Concept Of Budget Research Articles

Financial Literacy Teaching Module Based on Social Inquiry Model in Elementary School Social Studies

This research is motivated by the importance of financial literacy. Financial literacy is one of the essential literacy of 21st-century skills that every individual in the world must master. Financial literacy needs to be taught to Elementary School (SD) students by integrating it into existing subjects. However, financial literacy education in Indonesia is rare, and elementary schools still need teaching modules to support financial literacy. The integration of financial literacy in elementary schools can positively impact students. The survey results prove that not all Indonesian people are well-literate. This research aims to develop financial literacy teaching module for elementary school students using the social inquiry learning model. This research used the Design and Development method with the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The research subjects consisted of 4th-grade elementary school students, learning experts, learning media experts and 4th-grade teachers. Data collection techniques were carried out by filling out work logs and through expert validation. The data analysis technique used is qualitative and quantitative analysis. The teaching module is organized into seven sections: the concept of money (earning money concept), economic activities, budgeting, spending, saving, sharing, and business idea development exercises. The results of the study were the teaching module get validation ratings in the very good category. N-Gain is used to test the effectiveness and the results showed to be effective in the high category. It was concluded that this financial literacy teaching module based on social inquiry can improve the learning outcomes of elementary school students.

Carbon budget concept and its deviation through the pulse response lens

Abstract. The carbon budget concept states that the global mean temperature (GMT) increase is roughly linearly dependent on cumulative emissions of CO2. The proportionality is measured as the transient climate response to cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide (TCRE). In this paper, the deviations of the carbon budget from the strict linear relationship implied by the TCRE are examined through the lens of a temperature response to an emission pulse (i.e., pulse response) and its relationship with a nonlinear TCRE. Hereby, two sources of deviation are distinguished: emission scenario and climate state dependence. The former stems from the scenario choice, i.e., the specific emission pathway for a given level of cumulative emissions and the latter from the change in TCRE with changing climatic conditions. Previous literature argues for scenario independence using a stylized set of emission scenarios, and offers a way to fit a nonlinear carbon budget equation. This paper shows how the pulse response, viewed as a Green's function, gives a unifying perspective on both scenario and state dependence. Moreover, it provides an optimization program that tests the scenario independence under the full range of emission pathways for a given set of constraints. In a setup chosen in this paper, the deviations stemming from emission pathway choices are less than 10 % of the overall temperature increase and gradually diminish. Moreover, using the pulse response as a Green's function, the scenario-dependent effects of a reduced-complexity climate model were replicated to a high degree, confirming that the behavior of scenario-dependent deviations can be explained and predicted by the shape of the pulse response. Additionally, it is shown that the pulse response changes with climatic conditions, through which the carbon budget state dependency is explained. Using a pulse response as an approximation for a state-dependent TCRE, an alternative method to derive a nonlinear carbon budget equation is provided. Finally, it is shown how different calibrations of a model can lead to different degrees of carbon budget nonlinearities. The analysis is done using FaIRv2.0.0, a simple climate emulator model that includes climate feedback modifying the carbon cycle, along with a one-box model used for comparison purposes. The Green's function approach can be used to diagnose both models' carbon budget scenario dependency, paving the way for future investigations and applications with other and more complex models.

SMEs, Sustainability, and Capital Budgeting

This applied analysis addresses issues and concepts of capital budgeting for sustainability-related projects by SMEs. It reviews literature on SME characteristics, sustainability for SMEs, and capital budgeting for investments in sustainability-related projects. A discussion of the implications of capital budgeting for sustainability-related projects by SME managers, policy makers, and future research is included.

Participatory Budgeting in Public Sphere, Governance, Transparency and Participation

Today's modern cities have many vital problems. Participatory budgeting (PB) plays an important role in solving these problems by ensuring the effective development of democracy. Participatory budgeting, which incorporates democratic elements such as ensuring citizen participation in budget decision-making, increasing accountability and transparency, attempts to solve the problems of the city by increasing communication between citizens and representatives at the local level and creating an organised society. In this way, it can be used as a tool to promote different types of sustainability in the political, economic and social spheres, from creating an organised society that will enable segments of the city with limited opportunities to become effective in the budget process, to social justice, from environmental problems to providing basic health services, clean water and wastewater systems, schools and kindergartens and living spaces for the poor, from the provision of better quality public services to the efficient use of resources due to accurately identified public services, and from corruption, bribery and nepotism to the solution of administrative failures. This study aims to present the concept, emergence, functioning and outcomes of participatory budgeting.

Innovative subsidy schemes under a limited budget: how and when do they matter

ABSTRACT Inspired by the global budget concept in health care, we propose an innovative subsidy scheme in which governments do not commit the subsidy amount in advance but determine it by the end of the subsidy period. The performance of the traditional and proposed subsidy schemes is evaluated in an oligopoly without competition, where each manufacturer decides its product quality and production quantity under the diseconomies of scale in production. Both types of schemes can take into account product quality or not. Our results show that compared to the traditional scheme, the proposed scheme drives manufacturers to reduce production quantity but improves product quality and brings them higher profits. Furthermore, the scheme results in greater social welfare when the subsidy budget is large. Finally, we conduct robustness checking by considering the market competition and absence of the diseconomies of scale, respectively. The result shows that the main findings in the basic model continue to hold, while there are additional findings. In the first scenario, as the market competition intensity increases, our proposed scheme becomes more preferable to the manufacturers and the government. In the second scenario, subsidy schemes that take product quality into account are never preferable.

Educational Financing Management in Improving the Quality of Education at MTS Walisongo Pontianak

Education financing is one of the central systems in education. This study aims to find out about financing to support the implementation of education. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The results of the study show that the use of education financing is oriented towards the head of educational operational financing that supports improving the quality of education that is right on target by fulfilling the school financial management governance system that must be understood in the implementation of education financing, namely the concept of education budgeting, classifying activities, determining standardization, and determining costs unit in education budgeting. Education financing management has three important stages, namely planning, implementation stage and evaluation (evaluation) stage. These three stages when applied to financial management are the financial planning (budgeting) stage, and the implementation (accounting) stage, and the appraisal or auditing stage. With an education financing management system, it is hoped that it will be able to support, guarantee the development of the quality and quality of education and the process of organizing teaching and learning activities.

POLICY OF MANAGEMENT OF THE HOUSEHOLD BUDGET

The habit of effectively managing one's finances and the ability to properly allocate one's funds is the key to economic stability for both an individual and the state as a whole. In the modern world, households play an important role as an economic entity, the well-being of the entire country depends on the results of its activities. Households are the only socio-economic entity within which the process of reproduction of the population, formation and education of the individual takes place. The recognition of households as equal participants in financial relations contributed to the emergence of a number of problems related to the peculiarities of income formation and spending in the conditions of transformational changes in the economy of Ukraine. The scientific article is devoted to research in the field of household finances. This topic is becoming more and more relevant in the modern world. The article reveals the essence of the concept of "household", highlights the main characteristics of households, the concept and functions of the household budget, and considers the types of household budgets. In particular, the article considers types of household income, classification of household expenses. The structure of family budget planning is presented. The main rules of managing budget funds are highlighted. Approaches to the competent distribution of money are disclosed.It has been established that a key aspect of household budget management is responsibility for one's finances and making decisions that reflect needs and goals. Regardless of how you manage your personal finances, the main thing is that only increasing your level of financial literacy will help you achieve personal well-being and learn how to properly allocate your funds across all expenditure items. A person must be constantly improving, analyzing his expenses in order to optimize them, while introducing new methods of obtaining income, learning to invest and manage his funds.

Kajian Alokasi Global Carbon Budget kepada National Carbon Budget Indonesia

Climate change and global warming are directly linked to the rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere, a significant byproduct of various human activities, particularly the combustion of fossil fuels. To regulate Earth's surface temperature within specified limits, the concept of a carbon budget is introduced. This budget represents the maximum cumulative carbon emissions that can be emitted to the atmosphere before the earth’s global temperature exceeds some particular temperature levels. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report 6 (IPCC AR6), maintaining a temperature increase within 1,5 to 2°C requires adhering to a global carbon budget (GCB) of approximately 500 to 1.350 GtCO2 (at a 50% likelihood level). To determine the national carbon budget (NCB) for Indonesia, various allocation methods, including egalitarian, grandfathering, weighted average, and per capita convergence approaches, are applied. At a 50% likelihood level to restrict temperature rise to 1.5°C, Indonesia's NCB at the beginning of 2022 falls within the range of 14.28 to 20.55 GtCO2. These values for the carbon budget can serve as a valuable tool for assessing the climate change mitigation targets outlined in Indonesia's enhanced nationally determined contribution (E-NDC).

BER comparisons of MIMO radar with uniform linear arrays

A smart antenna, which consists of several antenna elements makes a gain at the desired direction, makes nulls at the direction of interferers. In this article, the bit error rate is measured in different directions and distances, and the method of the minimum variance is used with the concept of the link budget when the weights of the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar are calculated with the number of N receiver elements and with the number of M transmitter elements. The less the number of interferers is, or using MIMO, the better the system is.

Peluang Penerapan Beyond Budgeting sebagai Upaya Optimalisasi Manajemen Perusahaan Studi Kasus PT Asuransi Jasindo Syariah


 The insurance sector is important for the Indonesian economy. Insurance companies must be able to manage their budget well and precisely because otherwise it will result in company losses. Budgeting discrepancies will result in insurance companies having difficulty achieving financial targets, including providing claims. Therefore, this research aims to find out the comparison of the concepts of traditional budgeting and beyond budgeting and how company management performs using traditional budgeting. Apart from that, this research aims to find out how prepared the company is to implement beyond budgeting. This research is a qualitative research involving case studies conducted at PT. Jasindo Syariah Insurance. The data collection techniques used in this research include semi-structured interview techniques and data triangulation. Of the total of 12 beyond budgeting principles, the level of implementation varies. The Anticipation System principle has been implemented throughout the company. The principles of Governance, Accountability for Dynamic Results, Organizational Networks, Relative Targets and Resource Allocation have been partially implemented by the company. On the other hand, the principles of Manager Empowerment, Market Coordination, Supportive Leadership, Continuous Strategy Determination, Speed ​​of Information Distribution and Rewards are relatively small which have been implemented by companies. The research findings highlight the significant potential beyond budgeting for Jasindo Syariah Insurance Company.
 Keywords: Beyond budgeting, traditional budgeting.

The impact of applying zero-based budgeting in evaluating the financial performance of government institutions

The research examines the concept of Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB) and its significance as a financial management tool aimed at achieving a precise balance between expenses and revenues. This research aims to study the impact of ZBB on the financial performance evaluation of organizations and highlight the importance of ZBB in various government institutions, showcasing its ability to assess financial performance. To achieve this, a questionnaire form consisting of 20 questions was designed and distributed to the General Manager, (Assistant Manager, Department Heads, and Administrative Unit Heads), specifically targeting experts in the field of budgeting. and the research results were analyzed using statistical methods and regression analysis using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model.The research reached several conclusions, including: ZBB compels organizations to enhance resource efficiency and operate cautiously, encouraging the improvement of internal processes and more efficient resource utilization. ZBB enables organizations to effectively control expenses and revenues, contributing to achieving financial goals accurately and efficiently. The research also provides recommendations, such as urging government institutions in the Kurdistan Region to consider adopting ZBB as a managerial tool and suggesting prioritizing and directing resources towards vital activities and projects that contribute most significantly to achieving financial and strategic objectives.The research reached several conclusions, including: ZBB compels organizations to enhance resource efficiency and operate cautiously, encouraging the improvement of internal processes and more efficient resource utilization. There is a positive and significant effect of ZBB on aforementioned variable by (0.45). The research also provides recommendations, such as urging government institutions in the Kurdistan Region to consider adopting ZBB as a managerial tool and suggesting prioritizing and directing resources towards vital activities and projects that contribute most significantly to achieving financial and strategic objectives.

Decomposition of travel time expenditure through individual mobility trajectories based on mobile phone signaling data

The concept of travel time expenditure (TTE) or travel time budget (TTB) was developed approximately 60 years ago, and its stability issues have long been debated based on traditional household travel survey (HHTS) methods or less developed information and communication technologies (ICTs). Recent advances in mobile phone technologies have enabled the use of individuals’ mobility information at the disaggregation level. The objective of this study is to explore the TTE based on mobile phone signaling data (MPSD) collected from the residents in two different types of districts in South Korea. The results may produce better spatiotemporal precision than traditional household survey data because MPSD is generated when a mobile phone changes the cell coverage area and base transceiver stations (BTSs) or whenever the recording time interval set by the cellular service provider arrives. On the other hand, tremendous effort is needed to collect and clean up the raw data compared to data obtained using the conventional HHTS method. This paper presents data-cleaning processes and the results of a TTE calculation as a function of the day of weekday, age group, and region type. The processes and results of this study could be useful for modeling human mobility behavior using MPSD.

Концептуалізація бюджетування в парадигмі інституціоналізму

Introduction. The development of a theoretical and methodological concept of budgeting in public finance is necessary and important for Ukraine, which does not have its own long tradition of the budgeting technologies developing on the democratic principles. Considering the fact that budgeting takes place in an institutional environment, it is reasonable to substantiate the conceptual foundations of budgeting in the paradigm of institutionalism. Problem Statement. A systematized presentation of the conceptual foundations of budgeting as a macro-level financial and management technology with the specification of elements, conditions and principles remains an unresolved task. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the conceptual foundations of modern budgeting as a financial and management technology aimed at ensuring public welfare, to identify the components of budgeting, to expand and deepen their characteristics compared to the previous developments, to substantiate the principles of budgeting. Methods. The authors base their research on the methodology of institutionalism. They use evolutionistic approach to argue for the institutional nature of budgeting; systemic approach and theoretical generalizations - for conceptualizing budgeting; graphic interpretation - for a visualization of the components of budgeting as a financial and management technology. Results. The authors reveal the evolutionary changes in the development of budgeting technologies, give the definition of budgeting in public finance, identify the elements of budgeting, determine the sequence of budgeting stages as a process aimed at ensuring sustainable development and growth of the welfare of society, and substantiate the principles of budgeting. Conclusions. Budgeting in public finance is a management technology, the content of which is revealed in two aspects: 1) as a set of techniques, tools and methods; 2) as a process consisting of successive stages: from setting the goals and tasks of socio-economic development to evaluating effectiveness and efficiency. With the evolution of the state, approaches changed and different budgeting technologies were formed. The main task of financial and management engineering is the correct choice and combination of various budgeting technologies or their components to achieve the desirable result.

Инструментарий зеленого бюджетирования и практический опыт его использования

Russia is following the course of implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals and shaping its climate strategy. In March 2023, Russia approved the National Action Plan for the second phase of adaptation to climate change for the period until 2025. The public budget is the main tool for achieving the political goals of the government, therefore, in order to implement the public policy in the field of environmental protection and counteraction to climate change, green budgeting is being introduced. The purpose of this article is to actualize the ideas of green budgeting, systematize such budgeting tools within the framework of the general concept of green budgeting, taking into account foreign experience of their use. The author uses general scientific methods, in particular methods of analysis and synthesis of relevant scientific literature, legal information and publications of international organizations. The following conclusions are made: The public budget system is able to minimize those economic activities that are adverse for the environment by creating the possibility of tracking, analysis, evaluation and adjustment of budget expenditures using the tools of green budgeting. The latter does not require restructuring of the public finance management system; the prerequisite for its practical use is the presence of environmental care among the state national goals.

Theoretical principles of budgeting as a method of economic management of enterprise’s activity

The paper is devoted to the study of the theoretical foundations of budgeting as a method of economic management of the enterprise. It has been proven that in modern conditions, budgeting is aimed at increasing the efficiency of its activities in the current period and in the future. There are considered modern approaches to the interpretation of the budget and the budgeting process at the enterprise. The analysis of various literary sources regarding the definition of the concept of "budgeting" was carried out. Various approaches to revealing the economic essence of the concept of budgeting have been identified. It was found that disagreements related to the interpretation of the term budgeting system by scientists lead to differences in the identification of its functions. The following approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the budgeting process are distinguished: budgeting as a tool for planning the enterprise's activities; budgeting as a tool for operational and tactical planning; budgeting as a management method; budgeting as a management technology. Also, there are considered the economic essence of budgeting as a method of economic management of the enterprise's activities, aimed at forming a system of budgets for all areas of its activity. The task of budgeting is systematized, the elements of the budget system infrastructure at the enterprise are presented. A sequence of stages in the formation of the budget system aimed at optimizing the economic management of the enterprise is proposed. A sequence of stages in the formation of the budget system aimed at optimizing the economic management of the enterprise is proposed. On the basis of the conducted research, a modern conceptual approach to the definition of the concept of "budgeting system" was formed.

MONITORING AND EVALUATING OF THE PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT HEALTH UNITS BY ADOPTING THE PROGRAMS AND PERFORMANCE BUDGETING: A CASE STUDY

The purpose of the current research is to focus on the concept and significance of programs and performance budgeting as one of the contemporary approaches to creating the general budget, since this approach has numerous benefits when it comes to monitoring and evaluating performance. This modern method has been applied in many countries of the world and has proven successful. The countries of the world continue to follow the traditional method (budget items) in preparing the general budget. Therefore, the program and performance budgeting was adopted and applied in the Basra Health Department / the third governorate sector which is the research sample. One of the most essential results reached from this research is the need for the programs and performance budgeting as a tool of monitoring to compare between financial allocation and actual expenditure. Deviations from the set plan were discovered and these deviations were addressed. Moreover, it is necessary to pay attention to performance indicators as an indicator for measuring the objectives of the success of the unit with high efficiency and effectiveness or not.

The concept of budgeting and its place in organization management system

The article discusses the theoretical and methodological aspects of budgeting as a sustainable mechanism for the effective organization of business processes of agribusiness enterprises. The study of scientific literature made it possible to clarify the definition of “budget”, “budget management”, “bud geting”, “budgeting system”. The main goals, objectives, functions, object, subject and subject of budgeting are identified. A comparative description of the categories “plan” and “budget” was carried out.The place of budgeting in the management of the organization is studied. As a result of the study, the main paradigms (approaches) are considered; elements of budgeting. A new approach has been adapted regarding the studied category. A new function of budgeting is singled out – integration, which forms a complete cycle of budget management.

Total mechanical energy budget in open-channel transitions with turbulent flows

Abstract The issue of mechanical energy budget has received a lot of attention in open-channel flows which are frequently turbulent. Turbulent motions play a major role in the total mechanical energy of the flow field. It is difficult to evaluate total mechanical energy balance and energy loss for 3-D turbulent flows in irregular open channels due to the formation of vortices and the presence of secondary currents. In 3-D turbulent flows, the effect of these phenomena has often been considered as the empirical coefficient of energy loss. In this study, these details in the total mechanical energy budget are investigated through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, a new form of the total mechanical energy equation and a relationship for the energy loss in 3-D turbulent flows are derived, and their applications are examined in open-channel transitions. For this purpose, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically, and the results are used to obtain the various terms in the total mechanical energy balance equation and analyze the details. The relationships derived in this study generally support the concept of the total mechanical energy budget to comprehend the turbulence parameters affecting the mechanical energy balance in various open-channel flows.

STAEBLE: A Surface‐Temperature‐ and Available‐Energy‐Based Lake Evaporation Model

AbstractA mass transfer evaporation model is proposed that uses MODIS water surface temperature data and land‐based meteorological data, and employs a new approach to calibrate the transfer coefficient via closure of the long‐term energy budget of the lake. Some of the longstanding issues of developing and applying lake evaporation models are reviewed, including the adequacy of using land‐based meteorological data, the difficulty of applying transfer coefficients with fixed values calibrated elsewhere, and the need to estimate rates of change of stored enthalpy when the model involves energy budget concepts. Publicly available data from a 5‐year measurement campaign at Lake Mead allow quantification of the effect of using land‐based data, and subsequent testing of the proposed model. We show that atmospheric stability effects are very important, and that their incorporation by means of existing stability functions in the literature produces good results with a one‐parameter model that can be locally calibrated with the same input data used by the model, without the need for local measurements. The model is simple in its structure and data requirements, and can be widely applied.

Passenger Transport Modal Mix by Incorporating Travel Behaviour: A Case Study of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Most of the travel demand in developing countries is fulfilled by private vehicles dominated by 2-wheelers due to their affordability, accessibility, and availability, which has direct effects on energy, economy, and environment. To achieve sustainable transport, policies such as electric mobility and mass transport options have been implemented which are mainly focused on technology shift based on technology cost and environmental externalities. Transport modelling in this study was carried out using an additional attribute: travel time which shows the impact of travel behaviour on the optimal modal mix and the consequent impact on energy and emissions. The scenario-based approach using the travel time budget (TTB) concept was used using a bottom-up TIMES modelling framework. The scenario analysis shows the trade-off between the speed of the vehicle, available travel time, and sustainability in transport. The result suggests that the investment in rapid transit would be the potential future mode in Kathmandu valley.