Building Space Research Articles

Penerapan Konsep Sosial Sustainability pada Pola Aktivitas Pelelangan Ikan dan Ruang Publik di Kecamatan Ujung Pangkah Kabupaten Gresik

The potential of fish resources in Gresik district which is abundant at this time, has not been managed optimally. The existence of the processing business of milkfish farmers is still limited, in small industries to meet the needs of the local market, fisheries centers located in Ujung Pangkah Subdistrict are also considered to be inadequate by only having a container of Fish Auction Places (TPI) which is still lacking. It is hoped that the redesign of the TPI Building and Public Spaces in Ujung Pangkah Subdistrict will be able to accommodate the harvest of fish farmers and also provide public space facilities that can be utilized in Ujung Pangkah Subdistrict, Gresik Regency. contribute to the economic progress of the surrounding region. The Fish Auction Building in Ujung Pangkah Subdistrict was designed according to the food industry standards that pay attention to the level of cleanliness, safety and pollution of waste produced from fish that will be sold by fishermen. These standards serve to ensure the safety of product results from contamination. So that later the production can have a high selling price value and is safe for consumption.

Green Roof Development in ASEAN Countries: The Challenges and Perspectives

Green roofs (GRs) have emerged as an essential component for the sustainability of buildings, as they reduce the need for cooling energy by limiting heat transmission into building space. The benefits of implementing GRs are appropriate in tropical regions with hot temperatures. The entire Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is located in a tropical climate and receives about 12 h of sunlight every day throughout the year, which offers excellent opportunities to install GRs. This research reviews the literature on GR knowledge in ASEAN countries over the past decade (2012–2022) and discusses two main points including (i) GR development level status and (ii) GR performance regarding drivers, motivations, and barriers. The review reveals that Singapore and Malaysia are two among ten countries with significant developments in GRs. Barriers to expertise, government regulations, and public awareness of green roofs represent the most challenging aspects of GR implementation in ASEAN countries. Although research regarding the use of green roofs has been conducted widely, ASEAN countries still need to investigate regulatory breakthroughs, incentives, and technology applications to encourage the use of GRs. The review recommends promoting the use of GRs, which have the potential to reduce energy consumption by up to fifty percent, outdoor surface temperature up to 23.8 °C, and room temperature to 14 °C. The use of GRs can also mitigate runoff issues by up to 98.8% to avoid the risk of flooding in ASEAN countries, which have high rainfall. In addition, this review sheds new insights on providing future potential research to improve GR development in the ASEAN region.

Influence of encapsulate material thickness and its thermal conductivity on solidification time of phase change material in spherical capsule for cool thermal storage - A novel correlation

Buildings account for 39% of global GHG emissions. In any building, space cooling/heating consumes the maximum electricity. Recently, encapsulated phase change materials (PCMs)-based cool thermal energy storage (CTES) systems have gained huge attention due to its numerous advantages in meeting building space cooling demand. Energy is stored inside these capsules in the form of latent heat. Considering the relevance of PCM solidification in capsules, two novel correlations are proposed to determine the inward and outward solidification time of phase change material (PCM) inside/around a spherical capsule based on its thermal conductivity and thickness. Further, an experimental investigation is also performed to validate the correlation. The correlation agrees closely to the experiment with a maximum inaccuracy of around 6.6%. Thereafter, a parametric analysis is also carried out to analyse the impact of both the parameters on inward solidification time of PCM. The results showed a significant reduction in solidification time up to a capsule thermal conductivity value of 0.3 W/mK. Beyond 10 W/mK thermal conductivity, capsule thickness did not affect solidification. The incorporation of these correlations into software will benefit engineers working in the fields of CTES, refrigeration, food processing, and plastics industries.

Математическое моделирование натекания водорода в гермзоне реакторного здания АЭС с ВВЭР-1200

Introduction. The patterns of hydrogen-air mixtures formation during the flow of hydrogen into the upper part of a large volume room in the initial moments of time are insufficiently studied. Therefore, the determination of regularities of formation of local explosive and fire-hazardous hydrogen-air mixtures when hydrogen flows into the lower part of the dome space of the reactor building is important. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the article is a theoretical study of occurrence of local fire and explosive zones of the hydrogen-air mixture generated during hydrogen leakage in the containment area of the reactor building in order to substantiate parameters of concentration sensors of the hydrogen concentration control system. To achieve it, a zone mathematical model of hydrogen concentration calculation in a pressurized room has been developed. Numerical experiments on regularities of hydrogen-air mixtures formation have been carried out. Theoretical basis. The generalized three-dimensional non-stationary differential equation of the laws of conservation of mass, momentum and energy is used to calculate local hydrogen concentration fields. The developed zone model makes it possible to determine hydrogen concentrations in the convective column and in the ceiling layer. Results and discussion. The characteristic fields of hydrogen mass concentrations in the volume of the dome space are obtained. It has been shown that at the initial stage of hydrogen leakage, a zone of the ceiling layer is formed under the ceiling of the dome space, which confirms the validity of the usage of the zone model. The hydrogen concentrations obtained by the field and zone models are compared. The distributions of hydrogen mass concentration along the convective column height at different Reynolds numbers in the hydrogen leakage hole have been obtained. It has been shown that hydrogen concentration sensors can detect a hydrogen leakage mode in the dome space only in a narrow area of Reynolds Re = 900–5,000. There is a leakage mode (Re = 3,358), in which the maximum hydrogen volume concentration is generated at the location of the concentration sensors at the maximum size of the fire and explosive hydrogen-air mixture zones in the room. Conclusions. The hydrogen concentration sensors used in the dome space of the NPP reactor building with water-­water reactors may not detect hydrogen at the top point of the dome at a sensitivity threshold of 2 % vol. In this case, in terms of the height of the convective column, hydrogen-air mixtures are formed within the fire and explosive concentration limits.

Ten characteristics of high-quality planetary health education-Results from a qualitative study with educators, students as educators and study deans at medical schools in Germany.

The climate and ecological crises are considered fundamental threats to human health. Healthcare workers in general and doctors in particular can contribute as change agents in mitigation and adaptation. Planetary health education (PHE) aims to harness this potential. This study explores perspectives among stakeholders involved in PHE at German medical schools on the characteristics of high-quality PHE and compares them to existing PHE frameworks. In 2021, we conducted a qualitative interview study with stakeholders from German medical schools involved in PHE. Three different groups were eligible: faculty members, medical students actively involved in PHE, and study deans of medical schools. Recruitment was performed through national PHE networks and snowball sampling. Thematic qualitative text analysis according to Kuckartz was used for the analysis. Results were systematically compared to three existing PHE frameworks. A total of 20 participants (13 female) from 15 different medical schools were interviewed. Participants covered a wide range of professional backgrounds and experience in PHE education. The analysis revealed ten key themes: (1) Complexity and systems thinking, (2) inter- and transdisciplinarity, (3) ethical dimension, (4) responsibility of health professionals, (5) transformative competencies including practical skills, (6) space for reflection and resilience building, (7) special role of students, (8) need for curricular integration, (9) innovative and proven didactic methods, and (10) education as a driver of innovation. Six of our themes showed substantial overlap with existing PHE frameworks. Two of our themes were only mentioned in one of the frameworks, and two others were not explicitly mentioned. Few important elements of the frameworks did not emerge from our data. In the light of increased attention regarding the connections of the climate and ecological crises and health, our results can be useful for anyone working toward the integration of planetary health into medical schools' and any health professions' curricula and should be considered when designing and implementing new educational activities.

Simulation of the circulation complexity in student residence buildings using space syntax analyses (Case studies: Highland hall, Rita Atkinson, Rutgers University and Tooker Residences, USA)

ABSTRACT Investigating the spatial configuration can effectively interpret the circulation of an architectural plan layout. Student residences are among the most critical but neglected buildings in which the circulation system plays a vital role in efficient orientation and wayfinding. This study seeks to simulate and quantitatively assess the complexity of circulation spaces in student residence buildings in four different plan layouts. Space syntax analyses include the visual integration and connectivity drawn from Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA) maps for accessibility assessment, intelligibility calculated through all-line axial maps for wayfinding assessment, the field of view from the isovist map for visibility assessment, and agent-based analysis from the VGA map for the overall flow of occupants. Results revealed the strength and weaknesses of each layout. They indicated that the courtyard-shaped and figure-eight-shaped layouts could satisfy the highest degree of circulation efficiency. At the same time, the U-shaped and double-L-shaped plans had the weakest circulation. The study concludes by highlighting the practical implications for future strategies and the importance of syntactical analysis in the early stages of design.

Tapping Into Creativity: Crafting Engaging Math Lessons for Middle Schoolers with Macromedia Flash

The aim of the research is to design media based on Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) spatial material; producing RME media with Macromedia Flash for class IX educators and students building materials; knowing the responses of educators and students after using the media; find out the results of learning about curved sided space figures. RME media development refers to the model of William W. Lee and Diana L. Owens by going through four stages out of five existing stages, namely: analysis; product design; development; implementation; and evaluation. In this research, the evaluation stage was not carried out. The results of expert validation obtained an average score of 88.8%, individual trials an average of 81.33%, small group trials an average of 80.89%, educators' responses to the media an average of 87.33%, and responses students average 83.73%. The use of RME media in learning has an impact on learning outcomes, where the average learning outcome for the experimental class is 81.65 while the average learning outcome for the control class is 78.39. The differences in learning outcomes show that RME media is effective when used in classroom learning.Explore a dynamic approach to math education as students delve into real-world scenarios, navigating building spaces with interactive Macromedia Flash tools. This innovative learning media sparks curiosity and deepens understanding, fostering a practical grasp of mathematics concepts for middle school learners.

Designing with nature: Advancing three-dimensional green spaces in architecture through frameworks for biophilic design and sustainability

In the transition to a more sustainable built environment over the last two decades, the “greening” of architecture as a popular approach has received widespread attention. However, there are still many open questions and contradictions regarding how to design with “nature” and contribute to sustainability. In addition, explorations of built examples are rare, and three-dimensional (3D) green spaces in buildings are often overlooked. Therefore, we introduce “green pockets” (3D green spaces) as a typology distinct from two-dimensional green roofs and walls/facades. We draw on a mixed-method approach to study two cases (Erasmus MC and Hotel Jakarta), comprising 12 semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders, design document analysis, and site observation. We develop a critical reflection (a framework) on the impacts of “green architecture” on sustainability from unpacked benefits and adopt a biophilic design framework to analyse designing with “nature” in architectural practice. These findings demonstrate that green pockets contribute to integrating multiple experiences of “nature” into buildings and developing sustainable architecture. Designing green pockets with visibility, accessibility, and spatial characteristics (e.g., prospect and refuge, organised complexity, peril, and mystery) of “nature” improves building quality. Furthermore, we provide design recommendations to advance green pocket designs and make suggestions for future research.

A case study of the impact of regional knowledge services and management on regional economic development

Background. Knowledge can give an important contribution to local economic development, but the correlation between library activities and local economic development has not been clarified yet. The purpose of this investigation is to discuss the correlations between library output measures and regional economic measures.Methodology. The raw data obtained via the website of the National Bureau of Statistics of China have been analyzed by correlation coefficient calculations and multivariate regressions. Results and discussion. It was found that there are significant positive correlations between the data of the regional public libraries such as the collections of public libraries owned per person, the total number of circulation of public libraries, the Number of Seats of Reading Room in Public Libraries, the Floor Space of Buildings of Public Libraries Owned per 10000 Population, the Number of Lectures in Public Libraries and the data of their economic development. Linear relationships between library activities and the gross regional product of the five provinces in China and one of China’s direct-controlled municipalities were observed after multivariate regressions were performed on the data.Conclusions. It can be concluded that economic development can benefit the development of libraries, and better education or a more educated population has resulted in more library use. The correlation analysis and multivariate regression analysis can be developed as a new way to measure the societal value of public libraries orientated for economic development or other targets.

Research on carbon emission peak prediction and path of China’s public buildings: Scenario analysis based on LEAP model

The building sector is an important field of energy consumption and carbon emission. Public buildings currently account for the majority of building energy consumption in China. But at present, there is a lack of research on the potential carbon peak and time of public buildings. Therefore, this research focuses on carbon peak prediction and path of China's public buildings based on the LEAP model. Firstly, a carbon emission prediction framework is proposed with the assistance of the LEAP model. Subsequently, according to the historical development of key factors, various carbon emission scenarios of public buildings are established, taking into account energy efficiency improvement and energy transition measures. The key findings obtained from the analysis of these scenarios are as follows: (1) Limiting the building space can help to achieve carbon peak, however, in the benchmark scenario, public buildings are unable to do so. (2) Both the moderate emission reduction scenario and the peak emission reduction scenario can meet the target of carbon peaking by 2030, and in the peak emission reduction scenario, the public construction sector may almost reach carbon neutrality by 2060. (3) The peak time can be advanced by boosting energy efficiency of new buildings, energy conservation of existing buildings, renewable energy application and power grid cleaning. (4) Both independent measures of the public construction sector and external measures are essential, with power grid cleaning making the most significant contribution to carbon neutrality in public buildings. Finally, this research provides policy recommendations to support public buildings in achieving their carbon emission reduction goals, which not only has the potential to improve carbon emission forecasting in the construction sector, but can also provide useful reference for relevant decision makers.

Research on the influence of courtyard space layout on building microclimate and its optimal design

The inner courtyard is an important transition space for mass exchange and heat transfer between the internal space of courtyard buildings and the external environment. A good layout of courtyard space is conducive to building energy efficiency and human thermal comfort. In the paper, we analyze the impacts of different design schemes of the spatial layout on the microclimate of inner courtyard space using field measurements and numerical simulation methods. The analysis of the measured data presents the main meteorological factors affecting the thermal comfort of the courtyard. The magnitude of the effects is ranked as air temperature, total solar radiation intensity, near-surface air flow rate, and relative humidity. Results of the ENVI-met simulation show that changing the cover of different underlying surface types leads to different microclimate regulation effects in the sense that the temperature and relative humidity in summer drops up to 3.53 °C and 15.59%, respectively and in winter increase up to 3.97 °C and 37.21%, respectively. This paper proposes that lawn ground, marble ground, water surface and landscape tree coverage of 25%, 25%, 50% and 75%, respectively, are suitable design schemes for the inner courtyard space of library.

ラファエル・ソリアノの住宅建築作品における外部空間の構成の類型とその移行

This study is a research project to elucidate the characteristics of Raphael Soriano, who became a leading figure in post-WW2 architecture on the west coast of the US through works such as Case Study House #1950, with particular attention given to the composition of exterior spaces of residential buildings which were his primary focus. This research analyzes Soriano's composition of outdoor spaces and the types and transitions thereof based on the following four criteria : Lot shape and cross-sectional composition, building layout and establishment of boundaries, building layout and composition of views, exterior spaces and composition of apertures.

Building spaces of interactions between researchers and managers: Case studies with wildlife monitoring and conservation in France

Abstract To document and halt biodiversity loss, monitoring, quantifying trends and assessing management and conservation strategies on wildlife populations and communities are crucial steps. With increasing technological innovations, more and more data are collected and new quantitative methods are constantly developed. These rapid developments come with an increasing need for analytical skills, which are hardly accessible to managers. On the other hand, researchers spend more and more time on research grant applications and administrative tasks, which leaves fewer opportunities for knowledge transfer. This situation tends to increase the gap between researchers and managers. Here, we illustrate how to fill this gap by presenting two long‐term collaborations between a research unit—Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology; CEFE—and a national agency—French Biodiversity Agency; OFB. The first example is a collaboration providing statistical support to national parks for the design and implementation of scientific monitoring protocols. It relies on the recruitment of a research engineer funded by OFB and physically based at CEFE, who works closely with OFB and managers. The second example is a collaboration on the management of large carnivores. For more than 10 years, it has involved several PhD students and post‐doctoral fellows co‐supervised by CEFE and OFB, and has recently resulted in the recruitment of a permanent OFB researcher who works half‐time at CEFE and half‐time at OFB. These case studies illustrate the modalities of collaborative work between public institutions acting at different levels of biodiversity conservation for the co‐construction of research agendas and the exchange of knowledge. These collaborations also bring out some challenges. Inter‐knowledge and mutual learning remain difficult at scales larger than that of the teams concerned. The staff working at this interface needs to possess good listening skills, respect all partners' needs and demonstrate flexibility. Knowledge exchanges require time, thus reducing productivity according to quantitative metrics such as scientific publications or institutional reports. These collaborations can therefore be difficult to assume socially, and remain tenuous because they rely on a good understanding of the differences in governance of the various partners. Based on our experience, success is favoured by long‐term and close relationships, and by co‐construction of projects at early stage. Sharing a space (i.e. office or building) facilitates face‐to‐face interactions during planned work sessions and casual meetings that build up a shared scientific culture and mutual trust.

Joining technology of additively manufactured components: effects on the bonding strength for the adhesive application through inner channels

The maximum size of additively manufactured (AM) components is restricted due to the confined building space of the manufacturing machines. Component separation and subsequent joining can be an effective way of manufacturing larger components using AM processes. For joining of AM components, adhesive bonding provides great potential for not constraining the adherend’s geometry, as long as the adhesive can still be applied to the adhesive surfaces of the adherends. This work investigates the effectiveness and applicability of additively manufactured inner channels to improve the adhesive application. A circular adhesive single lap joint between a laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) component made of AlSi10Mg and a cold drawn aluminum round bar was considered. The PBF-LB components were designed with varying geometric complexity to implement different adhesive application concepts. Subsequently, the bonded joints were subjected to static tensile tests. The fracture strength of joints where the adhesive was applied by injection into AM inner channels exceeds the fracture strength of joints where the adhesive was injected into geometries manufacturable by subtractive machining, and also exceeds the fracture strength of joints where the adhesive was pre-applied.

Multi-objective optimization of ceiling-to-floor systems in timber buildings taking into account structural and HVAC related objectives

The design of compact ceiling-to-floor systems (CTFS) in timber buildings can be challenging involving different disciplines in a sequential approach, each facing potentially conflicting objectives and constraints. In particular, the CTFS contains structural components such as beams and floors, and is also used for the passage of mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) elements providing various services to occupied zones. An integrated design of CTFS in which different disciplines are considered simultaneously could improve its overall performance. In this paper, we present a multi-objective optimization strategy aiming to design and optimize ceiling-to-floor space in timber buildings. By focusing on both structural and ventilation systems, the framework involves the minimization of the assembly thickness and the pressure drop in the air distribution ductwork. The NSGA-II algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. Three possible configurations of beam-duct interactions are considered: (i) the diameter of an aperture in a beam to let a duct pass is limited to 15% of the beam height, (ii) the aperture diameter limitation is 30% of the beam height, corresponding to a beam with reinforcement, (iii) no apertures are allowed, and the ducts are below the beams. For the case study, results show that the optimization algorithm gives better results in terms of thickness and pressure drop in the third configuration, compared to the configuration where ducts pass through structure.

Implementation of Geogebra Application Media in Improving the Work Results of Three-Dimensional Mathematics Subjects in Class XII MIPA B Man 1 Bandung City

The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of geogebra application media in improving the learning outcomes of three-dimensional material subjects in class XII MIPA B MAN 1 Bandung City. The problem faced by teachers is that students still have difficulty in visualizing building space, especially understanding the concept of distance in building three-dimensional space. Student learning outcomes, it is known that the average class score on space building material is 53.47, this does not meet the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM). The research method used is classroom action research, which makes continuous improvements to the learning process through the stages of planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The results of the study found that in cycle 1, student learning outcomes increased to 27.40% who met the criteria, while in cycle 2 increased to 75.70% of students meeting the minimum completeness criteria. It should be noted that the use of the geogebra application requires hardware devices such as laptops and mobile phones, if all students can provide their devices, then all students can try the application on their respective devices.

Creating connections: developing an online space for cross-regional mentorship and network building in the dementia research field.

Effective development and retention of talented early-career researchers (ECRs) is essential to the continued success of biomedical science research fields. To this end, formal mentorship programmes (where researchers are paired with one or more mentors beyond their direct manager) have proven to be successful in providing support and expanding career development opportunities. However, many programmes are limited to pools of mentors and mentees within one institute or geographical area, highlighting that cross-regional connections may be a missed opportunity in many mentorship schemes. Here, we aimed to address this limitation through our pilot cross-regional mentorship scheme, creating reciprocal mentor-mentee pairings between two pre-established networks of Alzheimer's Research UK (ARUK) Network-associated researchers. We carefully created 21 mentor-mentee pairings between the Scotland and University College London (UCL) networks in 2021, with surveys conducted to assess mentor/mentee satisfaction with the programme. Participants reported very high satisfaction with the nature of the pairings and the mentors' contribution to the career development of mentees; a majority also reported that the mentorship scheme increased their connections outside of their home network. Our assessment of this pilot programme is that it supports the utility of cross-regional mentorship schemes for ECR development. At the same time, we highlight the limitations of our programme and recommend areas for improvement in future programmes, including greater consideration of support for minoritized groups and the need for additional training for mentors. In conclusion, our pilot scheme generated successful and novel mentor-mentee pairings across pre-existing networks; both of which reported high satisfaction with pairings, ECR career and personal development, and the formation of new cross-network connections. This pilot may serve as a model for other networks of biomedical researchers, where existing networks within medical research charities can act as a scaffold to build new cross-regional career development opportunities for researchers.

Maintenance of National Heritage Anglican Churches in Malaysia

This paper addresses the maintenance of National Heritage Anglican churches in Malaysia. A field survey is presented, describing the current defects of selected Anglican churches in Malaysia and proposing maintenance practices against the identified defects. The neglect in maintaining Anglican churches is alarming. The survey revealed that, aside from routine housekeeping, the majority of the churches surveyed had little to no regular maintenance. As the studied Anglican churches are Malaysian’s National Heritage, the study adopted AHP and ANP to determine the relative importance of building discipline and space type inside a church, ensuring that the maintenance shall not neglect the values of these entities. Collectively, the in-situ survey results, the maintenance practices recommended by past literature, and the relative importance of building discipline and space type were used to propose a maintenance plan. Instead of generalising areas inside a church, different areas within a church are weighted differently in terms of importance levels, especially due to the fact that churches have a substantially different occupancy rate than conventional buildings. With the proposed hierarchy, priority might be given to the most vital areas first. In addition, church assets differ from those of other types of buildings, and their features should not be addressed in the same way. The research gives an improved asset hierarchy for churches based on the findings of multicriteria decision-making analysis. With this hierarchy in place, building custodians or maintenance personnel may find it easier to prioritise maintenance activities at churches, especially when financial is often limited.

A Demographic Characteristics-Based Study on the Visual Impact Assessment of the External Form of Entrance Pavilions to the Underground Stations of China’s Subway

The subway is one of urban residents’ main means of public transportation. The design of entrance pavilions to subway stations has shown a diverse development trend over time. Since most of the subway building space is underground, it is very difficult for subway users or the public to view the structure fully. In this instance, the ground-level entrance pavilion becomes the most eye-catching element in the subway system. From the perspective of the urban spatial environment, the external form of entrance pavilions is one of the components of urban architecture. The design of the external form of entrance pavilions has an important impact on the urban spatial form and affects people’s feelings about the urban space. Therefore, it is essential to study the external form of entrance pavilions. This study investigated 42 subway entrance pavilions in 17 cities in China. The following features were studied: exterior contour, façade permeability, cultural characteristics, decorative materials, and the number of exterior colors. The photostimulation method was adopted to evaluate the influence of the physical features of the external form of the entrance pavilions on respondents’ visual impact assessment. The data analysis showed that respondents with different demographic characteristics provided different visual impact assessments of the external form of the entrance pavilions, and all five physical features influenced their assessment. This study offers a valuable reference for constructing entrance pavilions and urban spaces in Chinese cities in the future.

Longitudinal thermal imaging for scalable non-residential HVAC and occupant behaviour characterization

This work presents a study on the characterization of the air-conditioning (AC) usage pattern of non-residential buildings from longitudinal thermal images collected at the urban scale. The operational pattern of two different air-conditioning systems (water-cooled systems operating on a pre-set schedule and window AC units operated by the occupants) are studied from the thermal images. It is observed that for the water-cooled system, the difference between the rate of change of the window and wall temperature can be used to extract the operational pattern. While, in the case of the window AC units, wavelet transform of the AC unit temperature is used to extract the frequency and time domain information of the AC unit operation. The results of the analysis are compared against the indoor temperature sensors installed in the office spaces of the building. This forms one of the first few studies on the operational behavior of HVAC systems for non-residential buildings using the longitudinal thermal imaging technique. The output from this study can be used to better understand the operational and occupant behavior, without requiring to deploy a large array of sensors in the building space.