Building Arrays Research Articles

Development of a Prediction Model of the Pedestrian Mean Velocity Based on LES of Random Building Arrays

Wind speed in urban areas is influenced by the interaction between wind flow and building geometry; at the pedestrian level, the interaction is more complex, particularly with high building density. This study investigated the wind velocity distribution and the mean velocity ratio at the pedestrian level using the large-eddy simulation (LES) database based on random building arrays of several plan area densities, λp. The heights of random buildings are between 0.36 h and 3.76 h where h = 0.025 m. Mean streamwise velocity profiles were obtained at the pedestrian level for all arrays and were found to decrease as λp increased. Wind flow patterns at the pedestrian level were highly influenced by adjacent buildings, especially in denser conditions, λp > 0.17. The pedestrian-level mean velocity was obtained around each building, and the relationship between the local mean velocity ratio, Vp(t) and the local frontal area density, λf(t) was analyzed. Subsequently, a prediction model was formulated based on the building’s aspect ratio, αp; the correlation for high-rise buildings with 2.64 h ≤ αp ≤ 3.76 h was high at 0.8, while a lower correlation was obtained for lower buildings due to random positioning and surrounding geometric effects. Therefore, the impact of high-rise buildings on pedestrian wind velocity can be estimated more accurately using the formulated model.

Numerical Simulations of Boundary-Layer Airflow Over Pitched-Roof Buildings

Arrays of buildings with pitched roofs are common in urban and suburban areas of European cities. Large-eddy simulations are performed to predict the boundary-layer flows over flat and pitched-roof cuboids to gain a greater understanding of the impact of pitched roofs on urban boundary layers. The simulation methodology is validated for an array of flat roof cuboids. Further simulations show that changes in the type of grid conformity have a negligible effect on the mean flow field and turbulent stresses, while having a visible, but small, effect on the dispersive stresses for a given packing density. Comparisons are made for flat and 45^circ pitched roof cuboid arrays at packing densities of 16.7% and 33.3%. The interactions between pitched-roof buildings and their effect on the urban boundary layer are considerably different to those of flat-roof buildings. The pitched roofs at a packing density of 33.3% leads to significant changes in the mean flow field, the Reynolds stresses, and the aerodynamic drag. Further work investigates the effects of changes in turbulence level and atmospheric thermal stratification in the approaching flow. Importantly, in comparison to a flat-roof array, the pitched-roof one at a packing density of 33.3% evidently increase the friction velocity and greatly reduces the effects of stable stratification conditions and changes in inflow turbulence level.

A modified k-ω turbulence model for improved predictions of neutral atmospheric boundary layer flows

A modified k-ω turbulence model is developed for neutral atmospheric boundary layer flows by introducing additional source terms to the equations of the standard model to remove its inconsistency with the inlet conditions. Rough wall functions based on aerodynamic roughness are adopted to overcome the limitations of the standard wall functions that are based on sand grain roughness. Moreover, the diagnostic and prognostic approaches are considered when simulating the flow. The diagnostic approach is approximate, relying on satisfying mass conservation by solving an optimization problem, whereas the prognostic approach resolves the Navier-Stokes equations with a turbulence model. The performances of the developed modified k-ω model, an existing modified k-ε model, and the standard SST k-ω model are compared. To calculate the concentration field, the Eulerian approach which solves a concentration transport equation, and the Lagrangian approach which adopts the particle method with core radius spreading for computing diffusion are used. Results generated with the diagnostic approach demonstrate its unsuitability to calculate wind flows over complex geometries. On the other hand, the prognostic approach, with the three mentioned turbulence models, was successful in reproducing the flow data of CEDVAL A1 and B1 experiments in domains composed of one building and an array of buildings. In addition, a good agreement with the concentration measurements is obtained when using the newly modified k-ω and the SST k-ω models to account for turbulence, with the Eulerian method outperforming the Lagrangian dispersion approach.

Estimating low-occurrence wind speeds from mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy: Development of statistical method and validation with idealized cases

A novel statistical method (namely KB method) for estimating low-occurrence strong wind speeds (LOSWSs) from mean wind velocity and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) was developed in this study. An isolated building case and a building array case from a large-eddy simulation (LES) database were used for the statistical analysis and validation. The statistics including the coefficient of variation (CV), peak factor (PF) Kq and gust factor (GF) Gq were analyzed. It was found that the relationships of the CV to the PF and GF of the LES results are close to the theoretical relationships of the two-parameter Weibull distribution (2W). The LOSWSs sq with q = 10%, 1% and 0.1% have positive correlations with the mean wind speed ⟨s⟩ and have negative correlations with Gq. The KB method was proposed based on 2W. The shape parameter β of 2W was estimated as an empirical function of the TKE ratio k/(K+k), where K and k are the mean and turbulent kinetic energy, respectively. Then, the estimated β was used for calculating the theoretical gust factor of 2W. Finally, the LOSWS was calculated from the estimated gust factor and mean wind speed. By using the mean wind velocity and TKE from the LES database, the KB method showed high accuracy for estimating the LOSWSs with q = 10%, 1% and 0.1%. Relative errors were within 20% at most points.

Pedestrian-level gust wind flow and comfort around a building array–Influencing assessment on the pocket park

• Wind flows around a building array and a row of trees are simulated and validated. • Mean and gust flow fields around building arrays with pocket parks are analyzed. • Pocket park amplifies PLW velocities under perpendicular inflow wind. • Pocket park promotes PLW comfort for sitting under oblique and parallel winds. Congested urban forms deteriorate urban ventilation, causing the problem of poor wind comfort at the pedestrian level. Pocket parks are small-scale open spaces for neighborhoods’ recreations, and they have the potential to alleviate this problem in cities, while this is rarely quantitatively investigated. This study investigates the pedestrian-level wind (PLW) flows around building arrays, and the influences of pocket park and vegetation on the mean and gust wind flows, and the wind comfort are further assessed. Steady-state Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations with the RNG k-ε model are used and validated with the benchmark experiments that give correlation coefficients above 0.80, including winds around a building array and trees. Results indicate that pocket park amplifies the mean and the gust flows in the streets under the perpendicular inflow wind, while attenuates the flows under the oblique and the parallel inflow winds. Inside the pocket park, an outdoor shelter space is created for pedestrian to relax and gather when winds in the streets are overly high. In this case, the vegetation promotes wind comfort for short-term sitting. These findings provide evidence for quantifying the effect of pocket parks with and without vegetation in achieving a healthy outdoor open space.

Modernization of the Living Environment Space Using the Example of an Urban Array of Residential Buildings from the Soviet Period in Almaty

This article explored the possibilities of modernizing the residential areas erected during the massive Soviet period building construction in Almaty city in the 1960’s. There were proposals to improve the comfort of the living environment of citizens based on the modernization of mass residential development to improve socio-psychological, aesthetic, and ecological conditions. The comfort of the living environment has been achieved using several architectural and urban planning techniques for transforming the residential fund. By the authors it was demonstrated a certain approach to the reconstruction of residential buildings in mass series based on the principle of the trinity; the revival of the building idea by Edem, the development of the ideas of the Russian (Soviet) avant-gardes, underlying modernist solutions of architecture in mass residential series and the emphasis on the society in a deep perception of the centuries-old experience of organizing building areas in the natural and climatic conditions of Semirechye (Central Asia), folk traditions and modern requests. The study results are presented in the form of drawings and pictures of the re-planning areas of a residential building, the extension of the loggia and elevators, the superstructure of floors through the improvement of facade solutions, and also by the development of yard areas.

“That Peculiarly Spanish Style”

The architectural forms associated with the aesthetic phenomenon that has come to be known as mudéjar and visual elements tied to Iberian and Islamic architectural traditions more broadly have been interpreted across modern Latin America in various modes. A wide array of buildings spanning from the colonial era into the twentieth century engage with this architectural legacy and distinctly stand out within the urban fabric of the continent’s major capitals today. Whether reflected in the intricately geometric woodwork of colonial-era ceilings known as carpentería de lo blanco or via the mashrabiya-inspired screened breezeways that punctuate modern Brazilian pavilions, such architectonic techniques and design criteria evoke imaginaries tied to South America’s colonial past via references to an Ibero-Islamic aesthetic. Recent calls to reexamine diverse historiographic and architectonic interpretations of the so-called mudéjar or other revivalist forms associated with the Islamic world in Latin America, along with their connections to nationalism and orientalism, invite a critical reconsideration of these constructions from a decolonial perspective within this regional context. Responding to these inquiries, this dialectical collection of essays spans diverse geographies and periods to expand upon contemporary interrogations of modern historiographic and design interpretations of the built forms associated with the mudéjar and Ibero-Islamic architectural traditions in modern Latin America. Together, they present fresh case studies and perspectives while asserting that a strategic reading of the stylistic phenomenon and its architectural echoes in Latin America is not simply the result of an external influence in the region but part of a broader complex discourse of modernity.

Cobogó and the Coloniality of the Brise-Soleil

The architectural forms associated with the aesthetic phenomenon that has come to be known as mudéjar and visual elements tied to Iberian and Islamic architectural traditions more broadly have been interpreted across modern Latin America in various modes. A wide array of buildings spanning from the colonial era into the twentieth century engage with this architectural legacy and distinctly stand out within the urban fabric of the continent’s major capitals today. Whether reflected in the intricately geometric woodwork of colonial-era ceilings known as carpentería de lo blanco or via the mashrabiya-inspired screened breezeways that punctuate modern Brazilian pavilions, such architectonic techniques and design criteria evoke imaginaries tied to South America’s colonial past via references to an Ibero-Islamic aesthetic. Recent calls to reexamine diverse historiographic and architectonic interpretations of the so-called mudéjar or other revivalist forms associated with the Islamic world in Latin America, along with their connections to nationalism and orientalism, invite a critical reconsideration of these constructions from a decolonial perspective within this regional context. Responding to these inquiries, this dialectical collection of essays spans diverse geographies and periods to expand upon contemporary interrogations of modern historiographic and design interpretations of the built forms associated with the mudéjar and Ibero-Islamic architectural traditions in modern Latin America. Together, they present fresh case studies and perspectives while asserting that a strategic reading of the stylistic phenomenon and its architectural echoes in Latin America is not simply the result of an external influence in the region but part of a broader complex discourse of modernity.

Introduction to the Dialogues on Rethinking Interpretations of the Mudéjar and Its Revivals in Modern Latin America

The architectural forms associated with the aesthetic phenomenon that has come to be known as mudéjar and visual elements tied to Iberian and Islamic architectural traditions more broadly have been interpreted across modern Latin America in various modes. A wide array of buildings spanning from the colonial era into the twentieth century engage with this architectural legacy and distinctly stand out within the urban fabric of the continent’s major capitals today. Whether reflected in the intricately geometric woodwork of colonial-era ceilings known as carpentería de lo blanco or via the mashrabiya-inspired screened breezeways that punctuate modern Brazilian pavilions, such architectonic techniques and design criteria evoke imaginaries tied to South America’s colonial past via references to an Ibero-Islamic aesthetic. Recent calls to reexamine diverse historiographic and architectonic interpretations of the so-called mudéjar or other revivalist forms associated with the Islamic world in Latin America, along with their connections to nationalism and orientalism, invite a critical reconsideration of these constructions from a decolonial perspective within this regional context. Responding to these inquiries, this dialectical collection of essays spans diverse geographies and periods to expand upon contemporary interrogations of modern historiographic and design interpretations of the built forms associated with the mudéjar and Ibero-Islamic architectural traditions in modern Latin America. Together, they present fresh case studies and perspectives while asserting that a strategic reading of the stylistic phenomenon and its architectural echoes in Latin America is not simply the result of an external influence in the region but part of a broader complex discourse of modernity.

Modernizing the Mexican Bajío through Mudéjar

The architectural forms associated with the aesthetic phenomenon that has come to be known as mudéjar and visual elements tied to Iberian and Islamic architectural traditions more broadly have been interpreted across modern Latin America in various modes. A wide array of buildings spanning from the colonial era into the twentieth century engage with this architectural legacy and distinctly stand out within the urban fabric of the continent’s major capitals today. Whether reflected in the intricately geometric woodwork of colonial-era ceilings known as carpentería de lo blanco or via the mashrabiya-inspired screened breezeways that punctuate modern Brazilian pavilions, such architectonic techniques and design criteria evoke imaginaries tied to South America’s colonial past via references to an Ibero-Islamic aesthetic. Recent calls to reexamine diverse historiographic and architectonic interpretations of the so-called mudéjar or other revivalist forms associated with the Islamic world in Latin America, along with their connections to nationalism and orientalism, invite a critical reconsideration of these constructions from a decolonial perspective within this regional context. Responding to these inquiries, this dialectical collection of essays spans diverse geographies and periods to expand upon contemporary interrogations of modern historiographic and design interpretations of the built forms associated with the mudéjar and Ibero-Islamic architectural traditions in modern Latin America. Together, they present fresh case studies and perspectives while asserting that a strategic reading of the stylistic phenomenon and its architectural echoes in Latin America is not simply the result of an external influence in the region but part of a broader complex discourse of modernity.

La arquitectura de Julio Vilamajó

The architectural forms associated with the aesthetic phenomenon that has come to be known as mudéjar and visual elements tied to Iberian and Islamic architectural traditions more broadly have been interpreted across modern Latin America in various modes. A wide array of buildings spanning from the colonial era into the twentieth century engage with this architectural legacy and distinctly stand out within the urban fabric of the continent’s major capitals today. Whether reflected in the intricately geometric woodwork of colonial-era ceilings known as carpentería de lo blanco or via the mashrabiya-inspired screened breezeways that punctuate modern Brazilian pavilions, such architectonic techniques and design criteria evoke imaginaries tied to South America’s colonial past via references to an Ibero-Islamic aesthetic. Recent calls to reexamine diverse historiographic and architectonic interpretations of the so-called mudéjar or other revivalist forms associated with the Islamic world in Latin America, along with their connections to nationalism and orientalism, invite a critical reconsideration of these constructions from a decolonial perspective within this regional context. Responding to these inquiries, this dialectical collection of essays spans diverse geographies and periods to expand upon contemporary interrogations of modern historiographic and design interpretations of the built forms associated with the mudéjar and Ibero-Islamic architectural traditions in modern Latin America. Together, they present fresh case studies and perspectives while asserting that a strategic reading of the stylistic phenomenon and its architectural echoes in Latin America is not simply the result of an external influence in the region but part of a broader complex discourse of modernity.

Azulejos neo-árabes en la arquitectura de Buenos Aires (1920–1950)

The architectural forms associated with the aesthetic phenomenon that has come to be known as mudéjar and visual elements tied to Iberian and Islamic architectural traditions more broadly have been interpreted across modern Latin America in various modes. A wide array of buildings spanning from the colonial era into the twentieth century engage with this architectural legacy and distinctly stand out within the urban fabric of the continent’s major capitals today. Whether reflected in the intricately geometric woodwork of colonial-era ceilings known as carpentería de lo blanco or via the mashrabiya-inspired screened breezeways that punctuate modern Brazilian pavilions, such architectonic techniques and design criteria evoke imaginaries tied to South America’s colonial past via references to an Ibero-Islamic aesthetic. Recent calls to reexamine diverse historiographic and architectonic interpretations of the so-called mudéjar or other revivalist forms associated with the Islamic world in Latin America, along with their connections to nationalism and orientalism, invite a critical reconsideration of these constructions from a decolonial perspective within this regional context. Responding to these inquiries, this dialectical collection of essays spans diverse geographies and periods to expand upon contemporary interrogations of modern historiographic and design interpretations of the built forms associated with the mudéjar and Ibero-Islamic architectural traditions in modern Latin America. Together, they present fresh case studies and perspectives while asserting that a strategic reading of the stylistic phenomenon and its architectural echoes in Latin America is not simply the result of an external influence in the region but part of a broader complex discourse of modernity.

Influence of typical street-side public building morphologies on the ventilation performance of streets and squares

The deterioration of the urban environment has captured the attention of governmental departments and research institutions, which aim to improve the urban environment from the perspective of optimizing urban morphology. Although ideal building arrays and residential building morphologies have been previously studied, research on the relationship between public building morphology and urban ventilation is currently scarce. Therefore, we used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the relationship between six public building morphologies extracted from real cities and urban ventilation. This study bridges the gap between public building morphology and urban ventilation and guides the future architectural design and urban planning. The purging flow rate and age of air were used to quantify the ventilation capacity of the squares, paths, and streets in public building blocks. The results show that a square space formed by public building setbacks can form a broad space with a path and street, which is conducive to incoming wind, resulting in better ventilation capacity. Overall, public building morphologies with 8 m street-side setbacks and 16 m path-side setbacks exhibited higher superiority rates for both single and multiple public building morphologies (66.7% and 83.3%, respectively). This study concluded that a public building morphology with 8 m street-side setbacks is the best because of a high ventilation capacity (total superiority rate = 66.7%) and building packing density.

Residents' perception of living environments and self-rated health status

The relationship between health status and living environment conditions among residents of high-rise housing massifs and individual households was assessed by means of a questionnaire survey-interviewing. Results determined that residents of multi-story buildings had a greater number of individuals classified as frequently ill, but the differences were not significant because of the wide variation in age and gender: 40.9±12.9% (multi-story buildings) and 21.5±2.4% (Individual households), t=1.4, P>0.05. Responding to the question about what citizens attribute the likelihood of their illnesses to, the majority of respondents answered that it is related to unfavorable living conditions (53.8±13.0% of residents of multi-story buildings and 54.8±14.2% of residents of individual houses, P>0.05). The greatest number of respondents considered it necessary to improve recreational opportunities, ranging from 46.8% to 60.6%, with such wishes being more common among those over 55 years of age. Individuals of younger age, especially those living in an array of multi-story buildings, more often express the need for sports fields or complexes.

CFD assessment of wind energy potential for generic high-rise buildings in close proximity: Impact of building arrangement and height

High-rise building complexes are of great importance for enabling sustainable urban development in large parts of the world. Earlier studies have indicated that high wind speed regions can be present along the passage between two high-rise buildings as well as above the roofs. At such locations, urban wind energy could be harvested by installing wind turbines between and/or above the roof of the buildings. However, the available wind energy potential around an array of generic high-rise buildings in close proximity has not yet been assessed for different building configurations. This paper conducts a detailed evaluation of the impacts of the building arrangement and height for a 2 × 2 array with a building height-to-street width ratio of 30 on the mean wind velocity and the wind energy potential along the passages between both upstream and downstream buildings as well as on their roofs. The following parameters are analyzed: (i) the passage width between the two upstream buildings (w), (ii) the streamwise distance between the upstream and downstream buildings (d), and (iii) the height difference between the upstream and downstream buildings (ΔH). The 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are solved using the Reynolds stress model (RSM) turbulence model for closure. The CFD results are validated using wind-tunnel measurements of mean wind speed and turbulence intensity performed for the same building array. The results show elevated wind power density along the upstream passages for small w (=0.15B), high d (=0.6B), and equal building height (ΔH = 0). In contrast, comparatively high values of w, small d, and ΔH < 0 yield high wind power densities between the downstream buildings. Among the different wind turbine types considered, horizontally-mounted vertical axis wind turbines seem the most promising option for wind energy harvesting between the buildings.

The role of surrounding buildings on the accumulation of embers on rooftops during an ember storm

Results are presented for tests of ember accumulation on buildings during an ember storm. Specifically, the experiments investigate the role of upstream buildings on the accumulation of embers on the rooftops of a building. Experiments were run for three target buildings for three different wind directions per building. The upstream array of buildings varied in both layout (staggered and regular grids of buildings) and in terms of the number of upstream rows of buildings and streamwise spacing between the buildings. Results indicate that each of these parameters, i.e. spacing, layout, and number of rows, influences the accumulation rate. In all cases tested the mass of embers that accumulated on the rooftops was less than 18% of the mass that would have accumulated were the building removed. For buildings with roof heights similar to those of the upstream buildings the accumulation rate increases by up to a factor of 10 compared to when there are no upstream buildings. The lowest spacing between buildings produced the largest accumulation. When the target building roof height was larger than upstream buildings, this change was less pronounced. However, the variability in the accumulation rate between nominally identical tests decreased when the upstream buildings were present.

Impact Assessment of Waste Odor Source Locations on Pedestrian-Level Exposure Risk

Poor wind environment in residential areas leads to the accumulation of odor from domestic waste, affecting pedestrian health. A reasonable arrangement of waste collection points can reduce pedestrian exposure risks. This study aims to investigate the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) dispersion and residents’ exposure risk at the pedestrian level for five different locations of waste collection points in a residential building array. Simulation results are consistent with the benchmark wind tunnel experiment, validating that the used turbulence model and numerical methods show good agreement with the predictions of the aforementioned problem. Results indicate that the dimensionless concentration of H2S and personal intake fraction in a residential area are lower when the collection point is at the corner of the building array periphery. When the collection point is located in the middle of the periphery of the building array or between two adjacent buildings in the center of the array, the local dimensionless concentration of H2S is 50 at the pedestrian level, and the personal intake fraction is three orders of magnitude higher than that at the corner of the building array periphery. The findings provide a reference for the layout of waste collection points in high-density residential areas and reduction in outdoor exposure risk.

Architectural Missionary: D. Fred Charlton in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, 1887-1918 by Steven C. Brisson

Reviewed by: Architectural Missionary: D. Fred Charlton in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, 1887-1918 by Steven C. Brisson Jonathan Rinck Steven C. Brisson. Architectural Missionary: D. Fred Charlton in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, 1887-1918. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2021. Pp. 278. Appendices. Bibliography. Illustrations. Index. Notes. Paper: $46.95. In 1887, Demetrius Frederick Charlton arrived in Michigan's Upper Peninsula to establish a Marquette branch of the Detroit-based Scott & Company architectural firm. His endeavors were met with rapid success, and Charlton became the first professional architect to permanently reside in the Upper Peninsula, devoting his professional career to beautifying its towns and cities with buildings whose vocabulary showed the country that the Upper Peninsula possessed architectural sophistication. In Architectural Missionary, Steven Brisson provides a panorama of Charlton's career, during which Charlton designed a broad array of architectural public, ecclesial, commercial, and domestic buildings while effortlessly shifting his style in accordance with whatever was in vogue. Readers will be left with an appreciation for the extraordinary output of this immigrant architect who never received formal academic training in the field. Born in England, Charlton studied civil engineering at King's College, London, before coming to Detroit at age 21 to work for several regionally significant architectural firms, including Scott & Company. In 1887, when Scott & Company was commissioned to design and build the Marquette prison, Charlton arrived in the Upper Peninsula to oversee its construction and to establish a branch headquarters in Marquette. By 1889, Scott's firm was renamed Scott & Charlton; the following year, Charlton, sufficiently established, dissolved the partnership. [End Page 144] Brisson briskly moves through Charlton's early years and guides readers directly into Charlton's architectural career, leading with an in-depth exploration of three buildings representative of the stylistic range of Charleton's output. The Longyear House (1892) was a Richardsonian Romanesque-style Marquette mansion designed for lumber, steel, and coal tycoon John Longyear, and celebrated upon its completion for its elegance, comparable to any mansion in Boston (where, with the help of 190 boxcars and much effort, the house was eventually relocated). The Georgian Revival-style Newberry State Mental Hospital was his largest work; completed in 1916, the campus comprised nearly two dozen buildings surrounding an open courtyard. Finally, Brisson explores the Marquette County Courthouse (1904), a stately Neoclassical Revival building. The iconic structure featured prominently both in the novel Anatomy of a Murder and its film adaptation; much of the movie, which starred James Stewart, was staged in the courthouse, and national press descended on Marquette to document its filming. Brisson then catalogs Charlton's many other notable projects, which varied both in function and form. They included projects for the state of Michigan (including schools, municipal buildings, courthouses, and the Marquette Branch Prison), churches, commercial structures, whole commercial blocks, and many homes, all of which demonstrate Charlton's ability to effortlessly traverse styles. The 400 buildings he designed ranged from Richardsonian Romanesque, Gothic, Tudor Revival, Queen Anne, Renaissance Classical, Georgian, Arts & Crafts, and even Prairie-style. Brisson even teases readers with a rumored ephemeral "Mammoth Ice Palace" Charlton allegedly built in Marquette during the winter of 1899, but, alas, conclusive documentation is lacking. The focus of this book is on Charlton's architecture rather than his life, so readers should not expect a biography. But Brisson delivers an authoritative panorama of Charlton's architectural output replete with an index of all known extant works. Supplementing Brisson's descriptive writing are ample photographs and architectural renderings of nearly every structure mentioned. Reproductions of Charlton's own watercolor renderings underscore his precocious talent; by contrast, even the great Frank Lloyd Wright outsourced perspective drawings and watercolors to the specialists who worked under him. Brisson amply makes the point that much of the look of the Upper Peninsula owes itself to the fertile and cosmopolitan mind of D. Frederick Charlton, and the author delivers an affectionate tribute to his enduring legacy. [End Page 145] Jonathan Rinck Traverse City, MI Copyright © 2022 Historical Society of Michigan

Effect of Building Arrangement on Wind Pressure Natural Ventilation Potential in Ideal Building Arrays

Effect of Building Arrangement on Wind Pressure Natural Ventilation Potential in Ideal Building Arrays

Parameterised drag model for the underlying surface roughness of buildings in urban wind environment simulation

Knowledge of the flow field in the urban canopy layer (UCL) is of great significance in guiding the layout of buildings in blocks and mitigating local air pollution. Large eddy simulation (LES) with relatively high precision can simulate the flow field in the UCL. Considering the limitations of computational power, building resistance source parameterisation is an effective method of solving the average blocking effect of buildings on airflow and reducing the number of grids. Belcher's drag model has been widely used for calculating the average flow field in the UCL. However, the model does not consider the influence of the horizontal recirculation region and the variation of the canopy-drag length scale in the height direction. Therefore, a parameterised drag model for the resistance source of building(s) was improved by considering the horizontal recirculation region and effective roughness density. The simulation results suggest that the horizontal recirculation area of an isolated building is mainly affected by the spanwise width of the building at a certain height and presents a quadratic function distribution in the height direction, with a maximum at approximately z/H = 0.45. The validation of the isolated building and building arrays with different layouts demonstrated that the parameterised drag model could reveal the average flow field more accurately than Belcher's drag model.