Concept Of Budget Research Articles

Analysis of Car Usage Time Frontiers Incorporating Both Inter- and Intraindividual Variation with GPS Data

This paper incorporates both interindividual variation and intra-individual variation into the modeling of car usage time frontiers (CUTFs). A CUTF is defined as the unobserved maximum amount of time that an individual private car user is willing to spend driving and is derived from the concept of a travel time budget. Long-term GPS data collected from private cars in Toyota, Japan, were used. To deal with the panel data, a stochastic frontier model with random parameters was applied as the modeling methodology. The fit of the data for the estimation results demonstrated that models with random coefficients were preferable. Drivers’ CUTFs on workdays were significantly affected by the departure time of the first trip, temperature, home location, gender, age, and occupation. All those explanatory variables except temperature also significantly affected CUTFs on holidays. When the intraindividual variations were ignored, only a few explanatory variables had a significant effect on CUTFs. Predictions made with the estimated parameters showed that the expected CUTFs were about double the corresponding actual times of car usage (expenditures). Therefore, CUTFs are underestimated when intraindividual variations are ignored.

Feeding and energetics of the great scallop, Pecten maximus, through a DEB model

We developed a full life-cycle bioenergetic model for the great scallop Pecten maximus relying on the concepts of the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory. The covariation method was implemented to estimate the parameters of a standard DEB model. Such models are able to predict various metabolic processes from a food availability marker and temperature in the environment. However, suspension-feeders are likely to feed on various trophic sources, from microalgae cells to detritus. They are also able to sort and select food particles very efficiently, depending on their size, energetic value or quality. The present model includes a mechanistic description of the feeding processes, based on Kooijman's Synthesizing Unit principle which allows to deal with several food sources. Moreover we tested the hypothesis of a differential selectivity between two potential substrates (phytoplankton cell and the remaining particulate organic matter). Simulations of shell length, daily shell growth rate, dry weight and gonado-somatic index (GSI) variations were realized and compared to field data from a monitoring conducted in the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France) for six years. The model shows its capacity to efficiently reproduce all life history traits of the wild great scallops. Predicted length data were estimated to the nearest millimeter. The fit of simulated weights to observed data was very satisfactory. GSI predictions were also in accordance with observations but improvements are required to better capture the sharp increase of gametogenesis at the beginning of the year. Finally, results bring evidences that P. maximus is actually preferentially feed on living algae cells rather than on the rest of organic particles.

Louis Fisher on Congress and the Budget: Institutional Responsibility and Other Taboos

The serial fiscal policy and budgeting woes of the United States over the last three decades have been compounded by a bipartisan evasion of institutional responsibility by elected leaders. Long before “sequestration” and “fiscal cliffs,” Louis Fisher argued that presidents and members of the House and Senate undermined constitutional power balance and the spirit of budgeting law. A variety of ill-conceived process “reforms” further damaged the separation of powers system. As a scholar, Fisher uses an institutional lens to explore budget concepts that are rare in political science, such ascapacity, accountability, andduty. And as a public intellectual, Fisher's relevance has been secured by his repeatedly broaching these scholarly and political taboos.

The impacts of household structure on the individual stochastic travel and out‐of‐home activity time budgets

SUMMARYThe amount of time individuals and households spend in travelling and in out‐of‐door activities can be seen as a result of complex daily interactions between household members, influenced by opportunities and constraints, which vary from day to day. Extending the deterministic concept of travel time budget to a stochastic term and applying a stochastic frontier model to a dataset from the 2004 UK National Travel Survey, this study examines the hidden stochastic limit and the variations of the individual and household travel time and out‐of‐home activity duration—concepts associated with travel time budget. The results show that most individuals may not have reached the limit of their ability to travel and may still be able to spend further time in travel activities. The analysis of the model outcomes and distribution tests show that among a range of employment statuses, only full‐time workers' out‐of‐home time expenditure has reached its limit. Also observed is the effect of having children in the household: Children reduce the flexibility of hidden constraints of adult household members' out‐of‐home time, thus reducing their ability to be further engaged with out‐of‐home activities. Even when out‐of‐home trips are taken into account in the analysis, the model shows that the dependent children's in‐home responsibility reduces the ability of an individual to travel to and to be engaged with out‐of‐home activities. This study also suggests that, compared with the individual travel time spent, the individual out‐of‐home time expenditure may perform as a better budget indicator in drawing the constraints of individual space–time prisms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cluster Head Location based Base Station Mobility in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are sophisticated systems that are used to gather data from an unreachable and remote environment. WSN consists of base station and hundred to thousands of sensor nodes. The main design issues in WSN include efficient energy management and network lifetime. Most of the approaches assume the nodes to be homogenous, however they can be heterogeneous. In this paper we take a realistic approach by considering heterogeneous networks. The clustering mechanism, location of base station and the routing process are crucial to elongate the lifetime of the sensor nodes. The clusters will be formed in different topologies depending on the sensor node deployment. The mobile base station, concept of budget to the sensor nodes and multi hop routing in a sensor network with heterogeneous nodes is used to make the network energy efficient and maximize the network lifetime. General Terms Wireless Sensor Networks, Heterogeneous Sensor Nodes, Mobile Base Stations.

Robust Optimization for Multiobjective Programming Problems with Imprecise Information

A robust optimization approach is proposed for generating nondominated robust solutions for multiobjective linear programming problems with imprecise coefficients in the objective functions and constraints. Robust optimization is used in dealing with impreciseness while an interactive procedure is used in eliciting preference information from the decision maker and in making tradeoffs among the multiple objectives. Robust augmented weighted Tchebycheff programs are formulated from the multiobjective linear programming model using the concept of budget of uncertainty. A linear counterpart of the robust augmented weighted Tchebycheff program is derived. Robust nondominated solutions are generated by solving the linearized counterpart of the robust augmented weighted Tchebycheff programs.

Penyusunan Sistem Anggaran Berbasis Kinerja pada Kabupaten Pandeglang, Provinsi Banten

This study reviews the concept of performance-based budgeting and how it has been applied. The research method used for this research is a qualitative method that gives an analytic meaning by studying and collecting data based on relevance theory. This study shows that Performance-based budgeting has achieved significantly. It can be said that most of the implementation has referred to the theory. Finally, the local governance of Pandeglang, Banten Provinces made strong efforts to improve the implementation although in the practice still constrained technical issues.

Can personal budgets really deliver better outcome for all at no cost? Reviewing the evidence, costs and quality

Political recognition of the parlous state of English social care and the urgent need for radical reform led to calls for new policy approaches that address the two key problems it faced: inadequate funding and poor quality and inappropriate provision. The New Labour government was convinced that it had found a way of dealing with these two competing problems and it embarked on a policy, which has subsequently gained cross-party support. The centre-piece was the concept of a personal budget, and was introduced with a belief that there would be major cost savings while improving service user satisfaction. This article will critically explore the evidence for whether the strategy is fulfilling that promise.

Modelling the ecological niche of hookworm in Brazil based on climate

The distribution of hookworm in schistosomiasis-endemic areas in Brazil was mapped based on climate suitability. Known biological requirements of hookworm were fitted to data in a monthly long-term normal climate grid (18 x 18 km) using geographical information systems. Hookworm risk models were produced using the growing degree day (GDD) water budget (WB) concept. A moisture-adjusted model (MA-GDD) was developed based on accumulation of monthly temperatures above a base temperature of 15 °C (below which there is no lifecycle progression of Necator americanus) conditional on concurrent monthly values (rain/potential, evapotranspiration) of over 0.4. A second model, designated the gradient index, was calculated based on the monthly accumulation of the product of GDD and monthly WB values (GDD x WB). Both parameters had a significant positive correlation to hookworm prevalence. In the northeastern part of Brazil (the Caatinga), low hookworm prevalence was due to low soil moisture content, while the low prevalence in southern Brazil was related to low mean monthly temperatures. Both environmental temperature and soil moisture content were found to be important parameters for predicting the prevalence of N. americanus.

Climate-based risk models for Fasciola hepatica in Colombia

A predictive Fasciola hepatica model, based on the growing degree day-water budget (GDD-WB) concept and the known biological requirements of the parasite, was developed within a geographical information system (GIS) in Colombia. Climate-based forecast index (CFI) values were calculated and represented in a national-scale, climate grid (18 x 18 km) using ArcGIS 9.3. A mask overlay was used to exclude unsuitable areas where mean annual temperature exceeded 25 °C, the upper threshold for development and propagation of the F. hepatica life cycle. The model was then validated and further developed by studies limited to one department in northwest Colombia. F. hepatica prevalence data was obtained from a 2008-2010 survey in 10 municipalities of 6,016 dairy cattle at 673 herd study sites, for which global positioning system coordinates were recorded. The CFI map results were compared to F. hepatica environmental risk models for the survey data points that had over 5% prevalence (231 of the 673 sites) at the 1 km2 scale using two independent approaches: (i) a GIS map query based on satellite data parameters including elevation, enhanced vegetation index and land surface temperature day-night difference; and (ii) an ecological niche model (MaxEnt), for which geographic point coordinates of F. hepatica survey farms were used with BioClim data as environmental variables to develop a probability map. The predicted risk pattern of both approaches was similar to that seen in the forecast index grid. The temporal risk, evaluated by the monthly CFIs and a daily GDD-WB forecast software for 2007 and 2008, revealed a major July-August to January transmission period with considerable inter-annual differences.

Improving Quality of Services of Ad Hoc Network by Working Over Link Budgeting and Delay Elimination

are networks capable of communicating in a set of small, low cost, low power sensing devices. A wireless sensor networks is totally based on the limiting factor i.e. energy consumption. A wireless sensor network consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed or scattered in particular network region. MANETs consist of node that is highly mobile, so in particular the range of the nodes is very important. Each device in a MANETs is free to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. The energy and the bandwidth of such path are of major concern. The lifetime of the network depends upon these parameters. There has been a paper already published by us termed DSPO that resolved the performance issues regarding the bandwidth efficiency and the energy efficiency. Also it suggested the alternatives to remove the dead state of the mobile nodes. But one of the concerns that arise as a future work of that protocol was handling of delays that may arise and make the network incompetent in terms of the real time performance. In this paper, we are working on the concept of link budget for MANETs. The formula and techniques given in this paper can be used to solve the problem regarding the transmission. Also, in this paper, we explained the simulator developed by us for link budgeting and practical reading of simulations.

Carbon Budget for Basic Needs: Implications of International Equity and Sustainability

Abstract The fundamental way of satisfying the basic needs of human development is to secure the basic needs, limit luxurious and wasteful emissions, and ensure the fulfillment of climate targets, so as to achieve intra- and intergenerational equity. In this paper, the author discusses and analyzes a series of challenges that the development has to face, such as poverty elimination, urbanization, and industrialization, and the problems of increased consumption that is brought about by the improvement of living standards; the author distinguishes the stock emission, which does not need annual updating, and the flow emission of regular consumption; the author also defines the standards of energy consumption and carbon emissions that can meet the basic needs. On this basis, the author proposes the concept and method of carbon budget, compares this method with other means, and in particular, studies and analyzes the implications of international equity and sustainability of carbon budget as part of the international climate regime design.

Developmental energetics of zebrafish, Danio rerio

Using zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a case study, we show that the maturity concept of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is a useful metric for developmental state. Maturity does not depend on food or temperature contrary to age and to some extent length. We compile the maturity levels for each developmental milestone recorded in staging atlases. The analysis of feeding, growth, reproduction and aging patterns throughout the embryo, juvenile and adult life stages are well-captured by a simple extension of the standard DEB model and reveals that embryo development is slow relative to adults. A threefold acceleration of development occurs during the larval period. Moreover we demonstrate that growth and reproduction depend on food in predictable ways and their simultaneous observation is necessary to estimate parameters. We used data on diverse aspects of the energy budget simultaneously for parameter estimation using the covariation method. The lowest mean food intake level to initiate reproduction was found to be as high as 0.6 times the maximum level. The digestion efficiency for Tetramin™ was around 0.5, growth efficiency was just 0.7 and the value for the allocation fraction to soma (0.44) was close to the one that maximizes ultimate reproduction.

Reliability-Based Transit Assignment for Congested Stochastic Transit Networks

Abstract: This article proposes a nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP) formulation for the risk-aversive stochastic transit assignment problem in which in-vehicle travel time, waiting time, capacity, and the effect of congestion are considered as stochastic variables simultaneously and both their means and variances are incorporated into the formulation. A new congestion model is developed and captured in the proposed NCP formulation to account for different effects of on-board passengers and passengers waiting at stops. A reliability-based user equilibrium condition is also defined based on the proposed generalized concept of travel time budget referred to as effective travel cost, and is captured in the formulation. A column generation based algorithm is proposed to solve the NCP formulation. A survey was conducted to validate that the degree of risk aversion of transit passengers affects their route choices. Numerical studies were performed to demonstrate the problem and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The results obtained show that underestimating the congestion effect and ignoring the risk aversion behavior can overestimate the patronage of transit service, which have profound implications on the profit of the operators involved and the development of transit network design models.

Evaluating the Impact Of Foreign Exchange Rate Risk On The Capital Budgeting For Multinational Firms

Capital budgeting analysis has evolved to the point where large firms universally use sophisticated capital budgeting techniques.[1] However, small firms are less likely to use sophisticated capital budgeting techniques.[2] Even large firms do not generally use simulation for risk analysis in multinational project capital budgeting analysis.[3] This paper provides a discussion and example of the use of simulation in evaluating the impact of foreign exchange rate volatility on multinational project capital budgeting analysis.[1] Bierman, Harold, Jr. Capital Budgeting in 1991: A Survey, Financial Management, Autumn 1993, pp. 21-29.[2] See, for example, Block, Stanley. Integrating Traditional Capital Budgeting Concepts into an International Decision-Making Environment, The Engineering Economist, 45(4), 2000, pp. 309-325 or Graham, John R. and Campbell R. Harvey. The Theory and Practice of Corporate Finance: Evidence from the Field, Journal of Financial Economics, 60, 2001, pp. 187-243.[3] See, for example, Farragher, Edward, Robert Kleiman, and Anandi, Sahu. The Association Between the Use of Sophisticated Capital Budgeting Practices and Corporate Performance, The Engineering Economist, 46(4), 2001, pp. 300-31, Ho, Simon S. M. and Richard H. Pike. Risk Analysis in Capital Budgeting Contexts: Simple or Sophisticated?, Accounting and Business Research, 21(83), 1991, pp. 227-238, Klammer, T. Empirical Evidence of the Adoption of Sophisticated Capital Budgeting Techniques, The Journal of Business, July 1972, pp. 387-397, and Klammer, T., B. Koch, and N. Wilner. Post-auditing Capital Assets and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation, Managerial and Decisions Economics, (12), 1991, pp. 317-327.

Stochastic optimization for real time service capacity allocation under random service demand

The problem of repeated allocation of limited renewable service resources to dis- tributed service centers is considered here. The objective is to assure a given Quality of Service expressed through percentage of demand which is satisfied during a specified time period. Resource requirements are not fully known at the time when a decision about the service resource distribution is taken. The problem is addressed by formulating a succession of stochastic optimization prob- lems solved at the time of resource allocation. Solutions of these problems are derived by applying duality theory. We pay special attention to the interplay between performance and risk by introducing the concept of a risk budget. Results of numerical experiments confirm the efficiency of the approach.

Participative budgeting: a review of empirical research and practical implications

The process by which managers have influence on the setting of their budget goals, participative budgeting (PB), has been researched extensively since the 1960s. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of the empirical PB literature, which still lacks such a detailed and broad-scope examination, derives practical recommendations and implications, and gives a comparison of the findings of PB literature and the principles of recent budgeting concepts. The empirical PB studies identified (1) the antecedents or determinants of PB, (2) the impact PB has on mental states and performance and (3) PB’s effects on the existence of budgetary slack. Summing up the findings, it has to be noted that while the informational role of PB in enhancing subordinate performance is generally established, the results relating to reductions in information asymmetry as well as PB’s motivational effects remain ambiguous.

A Primer on Regulatory Budgets

A new and novel approach to controlling regulatory costs is the concept of the regulatory budget. This concept would require that governments account for regulatory expenditures in a similar way to fiscal expenditures. This article argues that there are analogies between fiscal and regulatory budgets as they both divert resources from the private sector, albeit by different policy instruments. Given that budgeting is universally used to manage fiscal resources, the article outlines the pros and cons of developing regulatory budgets to manage regulatory resources. JEL classification: H300, H610.

대청유역 물수지 분석을 위한 장기 유출모의

For an accurate rainfall-runoff simulation in the river basin, it is important to consider not only evaluation of runoff model but also accurate runoff component. In this study long-term runoffs were simulated by means of watershed runoff model and the amounts of runoff components such as upstream inflow, surface runoff, return flow and dam release were evaluated based on the concept of water budget. SSARR model was applied to Daecheong basin, the upstream region of Geum river basin, and in turn the monthly runoff discharges of main control points in the basin were analyzed. In addition, for the purpose of providing the basic quantified water resources data the conceptual runoff amounts were estimated with water budget analysis and the reliability of the observations and the monthly runoff characteristics were investigated in depth. The yearly runoff ratios were also estimated and compared with the observations. From the results of the main control points, Yongdam, Hotan, Okcheon and Daecheong, the yearly runoff ratios of those points are consistent well with data reported previously.

Performance Budgeting in the U.S. Federal Government: History, Status and Future Implications

Performance budgets emphasize activities performed and their costs, and include various performance measures in the budget to document what is gained from what is spent. These measures usually include unit cost comparisons over time or between jurisdictions. Performance budgeting tends to emphasize measures of efficiency and effectiveness. Broader measures (outcome) are often difficult to define and measure, particularly in human service areas. Nonetheless, performance budget concepts have proven persistent. For the federal government, a key measure that has stimulated increased interest in the topic was passage by Congress of the Government Performance and Results Act in 1993 (GPRA) and subsequently the Government Management and Results Act (GMRA) in 1995. This article notes the long period of experimentation with performance budgeting in the U.S. and identifies some of the lessons learned from this initiative. It also addresses reforms including the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) as they relate to incentives for budgeting based on performance. Conclusions also touch upon the difficulties faced in attempting budget reform in the midst of a period of fiscal and monetary stress. We conclude that while the expressed interest of the Obama administration in assessing the performance of federal government agencies is evident, there is no evidence to suggest that the administration will attempt to implement performance budgeting per se as a means to accomplish this end. Rather, performance is now reviewed by OMB only as an input to budget decision making, which is perhaps the best that advocates of performance budgeting can hope for in the medium term. What it would take to interest federal government decision makers, particularly members of Congress, to accept performance budgeting is impossible to determine given the present focus of the government on health care reform, job creation, the state of the economy and armed conflicts abroad. Administrative reform, except in the areas of regulation of financial institutions, national security and transportation safety, has not been high on the agenda of the Obama administration or Congress in the period 2008–2010. However, this could change with new initiatives recently announced by the administration and Congress.