Build Direction Research Articles

Dynamic Response of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder-Bed Fusion.

Titanium parts fabricated by additive manufacturing, i.e., laser or electron beam-powder bed fusion (L- or EB-PBF), usually exhibit columnar grain structures along the build direction, resulting in both microstructural and mechanical anisotropy. Post-heat treatments are usually used to reduce or eliminate such anisotropy. In this work, Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) alloy samples were fabricated by L-PBF to investigate the effect of post-heat treatment and load direction on the dynamic response of the samples. Post-heat treatments included single-step annealing at 800 °C (HT) and a hot isotropic press (HIP). The as-built and heat-treated samples were dynamically compressed using a split Hopkinson pressure bar at a strain rate of 3000 s-1 along the horizontal and vertical directions paralleled to the load direction. The microstructural observation revealed that the as-built TA15 sample exhibited columnar grains with fine martensite inside. The HT sample exhibited a fine lamellar structure, whereas the HIP sample exhibited a coarse lamellar structure. The dynamic compression results showed that post-heat treatment at 800 °C led to reduced flow stress but enhanced uniform plastic strain and damage absorption work. However, the HIP samples exhibited both higher stress, uniform plastic strain, and damage absorption work owing to the microstructure coarsening. Additionally, the load direction had a subtle influence on the flow stress, indicating the negligible anisotropy of flow stress in the samples. However, there was more significant anisotropy of the uniform plastic strain and damage absorption. The samples had a higher load-bearing capacity when dynamically compressed perpendicular to the build direction.

Process optimization and microstructure of Ti3Zr1.5NbVAl0.25 high entropy alloy produced by directed energy deposition

As an emerging materials preparation method, directed energy deposition (DED) has its unique advantages in the preparation of high entropy alloys (HEAs). However, improper process parameters can lead to numerous defects, affecting material properties. In this study, a Ti3Zr1.5NbVAl0.25 HEA was produced by DED. The effects of process parameters on single track cladding layer (STCL) were studied by response surface methodology (RSM), and the parameters were optimized accordingly. It is indicated that the microstructure of the STCL is composed of columnar and equiaxed crystals and the grain growth is parallel to the heat flux direction. 〈001〉//BD (building direction), 〈111〉//SD (scanning direction) and {100}〈001〉 textures were observed in molten pool. The microhardness of the molten pool measures 299.99 HV0.2, while the estimated Young's modulus and yield stress are 87.66 GPa and 945 MPa, respectively. This work provides unique insights into optimizing the DED process parameters of HEAs, further obtaining the solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of STCL.

Powder Bed Fusion-Laser Beam of IN939: The Effect of Process Parameters on the Relative Density, Defect Formation, Surface Roughness and Microstructure.

This study investigates the effects of process parameters in the powder bed fusion-laser beam (PBF-LB) process on IN939 samples. The parameters examined include laser power (160, 180, and 200 W), laser scanning speed (400, 800, and 1200 mm/s), and hatch distance (50, 80, and 110 μm). The study focuses on how these parameters affect surface roughness, relative density, defect formation, and the microstructure of the samples. Surface roughness analysis revealed that the average surface roughness (Sa) values of the sample ranged from 4.6 μm to 9.5 μm, while the average height difference (Sz) varied from 78.7 μm to 176.7 μm. Furthermore, increasing the hatch distance from 50 μm to 110 μm while maintaining constant laser power and scanning speed led to a decrease in surface roughness. Relative density analysis indicated that the highest relative density was 99.35%, and the lowest was 93.56%. Additionally, the average porosity values were calculated, with the lowest being 0.06% and the highest reaching 9.18%. Although some samples had identical average porosity values, they differed in porosity/mm2 and average Feret size. Variations in relative density and average porosity were noted in samples with the same volumetric energy density (VED) due to different process parameters. High VED led to large, irregular pores in several samples. Microcracks, less than 50 μm in length, were present, indicating solidification cracks. The microstructural analysis of the XZ planes revealed arc-shaped melt pools, columnar elongated grains aligned with the build direction, and cellular structures with columnar dendrites. This study provides insights for optimizing PBF-LB process parameters to enhance the quality of IN939 components.

Research on the laser quenching performance of Ti6Al4V-7.3 %Cu alloys fabricated by wire-powder collaborative arc additive manufacturing

In this work, a new arc wire powder synergistic additive manufacturing method was used to prepare Ti6Al4V-7.3 %Cu alloys. This method overcomes the inherent large columnar grain defects in additive manufacturing and the segregation phenomenon of titanium alloys. Three laser quenching processes were also used to surface-treat the Ti6Al4V-7.3 %Cu alloys, and the hardness, microstructure and corrosion properties were studied. The results showed that laser quenching can effectively refine the grains and improve the strength and corrosion resistance. A β to α phase transition occurred, and Ti2Cu was formed. When the β phase is transformed into the α phase, there is an obvious Burgers orientation relationship between the two phases, and the orientation of the α phase in the quenched layer is more concentrated in the build direction (BD). With increasing laser quenching power, the Ti2Cu content in the alloy first increased and then decreased. When the quenching power was 690 W, the performance of the alloy was the best. Compared with those of the as-fabricated sample, the hardness increased by 150 HV, the grain size decreased from 10 µm to 1 µm, and the corrosion potential (Ecorr) increased by 0.195 V. α-Ti + Ti2Cu exhibited better corrosion resistance than β-Ti + Ti2Cu.

Effect of intra‐build design parameters on the fracture toughness properties of Electron Beam Melted Ti6Al4V

AbstractMetal additive manufacturing technologies provide new opportunities for manufacturing complex components. However, the limited data on fracture behavior are delaying adoption in safe‐critical applications. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of orientation and the intra‐build design parameters on EBM Ti6Al4V fracture toughness using a design of experiments. Three builds comprised of over 150 compact tension samples were printed representative of the EBM build chamber, followed by microstructural characterization, X‐ray microcomputed tomography, and fracture toughness testing per ASTM E399. The average fracture toughness was 65 MPa√m, with anisotropy as the largest source of variation due to crack growth behavior with respect to the build direction. Microstructure coarsening was observed with increase in height, resulting in an increase in fracture toughness, irrespective of sample geometry or orientation. Build orientation and sample location influenced the microstructure and fracture toughness and should be considered when adopting EBM components in load‐bearing applications.

Powder-blown laser-based directed energy deposition of (14M) Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy

Ni-Mn-Ga-based magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys are renowned for their large magnetic-field-induced strains, making them attractive for compact magnetically controlled actuators requiring high response frequencies and large reversible deformations. In this study, Ni-Mn-Ga alloy samples were deposited using powder-blown laser-based directed energy deposition (DED-LB), employing gas-atomised powder pre-alloyed with excess Mn. The samples were deposited following a systematic experimental design, varying the applied laser power and employing two melting strategies: unidirectional and bidirectional. The results demonstrate the feasibility of achieving high relative densities (>97.5 %) in multi-layered Ni-Mn-Ga samples through DED-LB. All as-deposited samples exhibited a consistent 0.7–0.9 at% Mn loss in comparison to the powder feedstock, thus showing that the Mn overdosing requirements for DED-LB differ from those in laser powder bed fusion. Both as-deposited and heat-treated samples exhibited seven-layered modulated (14 M) martensite structures at ambient temperature. In contrast, the heat-treated samples also exhibited fully reversible martensite transformation at around 66 ºC and a Curie temperature at around 94 ºC. Distinct microstructural characteristics were observed based on the melting strategy, with bidirectional melting promoting the formation of large columnar grains with a strong <100> texture approximately along the build direction. This study highlights the potential of DED-LB processes in manufacturing relatively large (mm to cm scale) functional Ni-Mn-Ga actuators and contributes to the ongoing efforts in laser additive manufacturing of functional materials.

Influence of thermal conductivity on evolution of grain morphology during laser-based directed energy deposition of CoCrxFeNi high entropy alloys

A model CoCrxFeNi high entropy alloy system was chosen to investigate the effect of thermal conductivity on the evolution of spatial orientation of columnar grain morphology during laser directed energy deposition. The thermal conductivity of the alloy was varied by tuning the chromium content in CoCrxFeNi alloys. CoCrxFeNi alloys with chromium content ranging between 0 and 24 at% were produced under identical processing conditions of laser direct energy deposition method. Electron back scattered diffraction images of the cross-sections revealed that the spatial orientation of grain morphology transitioned from zigzag columnar grains from layer-to-layer to near-continuous columnar grains across multiple layers with increased content of chromium in CoCrxFeNi. A multi-scale multi-physics finite element based thermo-kinetic model with consideration to multi-track multi-layer nature of the laser direct energy deposition technique was adopted to correlate the process thermo-kinetics with the evolution of microstructure. The computation calculations revealed that the decrease in thermal conductivity from 36 W/m.K (CoFeNi) to 26 W/m.K (CoCr24FeNi) at the melting point reduced the cooling rate from 3.3 ×104 °C/s to 1.3 ×104 °C/s in CoFeNi and CoCr24FeNi alloys, respectively. This subsequently evolved into increased degree of remelting of previously deposited layers and caused the direction of resultant thermal gradient to reorient towards the build direction. Such reorientation in resultant thermal gradient contributed to transition of spatial orientation of grain morphology from columnar zigzag microstructures from layer-to-layer to near continuous columnar grains across multiple layers. The present observation was verified compared with other reported metallic systems exhibiting zigzag and continuous columnar grains, and a unified mechanism underlining the role of thermal conductivity on microstructure evolution was proposed.

An experimental and numerical study on the evolution of pores and its effect on the tensile properties of LPBF Invar36 with different energy density

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Invar 36 alloy has attracted plenty of attention in cryogenic components or precision instruments due to its low coefficient of thermal expansion in a wide range of temperature. However, the LPBF Invar 36 has a significant anisotropic mechanical property due to the unique columnar grain morphology and pore feature. In this study, the influence of scanning speed on the anisotropic tensile properties were investigated, and the melt pool dynamics were analyzed by the numerical simulation. In this respect, tensile tests of specimens parallel and perpendicular to the building direction with a scanning speed from 200 to 1400 mm/s of LPBF Invar 36 alloy were conducted, and the microstructural influential factors on the anisotropic tensile properties were analyzed. Results show that as the volumetric energy density (VED) increases, the inhomogeneity of grain morphology decreases, while the pore feature changes from the lack-of-fusion (LOF) pore perpendicular to the building direction to the bubble-shaped spherical pore, which is resulted from the collapse of the key-holes. In this case, the grain orientation and size, as well as the dislocation density in the vicinity of pores are influenced by the pore morphology due to different thermal history. On the whole, the combined morphology of dislocation and stress concentration affected by the pore morphology are the main reason of the increased level of anisotropy in tensile properties.

Parameter optimization and anisotropy mechanism in different build directions of the microstructures and mechanical properties for laser directed energy deposited Ti6Al4V alloy

The effects of laser power, scanning speed, and build directions (BDs) on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of laser directed energy deposited (LDEDed) Ti6Al4V alloy were systematically investigated in this study. All the finished LDED specimens were not heat treated and the tensile properties were not influenced by surface roughness. Particularly, the differences in grain size, grain boundary distribution, geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density, grain orientation spread (GOS), and Schmid factor (SF) of the specimens in different BDs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattering diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile test. The results showed that the aspect ratio, dilution rate, and deposition angle all tended to increase with increasing laser power and scanning speed. The yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength decreased with the increase of laser power, while the elongation was the opposite. The parent grain reconstruction results indicated that the high-temperature transition phase (β phase) of the 0° LDEDed specimen was equiaxial, whereas that of the 90° LDEDed specimen was columnar. The differences in the β phase of the specimens in different BDs were directly inherited to the corresponding low-temperature sub-phase (α phase), resulting in finer grain sizes, greater GND density, larger GOS, and smaller SF in the 0° LDEDed specimen, thereby contributing to higher strength and hardness. In contrast, these values were reversed for the 90° LDEDed specimen, resulting in better plasticity and toughness. Finally, the anisotropy mechanism of the microstructures and mechanical properties of the LDEDed Ti6Al4V alloy in different BDs were revealed. This work could provide more systematic and comprehensive guidance in parameter optimization and offer valuable insights into the anisotropy mechanism of the microstructures and mechanical properties of LDEDed Ti6Al4V alloy.

Ultra-high strength of additively manufactured CoCrNi medium entropy alloy with high-fraction TiC

In this work, the novel CoCrNi composite with as high fraction as 5 wt% TiC reinforcements were additively manufactured (AMed) by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of blended powders of nano-C particles, spherical micro-Ti powders and spherical CoCrNi powders, instead of blended powders of nano-TiC and CoCrNi powders. This method resulted in fully melting of C and Ti elements during laser fusion and subsequent precipitation of nano-TiC during solidification. The agglomeration of nano-TiC in the matrix is reduced by this method, resulting in an 1800 MPa ultrahigh strength, simultaneously maintaining a considerable elongation of 12 %. Rise in the fractions of TiC from 0 to 5 wt% reduces intensity of the texture and grain size in the matrix and convert the strong 〈101〉 texture to relative weak 〈100〉 texture along building direction (BD).

Experimental Studies on the Anisotropic Fatigue Behaviour of IN718 Fabricated via Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) offers promise in creating large complex structures due to its flexibility and high material deposition rates. The nickel-based alloy IN718 is favoured for WAAM due to its weldability and compatibility. However, WAAM can introduce issues like anisotropic grain structure, porosity, and residual stresses which can lead to directional variations in tensile, fatigue, and fracture behaviour. This paper studied the WAAM process of IN718, utilising cold metal transfer (CMT). The optimised CMT-WAAM parameters for IN718 were identified to as a wire feed speed of 8–10 m/min and a torch travel speed of 0.5–0.7 m/min, resulting in stable deposition and minimal defects. Nevertheless, columnar grain structures were observed in the build direction (BD), with coarse grains in the wall-length direction (WD). This anisotropic microstructure coupled with stress concentrators, contributes to the directional dependence observed in tensile properties, fatigue endurance, and crack growth. The investigation revealed superior ductility in the BD compared to the WD. Interestingly, the fatigue endurance testing showed a longer life in the WD compared with the BD, attributed to stronger stress concentrators in the BD specimens. However, when examining a cracked specimen, the fatigue crack propagated faster in the WD rather than the BD.

Microstructure and fracture toughness of laser wire deposited Ti-6Al-4V

In this paper, the microstructure, and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated through Laser Directed Energy Deposition (L-DED) process are investigated and discussed. Deposited coupons were produced on Ti-6Al-4V wrought substrate using Ti-6Al-4V ELI grade wire with the laser wire deposition (LWD) process. Characterization efforts led to the evaluation of the microstructure, hardness, tensile behavior, and fatigue crack growth resistance of the build-up alloy. Microstructure of the deposit consists of columnar prior β grains and basket-weave α/β phase mixture. The size of the alpha laths is measured as 1.2 ± 0.3 µm and 0.8 ± 0.2 µm in the banded zone and band-free zone, respectively. Hardness of the deposited block is found to be uniform and ranging between 321 and 323 Hv. Tensile and fatigue crack growth properties of the deposited block were evaluated in various orientations. Tensile specimens loaded in the deposition direction exhibited 824 MPa and 930 MPa for yield and ultimate tensile strength, respectively. Tensile specimens loaded in the build direction exhibited 782 MPa and 907 MPa for yield and ultimate tensile strength, respectively. The analysis reveal that the tensile properties of the deposited material match the strength requirements for ASTM F1108 Cast Ti-6Al-4V. However, they fell just below the AMS 4911P Wrought Ti-6Al-4V standard. Fatigue Crack Growth Rate tests were conducted for three directions: parallel to the deposition direction, parallel to the build direction and at 45° of the deposition direction. No significant differences in crack growth properties were observed between the different orientations with average crack initiation near threshold (ΔKth) and the fracture toughness (Kc) value of 3.6 MPa√m and 69 MPa√m, respectively. The crack propagation properties are similar to cast & wrought materials.

PROBLEMS OF CALCULATING THE CARBON FOOTPRINT IN SCOPE 3 USING BIM

The article presents the requirements of the EU EPBD (Energy Performance of Buildings Directive) for counting the carbon footprint (especially in Scope 3) and including it in construction projects from 2030. The obligation to count the carbon footprint will burden mainly designers, who are increasingly using BIM (Building Information Modelling) in the design process. Performing analysis and calculation of the carbon footprint in BIM models is hampered by the lack of nongraphical information on the subject in library components. The paper explains the concept of CO2 in 3 scope, also discusses currently available tools for counting the carbon footprint, and examines how many components available on the Internet already contain non-graphical information on emissions, as well as ideas for implementing this directive. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches were presented from the perspective of various stakeholders in the planning and investment and construction processes. The aim of the paper was to present possible solutions, ensuring compliance with the EU directive by proposing specific techniques, enabling the calculation of the Scope 3 carbon footprint, using BIM. In addition to a review of existing ideas, an authorial proposal for a national repository of carbon footprint information taking into account all stakeholders was presented.

Experimental investigation of creep behavior along the build height of stainless-steel 316L fabricated via selective laser melting

The aim of this study was to contribute to the existing knowledge on the creep behavior of 316L stainless steel (SS) produced through selective laser melting (SLM). Creep tests were conducted on samples extracted from the wall in the build direction at 650 °C under various load conditions using a small punch (SP) creep test machine. The results revealed that the creep response was anisotropic and strongly dependent on the building height of the cubic block. Specifically, the average creep life was approximately three and five times higher in the bottom region than that in the top and middle regions, respectively. This indicates that the middle region was more susceptible to creep damage, resulting in inferior creep resistance, whereas the bottom region exhibited higher creep resistance. Interrupted tests were performed to elucidate variations in the internal creep damage level. The creep-damage mechanism was assessed based on the geometrically-necessary dislocations (GNDs) density and characteristics of the melt pool boundary (MPB). Additionally, creep tests demonstrated that SS316L stainless steel manufactured by SLM processing has an inferior creep life compared with conventional SS316L material, a phenomenon that can be attributed to the nano-sized cell structure and average grain size boundaries.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy fabricated by multi-wire arc-based directed energy deposition

ER5356, ER2319 and Zn wires were synchronously fed using a multi-wire gas metal arc directed energy deposition (DED) system. This allowed the successfully fabrication of Al-6.0Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu alloy. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated parts were studied. It is shown that the main precipitated phases are η and nanoscale η'. The upper and lower parts of the deposited parts are composed by coarse equiaxed grains and columnar dendrite structures, respectively. The average microhardness of the fabricated alloy was 118.5 HV. The ultimate tensile strength and elongations in the perpendicular to the building direction (BD) and parallel to the BD were 267 MPa and 2.7 %, 238 MPa and 2.3 %, respectively. The average tensile strength is higher than that of 7075-O alloy. The fracture mode of the samples composed brittle and ductile features, although the former dominated. This multi-wire arc DED approach provides a new choice for the in-situ synthesis of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys.

Evaluation of Porosity in AISI 316L Samples Processed by Laser Powder Directed Energy Deposition

Directed energy deposition-laser beam/powder (DED-LB/Powder) is an additive manufacturing process that is gaining popularity in the manufacturing industry due to its numerous advantages, particularly in repairing operations. However, its application is often limited to case studies due to some critical issues that need to be addressed, such as the degree of internal porosity. This paper investigates the effect of the most relevant process parameters of the DED-LB/Powder process on the level and distribution of porosity. Results indicate that, among the process parameters examined, porosity is less affected by travel speed and more influenced by powder mass flow rate and laser power. Additionally, a three-dimensional finite element transient model was introduced, which was able to predict the development and location of lack-of-fusion pores along the building direction.

Tailoring the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser directed energy deposited Inconel 718 alloy via thermostatic substrate heating

The effects of different thermostatic substrate heating (TSH) temperatures on the stress state, microstructures, and mechanical properties of laser directed energy deposited (LDEDed) Inconel 718 alloy were systematically investigated. The results showed that the optimized TSH temperature (200 °C) transformed the original tensile residual stresses into compressive residual stresses, improved microstructure uniformity, and enhanced the comprehensive mechanical properties of the LDEDed Inconel 718 alloy. When the TSH temperature was 200 °C, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) of the specimen perpendicular to the building direction (0°) did not change significantly, while the elongation (EL) value was improved by 35.2 %. It was attributed to reduced dislocation density in conjunction with the relaxation of residual stresses. In contrast, the UTS and YS in the specimen parallel to the building direction (90°) increased by 20.4 % and 34.9 %, respectively, whereas the EL values decreased slightly. It was due to the combined effects of the massively precipitated finer and more homogeneous γ'' phase and grain refinement. Finally, the strengthening mechanism of TSH on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the LDEDed Inconel 718 alloy were systematically revealed.

Comprehensive study on scale-induced heterogeneity of (Ni2CrCo)94Nb3V3 high-entropy alloy variable-width thin-walled structure fabricated by additive manufacturing

Laser additive manufacturing (AM) shows excellent advantages in near-net shape of complex parts. In this work, the (Ni2CrCo)94Nb3V3 high-entropy alloy variable-width thin-walled structures were fabricated by directed energy deposition, and its microstructure and mechanical properties at the narrow and wide ends were systematically studied in the printed and different heat treatment states. In the printed state, the 〈001〉 crystallographic orientation along the building direction and the 〈111〉 crystallographic orientation along the scanning direction are formed at the narrow and wide ends of the sample, respectively. The preferred crystallographic orientation is eliminated and numerous annealed twins are occurred at high-temperature annealing, while the original grain morphology and crystallographic orientation is not changed significantly after direct aging. In the printed state, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the wide end are increased by 10.69 % and 11.60 % compared with that of the narrow end, and the elongation is decreased by 18.74 %. The differences in tensile properties at the narrow and wide ends of the sample are mainly related to the crystallographic orientation and dislocation density, without taking the statistically stored dislocations into account. The strength of both narrow and wide ends is significantly increased, but the difference in tensile performance between them is not changed through direct aging. In addition, the strength is slightly decreased and the difference in tensile properties between the narrow and wide ends is eliminated by high-temperature annealing. The results present in the current study provide new insights for the LAM optimizing design of thin-walled parts with complex structures.

How heterogeneous microstructure determines mechanical behavior of laser powder bed fusion AlSi10Mg

Laser powder bed fusion AlSi10Mg exhibits hierarchical and heterogeneous microstructure, which leads to anisotropic mechanical properties. The present work systematically investigated strength, ductility and their correlations to heterogeneous microstructure along different loading directions. Two AlSi10Mg samples presenting distinct features of Al–Si cellular structures and melt pool borders were analyzed, using combined tensile tests and digital image correlation measurements at both macro and micro scales. In addition, crystal plasticity modeling and simulation were conducted to reveal the deformation behavior and propensity to damage in the melt pool interiors and at the melt pool borders. Strain localizations are found in both the building direction and the perpendicular direction, due to weaker melt pool border and soft grain orientation, respectively. With the experimental and numerical results, it is demonstrated that the strength anisotropy mainly originates from the elongated Al–Si cellular structure, while the melt pool border plays a secondary role. Moreover, the ductility and its anisotropy appear to be determined by combined effects of strain localization, propensity to damage and constraints to crack formation. The findings of the present work unveil clearly how hierarchical and heterogeneous microstructure renders the macroscopic mechanical properties of additively manufactured Al alloys in different loading directions.

Directed energy deposition of functional gradient material to enhance mechanical properties of heterogeneous stainless steels

In this study, 316L/18Ni300 functional gradient material (FGM) were designed and prepared via directed energy deposition, aiming to achieve synergistic enhancement of strength and toughness between two different lattice-structured steels. Macroscopic analyses showed that the interlayer metallurgical bonding of the 316L/18Ni300 FGM was achieved, and no obvious defects such as unfused and inclusions were observed. Spatially heterogeneous structures cellular dendrite, epitaxially grown columnar dendrites, columnar dendrites were observed along the building direction. The microhardness of the 316L/18Ni300 FGM surface is 329 HV, which is an improvement of 185 % as compared to 316L. The static tensile and three-point bending results show that 316L/18Ni300 FGM combines the toughness of 316L with the strength of 18Ni300. In the reciprocating sliding wear test, 316L/18Ni300 FGM showed an increase in wear resistance along the building direction, with a 35 % increase on the surface. This study not only provides innovative ideas and theoretical guidance for 316L/18Ni300 FGM in terms of mechanical property enhancement, but also opens up a new path for broadening 316L for a wide range of applications.