composition of effervescent tablets of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and ascorbic acid.

Variation and Risk Analysis in Tablet Press Control for Continuous Manufacturing of Solid Dosage via Direct Compaction

A continuous rotary tablet press is a multi-stage process with many punch stations running in parallel, in which each punch undergoes the following steps: die filling and metering, pre-compaction, main-compaction, tablet ejection, and tablet take-off from lower punch. Process uncertainties or disturbances within a punch station or among stations in the tablet press are a major source of variation in final product quality attributes, e.g., hardness, weight, etc., which in turn imposes challenges for the real-time release in pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing of solid dosage. In this study, the direct compression line at Purdue University was investigated and a Natoli BLP-16 tablet press was used to characterize powder compressibility, system dynamics and variation, as well as the interaction effects on process control development. The compressibility of tablets made from a blend of Acetaminophen (API), Avicel Microcrystalline Cellulose PH-200 (excipient), and SiO2 (lubricant) was found to be largely independent of tableting speed. By contrast, filling depth or dosing level, turret speed, feed-frame speed, and compression force were interacting and significantly affected the die-filling process and the final product quality attributes. Thus, the design of the process control structure plays an important role in reducing process and product quality variations. A hierarchical three-level control design was proposed and evaluated, consisting of Level 0 Natoli built-in control, Level 1 decoupled Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) cascaded control loops for tablet weight and production rate control, and Level 2 advanced model predictive control. Process variations, e.g., in powder bulk density changes, during continuous steady-state operation were also investigated. Finally, a risk analysis of the effects of the process dynamics on variation on the product quality control was briefly discussed and summarized.

Formulation and evaluation of orodispersible tablet of montelukast sodium

The objective of the current study was to develop and optimize an orodispersible tablet formulation of montelukast sodium which is an effective drug in the treatment of asthma and allergic disorders. Montelukast sodium is the drug used in treatment of ashthmatic and allergicrhinitis; it is selective leukotrienesreceptor antagonist. Orodispersible tablet is rapid dissolving or disintegrates without water within a few minutes in the oral cavity which may produce rapid onset of action due to the action of superdisintegrants. The orodispersible tablet were prepared by direct compression method using superdisintegrant agent such as croscarmilose sodium, crosspovidone and sodium starch glycolate. Six formulations of superdisintegrants having different concentration were prepared. After examine the angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Compressibility index and Hausner's ratio of powder blend the results were found to be within prescribed limits and indicated good flowing property. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, drug content, friability, weight variation, wetting time and in vitro disintegration time and were found to be satisfactory. Among the formulations tablets of batch F3 and F6 containing co-processed disintegrating agents like croscarmilose: sodium starch glycolate (1: 2) and crospovidone: croscarmiloss sodium (1: 2) respectively showed superior organoleptic properties along with excellent in-vitro disintegration time and drug release as compare to other formulations. Hence crospovidone is recommended as suitable disintegrant for the preparation of direct compression mouth dissolving tablets of Montelukast sodium.

基于高光谱散射技术的粉体堆密度无损检测

基于高光谱散射技术的粉体堆密度无损检测

Effect of high‐pressure homogenization on the flow properties of citrus peel fibers

AbstractIn this study, high‐pressure homogenization process with two different pressures (90 MPa/13,000 psi and 160 Mpa/23,000 psi) was used to pretreat the citrus peels fiber. Soybean oil was added to the citrus peels fiber before high‐pressure homogenization process, and the effect of four different percentages (0, 50%, 150%, and 300%) of oil to fiber on behaviors and physical properties were measured. Shear cell technique was used to measure the flowability index and powder cohesion of these powder samples. The physical properties, including particle size in suspension liquid, bulk density and scanning electron microscopy images of powder were also measured to ascertain the relationship between the structural changes and the flow property variation. The results show that the high‐pressure homogenization process can change the granular structures and produce large quantities of tiny pores on the surface of the citrus fiber. Meanwhile, the particle size in suspension liquid and bulk density of powder decreased after this treatment. With the increase of the ratios of oil to fiber, the flowability index decreased and the powder cohesion increased. For the physical properties, the bulk density improved and the particle size in suspension liquid decreased; simultaneously, the number of pores on the surface of the fiber increased. Altering pressure for the high‐pressure homogenization process also change the microstructure and flow properties which presented lower particle size in suspension liquid and higher bulk density.Practical applicationsThis simple and low cost process can efficiently and effectively improve the physical, chemical, and functional properties of various fibrous materials, including surface area, water holding capacity, texture, viscosity, etc. Therefore, this process can be used to develop new value‐added products and ingredients from various agricultural fibrous byproducts, such as fruit peers or pulps, seed coats, straws and leaves, etc. In addition, these new value‐added ingredients can still be classified into the clean label category that is highly significant to the quality and healthy food market.

Fig extract drying: The relationship between the main operating parameters of a pilot-scale spray dryer and product specifications.

This study aims to optimize extraction and drying conditions of fig syrup. Drying was done in a pilot scale two‐fluid nozzle spray dryer. A total of 27 experiments were conducted with varying inlet air temperatures, air flow rates, and also a maltodextrin (MD)‐ low methoxyl pectin (LMP) ratios. While feed rate, feed temperature, and compressed air flow rate of the atomizer were kept constant. The results of differential scanning calorimetry revealed that high levels of glucose and fructose in the extract resulted in a low glass transition temperature of fig syrup. By an increase in the inlet air temperature, the powder bulk density decreased. However, the MD:LMP ratio and the air flow rate were not significantly effective (p < 0/05) in changing the bulk density. SEM micrographs of spray‐dried particles and particle size distribution analysis showed that particles were largely in a range of 5 to 50 μm. The best powders were obtained at an inlet air temperature of 170°C.

Predictive Simulation of Process Windows for Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing: Influence of the Powder Bulk Density.

The resulting properties of parts fabricated by powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes are determined by their porosity, local composition, and microstructure. The objective of this work is to examine the influence of the stochastic powder bed on the process window for dense parts by means of numerical simulation. The investigations demonstrate the unique capability of simulating macroscopic domains in the range of millimeters with a mesoscopic approach, which resolves the powder bed and the hydrodynamics of the melt pool. A simulated process window reveals the influence of the stochastic powder layer. The numerical results are verified with an experimental process window for selective electron beam-melted Ti-6Al-4V. Furthermore, the influence of the powder bulk density is investigated numerically. The simulations predict an increase in porosity and surface roughness for samples produced with lower powder bulk densities. Due to its higher probability for unfavorable powder arrangements, the process stability is also decreased. This shrinks the actual parameter range in a process window for producing dense parts.

Process optimization of spray drying of beetroot Juice.

The aim of this study was to optimize the spray drying process for beetroot juice. Influence of feed flow rate (8, 10 and 11mL/min), processing temperature (140, 150 and 160°C) and maltodextrin concentration (20, 25, and 30%) on packed bulk density, moisture content and betalain content of beetroot powder were assessed using response surface methodology. The following optimum process parameters were determined; feed flow rate feed flow rate of 10mL/min, processing temperature of 149°C and maltodextrin concentration of 20%. The predicted values for packed bulk density, moisture content and betalain content were 0.62g/mL, 6.12 and 33.84mg/100g of dry matter, respectively. Within the optimum parameters, the experimental values for packed bulk density, moisture content and betalain content were 0.62±0.1g/mL, 6.10±0.1 and 33.14±0.1mg/100gm of dry matter. The similarity of the experimental results to the predicted values verified the models.

Effects of the spray drying conditions of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) juice concentrate on the physicochemical properties of powders

SummaryA semi‐industrial spray drying process of chokeberry juice concentrate using maltodextrin was analysed. The influence of the content and dextrose equivalent (DE) of maltodextrin, inlet air temperature and rotary disc atomiser speed was studied on the physicochemical properties of the obtained powders. The size and structure of the powder particles, bulk density, moisture content, flowability, yield and total polyphenol content were analysed. An increase in carrier content from 50% to 70% caused a 4.9% increase in total polyphenol retention, better flowability (Hausner ratio decrease of 0.17) and greater yield of the powder (60%). An increase in the drying temperature (150–170 °C) caused larger particle size and improved powder flowability but also resulted in greater loss of total polyphenols. A decrease in rotary atomiser speed (11 000–15 000 rpm) had a moderate influence on particle size and improvement in flowability but had no effect on polyphenol retention. Changes in the DE (8–22) of maltodextrin as a carrier indicated a moderate growing dependence on particle size and worse flowability.

Effect of the structure of titanium–magnesium catalysts on the morphology of polyethylene produced

ABSTRACTThe structure and formation of polyethylene (PE) particles on supported titanium–magnesium catalysts having different structural characteristics (sizes of microcrystallites, mesopores, and subparticles) were studied for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy was used to identify structural elements of the polymer particles formed over such catalysts and to reveal morphological changes in the growing polymer particles when the yield was increased from approximately 0.2 g PE/g catalyst to approximately 13 kg PE/g catalyst. A relationship was found between structural characteristics of the porous catalyst particles, morphology of the nascent polymer particles, and bulk density of the polymer powder. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2298–2308

Optimizing spray drying conditions of sour cherry juice based on physicochemical properties, using response surface methodology (RSM).

In this study, the effects of main spray drying conditions such as inlet air temperature (100-140°C), maltodextrin concentration (MDC: 30-60%), and aspiration rate (AR) (30-50%) on the physicochemical properties of sour cherry powder such as moisture content (MC), hygroscopicity, water solubility index (WSI), and bulk density were investigated. This investigation was carried out by employing response surface methodology and the process conditions were optimized by using this technique. The MC of the powder was negatively related to the linear effect of the MDC and inlet air temperature (IT) and directly related to the AR. Hygroscopicity of the powder was significantly influenced by the MDC. By increasing MDC in the juice, the hygroscopicity of the powder was decreased. MDC and inlet temperature had a positive effect, but the AR had a negative effect on the WSI of powder. MDC and inlet temperature negatively affected the bulk density of powder. By increasing these two variables, the bulk density of powder was decreased. The optimization procedure revealed that the following conditions resulted in a powder with the maximum solubility and minimum hygroscopicity: MDC=60%, IT=134°C, and AR=30% with a desirability of 0.875.

Effect of particle size gradation on the performance of glass-ceramic 3D printing process

Particle size gradation is regarded as an effective method for overcoming the contradicting requirements in three-dimensional printing (3DP). In present work, particle size gradation was optimized to obtain both acceptable flowability of the powder material and high-strength 3D-printed glass-ceramic products. The effect of gradation on the printing process, sintering process and performance of the 3D-printed glass-ceramic products was investigated comprehensively. The glass-ceramic powders with three size ranges were mixed in certain proportions and applied to print parts. The result showed parts printed with powder mixed by 60wt% 45–100µm and 40wt% 0–25µm particles had satisfactory density of 1.60g/cm3 and bending strength of 13.8MPa. The flowability decreased with an increasing proportion of fine particles. Part density was determined by the powder bulk density in the powder bed as well as the shrinkage during sintering while strength of part was found to be dependent on the sintering degree.

Effect of titanium–magnesium catalyst morphology on the properties of polypropylene upon propylene polymerization in a liquid monomer

The effect of the particle size of an IK-8-21 domestic titanium-magnesium catalyst on the properties of polypropylene (PP) produced during the polymerization of propylene in a liquid monomer is studied. Catalysts with particle sizes of 20 to 64 μm are shown to have high activity and identical sensitivity to hydrogen and allow PP to be obtained with a narrow distribution of particles over size, high isotacticity, and close values of crystallinity, melting temperature, and physicomechanical properties. A slight decrease in the activity and bulk density of PP powder is observed when the average size of catalyst particles is increased from 20 to 43 μm. A more notable reduction in the activity and bulk density of PP powder is observed for catalyst with particle sizes of 62 to 64 μm. IK-8-21 catalyst is not inferior to its foreign analogues with respect to the properties of the resulting PP.

Effect of WO3 powder particle shape, size and bulk density, on the grain size and grain size distribution of tungsten metal powder

In order to study the effect of size, shape and bulk density, two types of WO3 powder samples with different bulk densities (low and high) were selected. These powder samples were subjected to reduction under similar condition. Tungsten metal powders obtained after reduction were subjected to SEM analysis to study the grain shape, size and its grain size distribution. Reduced powders were then characterized using Air permeability test and Laser particle granulometry test to find out average particle size and particle size distribution, respectively. SEM analysis and test results are detailed in this paper.

Stability of tuna oil and tuna oil/peppermint oil blend microencapsulated using whey protein isolate in combination with carboxymethyl cellulose or pullulan

Tuna oil is one of the richest sources of docosahexaenoic acid and is thus considered to offer beneficial health effects to humans. However, its susceptibility to oxidative degradation is an obstacle to its more widespread use in the food industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil on the physicochemical characteristics and oxidative stability of tuna oil inside microcapsules formed using whey protein isolate (WPI) as emulsifier and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or pullulan as stabilizers. The emulsions were characterized in terms of size distribution, zeta-potential, viscosity, surface tension and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Microcapsules obtained by spray drying were analyzed to determine microencapsulation efficiency, powder water activity, color, bulk density, flowability (Carr's index and Hausner ratio) and oxidative stability (peroxide value and headspace propanal) and were examined by scanning electron microscopy. All formulations yielded spherical microcapsules with a smooth surface except that some agglomeration was observed for the CMC formulation. Microencapsulation efficiency was above 90% for all microcapsules. Size distributions of the microcapsules were bimodal and became greater after storage. All microcapsules, especially tuna oil microcapsules with CMC or pullulan, became more yellow after storage. Mentha piperita oil was found to improve the oxidative stability of microencapsulated tuna oil, regardless of the presence of CMC or pullulan, thus suggesting its usefulness in functional food applications.

The Influence of Morphology of a Ti-Mg Catalyst for Propylene Polymerization in a Liquid Monomer Medium on the Polypropylene Properties

The studies were focused on the influence of particle size of the Russian Ti-Mg catalyst IC-8-21 on the properties of polypropylene (PP) synthesized by polymerization of propylene in a liquid monomer medium. The catalysts with particles of 20 to 64 mm in size were shown to be highly active, identically sensitive to hydrogen and to provide synthesis of PP with a narrow particle size distribution, high isotacticity, close values of crystallinity, melting temperature and physicomechanical properties. A minor decrease in the activity and bulk density of PP powder was observed with an increase in the average size of catalyst particles from 20 to 43 mm. The activity and bulk density decreased more considerably over the catalyst with particles of 62–64 mm in size. The properties of polypropylene synthesized over IC-8-21 are not inferior to the properties provided by the known analogues.

Bifidus milk powder: processing parameter standardization and shelf stability evaluation.

Spray dried bifidus milk powder was prepared by supplementing cow milk with different level of additives to obtain slurry of desired concentration. The slurry was pasteurized, cooled and inoculated with Bifidobacterium bifidum, incubated and dried to produce a bifidus milk powder. Among the various bifidus milk powder prepared, the slurry of mention the level total soluble solids exhibited good organoleptic characteristics and it has been standardized for further analysis. Moisture content, bulk density, insolubility index, hydroxymethyl furfural and thiobarbituric acid value of bifidus milk powder significantly increased, while the reflectance value significantly decreased during storage. The B. bifidum count significantly reduced and the bacterium were not detected at the end of the mention storage duration. As such the sentence is not acceptable in the abstract. The reconstituted bifidus milk powder was considered acceptable with an overall acceptability score of 6.97 on a nine-point Hedonic scale and showed a shelf stability of 120days at ambient temperature condition (27±2°C).

Effect of whey protein concentrate as drying aid and drying parameters on physicochemical and functional properties of spray dried beetroot juice concentrate

Abstract Beetroots are good source of functional betalain pigment inherent with antioxidant activity and TPC. The feasibility of spray drying was devised along with the effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) (5–15%), inlet air temperatures (160–180 °C) and feed flow rate (400–600 ml/h) to produce powder from beetroot juice concentrate (BJC). The total solids content of BJC was adjusted to 25% (w/w) with the addition of WPC. The obtained powders were analyzed for powder yield, moisture content, hygroscopicity, bulk density, a-value (color), antioxidant activity (AOA), TPC, and betalain content. The results revealed that increasing inlet temperature lowered the bulk density, AOA, TPC and betalain content in terms of 0.590 to 0.482 g/ml, 74.75 to 68.85%, 22.23 to 19.36 mg GAE/100 g and 268.54 to 267.45 mg/100 g. Depending on the analysis of the results, inlet air temperature, WPC concentration, and the interaction among them had a significant effect on the studied responses (p

Optimization of Sour Cherry Juice Spray Drying as Affected by Carrier Material and Temperature.

Response surface methodology was applied for optimization of the sour cherry Marasca juice spray drying process with 20, 30 and 40% of carriers maltodextrin with dextrose equivalent (DE) value of 4-7 and 13-17 and gum arabic, at three drying temperatures: 150, 175 and 200 °C. Increase in carrier mass per volume ratio resulted in lower moisture content and powder hygroscopicity, higher bulk density, solubility and product yield. Higher temperatures decreased the moisture content and bulk density of powders. Temperature of 200 °C and 27% of maltodextrin with 4-7 DE were found to be the most suitable for production of sour cherry Marasca powder.

Quantifying effects of moisture content on flow properties of microcrystalline cellulose using a ring shear tester

In this work, we have quantified effects of moisture content, over the relative humidity (RH) range of 5–92% corresponding to 1.6–10.9% of water content, on flow properties of a grade of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH102) using a ring shear cell. Several key powder flow parameters, including cohesion (τc), unconfined yield strength (fc), powder bulk density (ρb), flowability (ffc), and effective angle of internal friction (ϕe), were assessed. Powder flow properties deteriorated continuously with increasing RH, as shown by the higher fc and τc as well as lower ffc, under all stress conditions. With increasing RH, ρb increased and then decreased with a maximum at 20% RH. The ϕe initially increased, from 41 to 43 degrees, and then remained approximately constant from 20% to 92% RH. The deterioration in powder flow properties is caused by surface modification by moisture, which enhances particle-particle interaction strength. The knowledge obtained in this study is useful to achieving consistent properties of this important tablet excipient and formulations containing it.