Building Layout Research Articles

Spatial distributions of particulate matter in neighborhoods along the highway using unmanned aerial vehicle in Shanghai

Road traffic pollution has become a major source of pollution in the city. As a result, the residents of near-road neighborhood are inevitably exposed to high air pollution. However, due to lack of the measured data especially in vertical direction, the distribution of traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) in three-dimension in community along the road is not understand in details. Hence, in this paper, we use an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to reveal the impact of the TRAP on the community. Firstly, an in-situ observation was adopted using UAV and portable air pollutants sensors to realize three-dimensional monitoring of air pollutant distribution from traffic in near-road area. Secondly, a statistical analysis was conducted to reveal near-road PM1 distribution in different wind directions and time periods based on 14 days' observation. And results showed that PM1 concentration dropped 44% after 5 rows of high residence buildings beside an urban expressway while slightly fluctuated in the open field next to the residence community. Thirdly, a model based on CALINE4 was established to verify the PM1 concentration in the neighborhood, providing quantitative data support and theoretical basis for the planning and design of neighborhood to reduce pollutants’ concentration level. We found the UAV platform is quite applicable in field measurement, and that traffic emissions provide most PM1 source in near-road area, while wind and building layout have a great influence on its distribution pattern. This research approach has the potential to be further investigated not only to support the design and development of urban building projects, but also to aid the location choice and alignment of new transportation infrastructures from the perspective of mitigating their environmental impacts.

Research on Optimization of Climate Responsive Indoor Space Design in Residential Buildings

This paper first analyzes the climate characteristics of five typical cities in China, including Harbin, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Kunming. Then, based on Grasshopper, Ladybug and Honeybee analysis software, according to the indoor layout of typical residential buildings, this research extracts design parameters such as the depth and width of different rooms and their window-to-wall ratios etc., to establish a climate responsive optimization design process with indoor lighting environment comfort, with heating and cooling demand as the objective functions. Meanwhile, based on Monte Carlo simulation data, ANN (Artificial Neural Network) is used to establish a prediction model to analyze the sensitivity of interior design parameters under different typical cities’ climatic conditions. The study results show that the recommended values for the total width and total depth of indoor units under the climatic conditions of each city are both approximately 14.97 m and 7.88 m. Among them, under the climatic conditions of Harbin and Shenzhen, the design parameters of residential interiors can take the recommended value of UDI optimal or nZEB optimal. While the recommended values of window-to-wall ratios for the north bedroom, master bedroom and living room in Shanghai residential interiors are 0.26, 0.32 and 0.33, respectively. The recommended value of the window-to-wall ratio of the master bedroom in Kunming residences is 0.36, and that of the remaining rooms is between 0.15 and 0.18. The recommended values of window-to-wall ratios for the master bedroom and living room in Beijing residences are 0.41 and 0.59, respectively, and that for the remaining rooms are 0.15. The multi-objective optimization process based on parametric performance simulation used in the study can effectively assist architects in making energy-saving design decisions in the preliminary stage, allowing architects to have a case to follow in the actual design operation process.

Psychological Impact of the Hospital Indoor Public Spaces on Patients’ Health, Assessment, and Analysis

Due to the rapid development of social economy, general hospital buildings of China are undergoing changes in their models, technology, and medical systems. Changes in the model of hospitals may affect the functional structure, streamline layout, and spatial form of the hospital building. The biological-psychological-social (biopsychosocial) model covers the overall significant factors in healthcare. The model focuses on the hospital public environment. For the advocacy of patient-centered medical concepts, researchers have put forward newer and higher requirements as well. However, there is scarcity of research that targets the psychological impact of general hospital public space environment construction on the patients’ health. Moreover, there is no unanimously recognized standard questionnaire for the public space environment. The purpose of this article is to investigate the needs of inpatients for the space environment, to understand the influencing factors of various space environments, and to explore the law of patient needs. The research intends to provide a theoretical background for the construction of a patient-centered space environment. A dedicated questionnaire was designed to systematically collect the significant features and factors. Using cluster sampling, a total of four medical and surgical wards were investigated. The data obtained from 430 questionnaires were statistically analyzed by SPSS-10.0. Various statistical operations such as descriptive analysis, independent sample t test, one-way analysis of variance, and linear and logistic regressions were performed over the data. The psychological impact was studied from four aspects. The highest score (3-4 points) obtained for the larger number of patients (84.4%) testifies that the public space environment has a significant impact on patients’ mental health. Besides healthcare, outcomes of the paper may be used in various related domains such as psychological well beings, spatial analysis, social interaction, and public space designing.

Climate Adaptation and Indoor Comfort Improvement Strategies for Buildings in High-Cold Regions: Empirical Study from Ganzi Region, China

The improvement of building and living conditions in high-cold areas has always been an issue worthy of attention, but there is currently no research using field survey data for evaluation. The Ganzi region, based in the western plateau of China, is a typical example for such a study. Restricted by factors such as natural conditions and economic level, the winter indoor thermal environment of western plateau houses is generally poor. Taking the new residential houses in the Ganzi region as a case study, the authors of this paper conducted field research and analyses. First, the authors analyzed the construction technology and functional layout of the building through thermal environment testing and investigation; second, the authors analyzed the user’s activity path according to the production and lifestyle; thirdly, the authors comprehensively evaluated the indoor thermal comfort through questionnaires and a predicated mean vote (PMV)-predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) evaluation model. The research results showed that: (1) the construction technology, functional layout, and temperature distribution of the new residential building were consistent with the user’s activity path, which could effectively improve thermal insulation ability and thermal comfort; (2) compared to the developed eastern regions, the users in the building showed a stronger tolerance and wider acceptable temperature range in the extreme climate environment; and (3) under certain cooperative work conditions, an indoor temperature of 10–14 °C could meet basic thermal environment requirements and thus lower the limits of the standards. The author’s method was proven to be more resilient than current standards in dealing with climate change. Therefore, this research can provide a practical reference for the improvement of peoples’ living conditions and sustainable development in cold regions and other harsh areas.

Buoyancy Combined with Buildings Layout Effects on the Thermal Diffusion under Background Wind: Wind Tunnel PIV Measurement

The temperature in the urban areas are higher compared with rural areas because of the UHI effect. The wind-driven ventilation play a significant role on the heat removal. Moreover, the air velocity in the urban areas is influenced by the background wind speed, the exposure of heated surfaces and building layout. However, available experimental data for the thermal diffusion mechanism of different heat source conditions and building layout is limited. Aim at the problem above, the thermal diffusion mechanism of different surface heating conditions and building layout was analysed by conducting wind tunnel experiment with PIV system. To investigate the thermal diffusion mechanism, the building façade, impervious road surface, and traditional roof are heated up three different temperatures to induce buoyant. The effects of three different buildings layouts on flow and temperature also were investigated in this paper. The results showed that building layouts had a marked impact on the flow field near buildings. The terraced building layout is best for heat removal. This study improves understanding of how the buoyancy and wind speed influence the thermal diffusion in different buildings layouts, expands experimental database under different surface temperature conditions and buildings layouts in wind tunnel experiments with PIV.

Construction of Multiobjective Planning Decision-Making Model of Ecological Building Spatial Layout under the Background of Rural Revitalization.

In order to improve the spatial layout ability of ecological buildings under the background of rural revitalization, a multiobjective planning and decision-making model for the spatial layout of ecological buildings is constructed. Based on the visual impact detection of ecological building space, a three-dimensional rendering model is established. The block matrix matching and boundary contour parameter analysis methods are used to plan and design the layout boundary feature points, and the wavelet scale decomposition method is used to analyze the mixed tone of the layout image. Based on this, a multiobjective planning decision-making model for the spatial layout of ecological buildings is established, based on which the spatial layout design scheme of ecological buildings is output to realize the spatial layout planning of ecological buildings. The simulation results show that the spatial layout of ecological buildings using this method is more reasonable, and the expression ability of ecological aesthetics is stronger, which has a good application value in rural planning and design.

NEW PLANNING SOLUTIONS FOR PRODUCTION SITES OF VEHICLE ENTERPRISES

The article proposes the new planning solutions for the production sites and the layout of the production building of vehicle enterprises, including with in-line labor organization. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing and justifying the best planning solutions for the main production sites of vehicle enterprises. (Materials and methods) The basis for optimizing the planning solutions of production sites is the graph-analytical methods of research and calculation. (Results and discussion) In the areas of daily maintenance and maintenance No. 1, joined with workstations for diagnosing systems and aggregates, it is advisable to move cars between positions using a plate conveyor. The article justifies the choice of the number of different jobs. The organization of washing and cleaning works with regeneration of the cleaning solution, providing effective environmental protection has been proposed. Using the previously described method of selecting the composite center of production sites, the optimal layout of the production building with the location relative to the specified center of the associated production sites and warehouses was selected. The compositional center of the vehicle enterprise is a site of routine maintenance, equipped with dead-end or travel ditches and equipment in accordance with the nature of the work performed. Maintenance work No. 2 is performed at dead-end workplaces due to a small production program. The article presents the layouts of the main production sites. (Conclusions) The proposed technical solutions increase the technical level of vehicle enterprises, minimize the transport work on moving serviced and repaired products inside the production building and its production area.

INTRODUCTION OF NEW DAYLIGHTING METRICS FOR HEALTH, WELLBEING, AND FEASIBILITY: A STUDY OF THE INDOOR BUILDING ENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACT This study investigates the applicability of a new daylighting metric based on human health, an emerging framework for evaluating the effect of daylight on building occupants. Procedures based on modeling annual daylight availability are used to determine the mapping of daylight distribution on a daily, seasonal, and yearly basis. Literature review and experimental studies were performed to propose the new day-lighting metrics for health and wellbeing. The proposed metrics have two broad criteria, including daylighting level, timing, and duration. The two details are as follows: (1) 400 lux for 5 hours (2K lux·h) in the daytime; and (2) 500 lux for 1 hour (0.5K lux·h) in the early morning, 8AM–9AM. To verify the applicability of the proposed daylighting metrics to current buildings, sample buildings were selected and daily, spatial and seasonal differences were simulated through computer visualization techniques. Moreover, we evaluated the application of the daylighting metric on the building layout and compared the new daylighting metric for health and wellbeing with conventional daylighting metrics.

局地气候区视角下的城市热环境研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 局地气候区视角下的城市热环境研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202105181297 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41771178，41671151）；辽宁省高等学校创新人才支持计划（LR2017017）；辽宁省教育厅项目（H201783628） Exploration of urban thermal environment based on local climate zone Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:城市化发展带来热岛效应，影响区域气候变化，地表温度可以反映地表增温程度，更能直接影响人类居住舒适度。运用Landsat8 TIRS热红外遥感数据和气象数据反演地表温度，以建筑数据、遥感影像为基础，通过GIS空间分析、决策树分类等方法划分局地气候区，从区域角度定量分析不同类型气候区地表温度分异规律。结果表明：（1）北京、天津、石家庄密集型建筑分别占比27.54%、21.95%、25.09%，且以中低层为主，城市公园包含了主要的绿地和水体。（2）在空间分布上，市中心地表温度高于郊区，热岛效应显著，森林、河流是主要低温区。（3）不同气候区的地表温度存在差异，建成区总体高于自然地表；其中建筑区域内表现为紧密型低层（LCZ3）平均地表温度最高，稀疏型高层（LCZ4）地表温度最低，北京、天津、石家庄分别相差1.53℃、2.30℃、2.22℃；植被和水体能够降低地表温度，裸土和铺设路面的地表温度始终较高。因此应充分考虑建筑布局，合理利用植被和水域分布，减少热量聚集，以改善城市生态环境。 Abstract:Urbanization brings about heat island effect, which affects regional climate change. Land surface temperature can reflect the degree of surface warming, and can directly affect human living comfort. This study retrieved land surface temperature (LST) based on Landsat 8 TIRS thermal infrared remote sensing data and meteorological data, and the local climate zones (LCZ) were divided by GIS spatial analysis and decision tree classification. We quantitatively studied LST differentiation rules of different types of local climate zones from the regional perspective. The results showed that (1) most of the buildings in study area were low- and middle-level, with the intensive buildings accounting for 27.54%, 21.95% and 25.09%, respectively. Urban park contained the main green and water space. (2) In terms of spatial distribution, LST in the city center was higher than that in the suburbs. Forest and river were the main low temperature areas, and the heat island effect was significant. (3) LST in built-up LCZs were generally higher than that of natural LCZs. Among built-up LCZs, LCZ3 (compact low rise) had the highest LST, while LCZ4 (sparse high-rise) had the lowest LST, with a difference of 1.53℃, 2.30℃ and 2.22℃ in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, respectively. Vegetation and water can lower LST, however, the LST of bare soil and paved road were always higher. Therefore, building layout should be fully considered and vegetation and water distribution should be rationally utilized to reduce heat accumulation and improve urban ecological environment. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Joint Estimation of NLOS Building Layout and Targets via Sparsity-Driven Approach

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) detection is an enduring topic as it provides a powerful tool to monitor visually blocked areas. Currently, the NLOS detection requires precise prior knowledge of building layout, which limits its further applications in practice. In this paper, we consider the problem of joint estimation of building layout and target location in the NLOS scenario by exploiting multipath returns. Specifically, first, the building layout is simplified into combined linear equations with unknown parameters. In this way, we establish a parametrized multipath propagation model in the multiple targets NLOS scenario for the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar, which is used in the image reconstruction and layout estimation problem. Then, a shape-remodeling group sparse constraint algorithm is proposed and combined with the particle swarm optimization method to simultaneously reconstruct the unknown layout and targets. Compared to the conventional compressed sensing-based methods, the proposed method integrates the basic structural characteristics and sparsity prior of the NLOS image to improve the stability of the solution. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is verified with numerical and experimental results.

Ultrawideband Tomographic Imaging in Multipath-Rich Environment

This letter studies the problem of ultrawideband (UWB) tomographic imaging for unknown building layouts where the multipath-rich condition is considered. Specifically, first, the multiple propagation paths of the UWB signal are analyzed, and a delay estimation algorithm is proposed to estimate the direct path (DP) delay from the multipath signal. Then, a tomographic projection model is established by mapping the relationship between the delay of the DP and the relative permittivity of the unknown layout. Besides, a modified total variation method is developed to reconstruct the building layout, which shows significant performance in preserving the edges of the structure. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified using both simulated and real data.

INTRODUCTION OF NEW DAYLIGHTING METRICS FOR HEALTH, WELLBEING, AND FEASIBILITY: A STUDY OF THE INDOOR BUILDING ENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACT This study investigates the applicability of a new daylighting metric based on human health, an emerging framework for evaluating the effect of daylight on building occupants. Procedures based on modeling annual daylight availability are used to determine the mapping of daylight distribution on a daily, seasonal, and yearly basis. Literature review and experimental studies were performed to propose the new day-lighting metrics for health and wellbeing. The proposed metrics have two broad criteria, including daylighting level, timing, and duration. The two details are as follows: (1) 400 lux for 5 hours (2K lux·h) in the daytime; and (2) 500 lux for 1 hour (0.5K lux·h) in the early morning, 8AM–9AM. To verify the applicability of the proposed daylighting metrics to current buildings, sample buildings were selected and daily, spatial and seasonal differences were simulated through computer visualization techniques. Moreover, we evaluated the application of the daylighting metric on the building layout and compared the new daylighting metric for health and wellbeing with conventional daylighting metrics.

Optimal design of passive solar building

A passive solar building cannot only save cost and reduce energy consumption, but also benefit the harmonious development of society. This paper introduces an optimal design strategy by taking into account its external environment, the building layout, the shape coefficient, the building envelope, and the building structure. An example is given to reveal various concepts and their applications.

Tools for Regulating Noise Loads from Automobile Urban Transport

A set of strategic directions in solving the problem of noise pollution of the environment in the city of Krasnoyarsk, the main source of which is urban transport, is proposed. Based on the results of full–scale studies and the use of system-analytical methods, the choice of residential zones of increased acoustic discomfort is made – areas of "old" buildings, where the layout of streets and buildings is not designed for modern noise loads from increasing traffic flow. Assessing and mapping of the noise fields in these areas during the day and night periods showed an excess of the norms. The factors of increasing the parameters of acoustic fields are revealed. Noise protection solutions for optimizing the existing transport infrastructure based on new environmental standards are proposed, their acoustic efficiency is evaluated.

Block-based variations in the impact of characteristics of urban functional zones on the urban heat island effect: A case study of Beijing

The spatial aggregation of buildings intensifies the urban heat island (UHI) effect and hinders the sustainability of a city. This study divided more than 200,000 buildings in Beijing's Fifth Ring Road area into four categories, and used geographically weighted regression (GWR) to study the spatial heterogeneity of the impact of building features on land surface temperature (LST). The results showed that: (1) building characteristics are an essential factor affecting LST. Though the overall significance level was high, the correlation coefficient was within −0.3 and 0.4; (2) the correlation was spatially nonstationary. The R-squared value of GWR was approximately 0.4 higher than that of ordinary least squares (OLS). Although the body shape coefficient and LST were negatively correlated, the relationship between the low-rise building clusters was positive. In addition, the building height of blocks with a low building density was positively correlated with LST; (3) there were differences in the strength of between building types. Residential buildings had the strongest correlation, and commercial buildings had the weakest. This study provides a reference for planners to adjust the layout of block buildings and reduce the UHI effect.

Compliance level assessment of the recommended standards in the design of privately owned radio diagnostic centers in Anambra State

Background: Buildings used for radio-diagnostic purposes are expected to satisfy a certain radiation safety measures, however, the privately owned radio-diagnostic facilities in Anambra State are not purpose built. Objective: To evaluate the building design and layout of diagnostic x-ray rooms of privately owned radio-diagnostic facilities in Anambra State against the internationally recommended standards. Methodology: The building designs of all privately owned radio-diagnostic facilities registered with the ministry of health, Anambra State were assessed by measuring the x-ray room sizes, distances between the x-ray tubes and the control consoles, and the wall thicknesses using a well calibrated meter rule. Presence of lead lining on the walls and doors of the diagnostic rooms were noted and their thickness measured. Results: The studied centers showed 14 (70%) compliance to NNRA recommended x-ray room size (16m2). A total of 12 (60%) of the studied centers were in compliant with x-ray tube to console distance (≥ 1 meter) whereas 14(70 %) of the centers complied on the use of minimum of 2mm thickness of lead for wall lining. Conclusion: The designs and outlay of privately owned radio-diagnostic facilities in Anambra State are in compliance with recommended standards.There was however no significant difference in the level of compliance among the studied parameters (p<0.05).

Automated Semantics and Topology Representation of Residential-Building Space Using Floor-Plan Raster Maps

Automatically representing the semantics and topology of indoor building spaces from floor-plans is necessary for many applications, such as architectural design and indoor renovations. Extensive studies have investigated reconstructing indoor spaces with semantics and topology using professional means (e.g., laser scanning and photogrammetry). Floor-plan raster maps are widely and freely available for various purposes. Nevertheless, there is little research on the semantic and topological representation of indoor elements from floor-plan raster maps. To fill this gap, we propose a method of automatically representing the semantics and topology of indoor spaces from floor-plan raster maps. The proposed method first identifies basic geometric primitives from floor-plans using a learning-based hierarchical segmentation approach. Second, the relationship between the detected geometric primitives is assembled into the planar structure representation with topological data using mixed integer programming. Finally, the floor-plan graph structure is checked and optimized to maintain consistency with a polygonal coordinate descent strategy, resulting in a correct representation of the semantics and topology of the indoor space. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate that the proposed method effectively achieves superior performance in three different datasets. The proposed method allows for 3D model popups for better visualizations and direct architectural model manipulations of the interior building layouts computation.

Building Layout Reconstruction With Transmissive and Reflective Signals

Building layout reconstruction (BLR) is an important topic in the field of through-the-wall imaging. Traditionally, reflective signals are commonly used to generate an accurate building map. However, due to the inherent features of electromagnetic waves, the reconstructed walls will inevitably suffer from problems such as deviation and cavities. Alternatively, as an extension of computed tomography, the transmissive signals can be exploited for BLR with high efficiency, but its performance degrades seriously when the sampling views are sparse. In this paper, to fully combine the superiority of the two types of implementations of BLR, we proposed a hybrid imaging framework by jointly exploiting the reflective and transmissive signals to retrieve the unknown layout. Specifically, first, the time delay of the transmissive signal will be estimated and used to reconstruct the spatial tomographic map. Then, a series of reflected echoes sampled by different routes will be compensated iteratively and used to generate the back-projection image. Finally, we fuse the two images generated by different types of signals using the feature-level detector. Both simulated and experimental results reveal that the proposed imaging framework can yield better performance compared with the image derived from single-type signals.

Principles of Combination of Architecture in the Process of Restoration and Conservation of Architectural Monuments

Abstract: The article deals with the history of construction of monuments in Uzbekistan, architectural formation, the initial task, architectural and functional changes that took place before our arrival, the historical value of the monument, material, structural, artistic and architectural aspects. the degree of preservation, the principles of determining the need for conservation and restoration of monuments, as well as their drawings, ie history, style, appearance of devices, decorations, patterns he worked on the spreads, fragments, sketches and projects of Nigorlam, and in some cases the model or layout of the future building, the proportions of architectural forms, paigor in drawing, all the proportions used in architecture, the law of proportions in architecture, the principles are explained as architectural decorations are designed in accordance with the shapes of the building. Keywords: Historical cities, architectural monuments, cultural and natural cultural heritage, architecture and urban planning, principles, forms, construction, restoration, conservation.

Pedestrian-Level Wind Environment Assessment of Shenyang’s Residential Areas through Numerical Simulations

In recent decades, increasing urbanization has increased construction land shortages, which has made people pay more attention to the utilization of vertical space. The emergence of more and more high-rise buildings has affected the wind environment at the pedestrian level, especially in residential areas. In this research, the typical patterns of the layouts of residential buildings in Shenyang were investigated and summarized, and the wind environment of the residential areas of different architecture layouts was simulated according to the climatic conditions in Shenyang. After analyzing the simulation results, a typical layout mode for the residential areas in Shenyang was developed to facilitate the establishment of a favorable wind environment. In comparison with different building layouts, a staggered layout of slab buildings, half-enclosed layout of point buildings with openings on the south side, slab-point combined buildings with slab buildings on the north side, and point buildings on the south side were found to be the most suitable layouts for Shenyang’s climate. Thus, this study can provide guidance to designers and urban planners in addition to practical suggestions for residential planning.