Budgetary Changes Research Articles

Indiana

This report about Indiana school funding relates to budgetary changes in the state’s school funding priorities and technical changes to its state aid to schools formula. Pressing issues that affect school funding as well as public policy dimensions of alternatives to traditional public schools are considered. The most pressing need for the schooling system that is mediated by the school funding program remains increasing the labor market supply of highly credentialed teachers. The most evident public policy trend is the continuing expansion of free market-based school choice options.

DATA WAREHOUSING IMPLEMENTATION IN HEDGE FUND ADMINISTRATION INDUSTRY

This research work tried to provide an outline specification for scope of implementation of data warehousing. This model is targeting industry as a whole and covering general system and data sets which are minimally required by each and every hedge fund administrator, however based on geographical location and changes in regulatory conditions, macroeconomic environment across the globe and software, networking and hardware technical advancements and security led to open doors for further study and research according changes in trends and scope as we discussed. Few areas identified can be classified as: Technical Scope, Financial and budgetary changes, Changes in regulatory process, Change in macroeconomic environments, Changes in accounting terms, Information Security. KEYWORDS: Data Warehousing, Hedge Funds, Extraction, Administration, Trading

School Nutrition Stakeholders Find Utility in MealSim: An Agent-Based Model

ObjectiveTo obtain feedback from school nutrition stakeholders on an agent-based model simulating school lunch to inform model refinement and future applications. DesignQualitative study using online discussion groups. SettingSchool nutrition professional stakeholders across the US. ParticipantsTwenty-eight school nutrition stakeholders. Phenomenon of InterestPerceptions and applicability of MealSim for school nutrition stakeholders to help reduce food waste. AnalysisDeductive approach followed by inductive analysis of discussion group transcripts. ResultsStakeholders appreciated the customizability of the cafeteria characteristics and suggested adding additional characteristics to best represent the school meal system, such as factors relating to school staff supervision of students during meals. The perceived utility of MealSim was high and included using it to train personnel and to advocate for policy and budgetary changes. However, they viewed MealSim as more representative of elementary than high schools. Stakeholders also provided suggestions for training school nutrition administrators on how to use MealSim and requested opportunities for technical assistance. Conclusions and ImplicationsAlthough agent-based models were new to the school nutrition stakeholders, MealSim was viewed as a useful tool. Application of these findings will allow the model to meet the intended audience's needs and better estimate the system.

Indiana

This report about Indiana school funding relates to budgetary changes in the state’s school funding priorities and technical changes to its state aid to schools formula. Pressing issues that affect school funding as well as public policy dimensions of alternatives to traditional public schools are considered. The most pressing need for the schooling system that is mediated by the school funding program remains increasing the labor market supply of highly credentialed teachers. The most evident public policy trend is the continuing expansion of free market-based school choice options.

Attention, institutional friction, and punctuated equilibrium in China's budget: Changes in social security and employment expenditure

AbstractBased on the literature on punctuated equilibrium theory (PET), we conducted an empirical analysis on the changes in China's social security and employment budget expenditure at the subnational level from 2009 to 2020. We calculated the kurtosis value for 31 provinces to check whether they conform to PET. We used the number of policy documents and resource congestion as indicators of attention allocation and decision cost, respectively, to determine the impacts they have on budget changes. We then performed regression with a fixed effect model. The results show that the budgetary changes of only 20 provinces obey a leptokurtic distribution. Moreover, the allocation of attention by decision makers and institutional friction can explain this pattern of change. This article enriches the empirical study and extends its applicability to PET at the subnational level, especially in authoritarian regimes such as China, and provides some evidence for subsequent research on selecting indicators.Related ArticlesKwon, Sung‐Wook, and Sylvia Gonzalez‐Gorman. 2019. “Influence of Local Political Institutions on Policy Punctuation in Three Policy Areas.” Politics & Policy 47(2): 300–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12295.Modlin, Steve. 2008. “Defining Involvement of County Commissioners in the Budget Formulation Process.” Politics & Policy 36(6): 1044–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00149.x.Moreno‐Enguix, María Del Rocío, and Laura Vanesa Lorente Bayona. 2017. “Factors Affecting Public Expenditure Efficiency in Developed Countries.” Politics & Policy 45(1): 105–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12194.

“Keep the Receipts:” The Political Economy of IMF Austerity During and After the Crisis Years of 2009 and 2020

Abstract In 2009, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reformed its lending arrangements and conditionality. Thereafter, it has pursued “parsimony,” emphasizing headline fiscal adjustments rather than detailed budgetary changes. This paper analyzes the extent to which these reforms have resulted in changes to the overall austerity required by IMF agreements. We create a new variable measuring the level of fiscal consolidation required in each IMF program from 2001 through 2021 the IMF Fiscal Adjustment Indicator (IMF FAI). We explore whether IMF austerity eased after the financial crisis and the later COVID-19 pandemic. We also estimate the economic and political determinants that help explain varying levels of IMF austerity across IMF programs during this period. We find that IMF conditions were less austere for the years of 2009 and 2020, but quickly returned to their previous levels, echoing the IMF’s advice to “keep the receipts” during crises. However, these temporary relaxations were not statistically significant, pointing to overarching continuity. We find that countries that were granted relatively more lenient conditionality were found to be those with closer relations with major shareholders of the IMF: Western Europe and the United States. In contrast, countries with close diplomatic relations with China face higher IMF austerity.

The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union and its Possible Future Effects on the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases in the Agricultural Industry

Many of our Green House Gas (GHG) emissions are inevitably tied to our way of life and what products and services we consume. Agricultural products are the most fundamental products, consumed on a daily basis, however, their production is associated with a significant amount of GHG emissions across the European Union and the globe. One outstanding feature of the EU agricultural market is the provision of subsidies for farmers, called the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), aiming to secure the food supply and, more recently, tackle environmental issues. Lasting public pressure combined with the announcement of the European Green New Deal have led to a focus on CAP to address environmental ambitions in agriculture. The analysis therefore addresses questions relating to design the CAP in order to meet the 2030 reduction target and additional budgetary changes necessary to bolster the qualitative adaptations. The findings suggest that key subsidy schemes such as the Greening payment in combination with the newly proposed Eco schemes would have to be adapted in terms of area coverage, management practices, and budget allocation. Meaningful combinations of measures and schemes in the two CAP pillars also need to be considered to finance the transition to and the maintenance of climate-relevant management requirements over an extended timeframe.

Budgetary changes and organizational performance: Evidence from state transportation agencies

AbstractExisting punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) literature identifies the causes of policy punctuations. However, there are a lack of theoretical and empirical studies on the effects of policy punctuations on organizational performance. This study extends PET from policy formulation to policy outcomes and explores how public agencies transfer budgetary inputs to organizational performance outcomes in the policy context of American state highway transportation infrastructure. Based on a longitudinal research design, the research employs a panel two‐way fixed effects regression model to analyze the performance consequences of budgetary changes for 50 states during an almost 20‐year period (1995–2013). The key findings indicate that state expenditure (highway maintenance) changes experience much more friction and volatility over time than performance (acceptable roads) changes. In addition, state highway transportation agencies can mitigate the impact of large budgetary cuts on organizational performance, but do not seem to capitalize on large budgetary gains to improve performance.

Editorial Introduction: Advances in Theory and Practice of Policy Research from National to Local Level

Editorial Introduction: Advances in Theory and Practice of Policy Research from National to Local Level

BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE’S REPRESENTATIVE DURING BUDGET DISCUSSION

This research was conducted to find out how the behavioral muslim politicians, in this case legislative (DPRD) of Sumenep Regency, East Java at the time of discussion of Regional Budget (APBD). This research was conducted with qualitative descriptive approach, with data collection method through in-depth interview. From the research conducted, found the behavioral pattern of pragmatic and transactional member of DPRD of Sumenep Regency when discussion of APBD is done. The pattern is always repeated at every discussion, both the discussion of the pure budget and budgetary changes (PAK). Pragmatism and transactional members of Sumenep Regency DPRD have various forms and models. There is a demand form of money to the executive, with amounts vary depending on the amount of budget proposed. In addition there is also a form of project requests made by members of the board to the head of the agency directly or some are submitted to others who represented by the head of the department to discuss Financial Plan Budget (RKA) with the existing commissions in the DPRD. The most important is the demand for budget sharing by board members in the form of a basic program of thoughts (Pokir).

Reducing inequality resulting from UK low-carbon policy

ABSTRACT In the UK, the cost of low-carbon policies, such as renewable energy subsidies, household retrofit and installation of smart meters, adds an additional 13% to household energy bills. Given that the lowest income households spend 10% of their income on heating and powering their homes, whereas the highest spend less than 1.5%., any increase in prices hits the poor disproportionately. Using an energy-extended multiregional input-output model combined with household expenditure survey data, we calculate the full supply-chain energy embodied in goods and services consumed by different households. First, we demonstrate that low-carbon policy costs are placed on a small percentage of household energy demand – perversely on items representing a higher proportion of expenditure for low income households. The lifestyles of higher income households require nearly five times more energy than the lowest, but because levies are only raised on energy bills, those with high incomes pay only 1.9 times more towards policy costs. Second, we evaluate alternative approaches to funding low-carbon policy: a household energy footprint approach, taking account of households’ full energy service demands; and funding the costs from general taxation payments. We explore the demographic characteristics of the households who would pay less towards funding policy costs and those who would take on a larger burden under these new proposals. While none of the approaches offer a ‘perfect solution’ in terms of distributional impacts, raising the funds through general taxation offers a fairer and practical solution. Key policy insights Low income households currently pay disproportionately more towards low-carbon policy costs in the UK. Funding low-carbon policy through general taxation would better align energy demand with policy costs, and would reduce costs for 65% of UK households. Households comprising women of retirement age living alone; single parent families; and households who have never worked or are long-term unemployed could see reductions in bills by recovering climate policy costs through general taxation. A general taxation approach requires leadership and long-term commitment to avoid leaving the policy vulnerable to short-term budgetary changes.

Easiness in Money Transfer Post Implementation of Internet Facilities

The budgetary changes that were started in the mid 90's and the globalization and advancement measures got a totally new working condition to the banks. Administrations and items like "Anyplace Banking", "Tele Banking", "Web Banking", "web Banking", :E-Banking", and so forth have become the trendy expressions of the day and the banks are attempting to adapt to the challenge by offering imaginative and alluringly bundled innovation administrations to their customers. E – Banking, The Government of India established the Information Technology Act, 2008 by and large known as IT Act, 2008 with impact from the fifth February 2008 to give lawful acknowledgment to electronic exchanges and different methods for Electronics business. Several public sector banks have earmarked substantive budgets and are drawing up IT strategies to face the future challenges. At this juncture the study of awareness of the Internet Banking is attempted to know the current scenario so as to plan properly for the future.

EU’s Multiannual Financial Framework Post-2020: Brexit Implications, with a Focus on Poland

The aim of the paper is to critically analyse the main elements proposed in the EU’s Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) for 2021–2027 presented by the European Commission in May 2018 and the ways to solve the problem of the Brexit gap. The assessment of the effects of budgetary changes is focused on Poland. In order to achieve the research goals, we conduct a critical analysis of EU documents and a review of the literature. Britain’s exit from the EU may speed up the reform of EU budget revenue. The Brexit gap is so large that EU Member States, despite a general dislike of taxes at the EU level, may accept some of the EU proposals in order to bridge that gap. An increase in GNI-based contributions to the EU budget is also a very possible scenario. On the expenditure side of the budget, the new MFF provides for cuts in spending on agricultural and cohesion policies. As a very large beneficiary of such support at present, Poland will lose relatively the most. The compromise on funding the Brexit gap will significantly affect the EU’s ability to finance its priority expenditure after 2021 and thus the possibility to cope with present and future integration challenges.

Ordering Chaos: The Performance Consequences of Budgetary Changes

Literature on punctuated equilibrium theory has aimed to explain the causes of policy punctuations. What remains unknown are the consequences of those punctuations (and other size changes) for organizations. Specifically, this study analyzes how budgetary changes affect organizational performance. While the connection between financial resources and organization outcomes have been examined before, the analyses here expand upon previous work by considering the full spectrum of budgetary changes from negative punctuations to positive punctuations. This topic is important given today’s fiscal uncertainty. For managers and bureaucrats, they are expected to stabilize organization outputs no matter what policy inputs are established in the organization. At times, inputs can be erratic and unstable–successful organizations can find a way to maintain performance despite these obstacles. In the context of school districts, this study examines the performance consequences (measured by annual changes in the statewide standardized test pass rate) of different size alterations in instructional expenditures. Results indicate that, generally, organizations are able to dampen the impact of financial changes in the translation to outputs.

Misery loves company. Strategies for retrenchment in the era of constrained public finance

AbstractThe policy agenda literature shows that budget cuts tend to be rarer and less extreme than budget expansions. This article argues that the character of retrenchment policies is shaped by a combination of domestic and international factors, such as budgetary procedures, intra-coalitional conflicts, and the emergence of urgency situations. Building on the findings of several quantitative studies on budgetary changes, we develop two propositions explaining why the necessity to reduce expenditures usually leads to across-the-board cuts. We also hypothesize two mechanisms which can occasionally produce selective outcomes. This article focuses on the last 30 years to observe how the annual package of public finance corrections has impacted on the main categories of public spending. This analysis combines an original measure of the transformative nature of the yearly fiscal packages approved by parliament with process-tracing methodology. The qualitative analysis focuses on three cases of linear cuts and one deviant case of selective cuts. Findings show that the persistence of frictions in the Italian budgetary process is often a basic reason for the introduction of linear cuts, but the logic of urgency triggered by the European external constraint was able to produce a selective outcome.

Predicting Budgetary Change: The Effect of Performance Gaps

Literature on punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) explains the reasons organizations undergo incremental and punctuated policy changes. This study examines PET within the budgeting process. Alongside disproportionate information processing and institutional friction, recent innovations in PET have incorporated organizational history and theories from public administration to explain budgetary fluctuations. Part of the work merging PET with public administration has demonstrated how policy feedback (measured as the absolute level of performance) influences budgetary changes. Building upon this work, this study adds to the literature by examining another measure of policy feedback–organization performance gaps. This is a theoretically interesting question in how managers respond to performance growth and decline over time. It addresses performance budgeting and evidence based policymaking. Results show that while incremental budgetary changes are the most prevalent no matter the performance change, the probability of negative and positive budgetary changes differ across the spectrum of positive and negative performance gaps.

Predicting Budgetary Change: The Effect of Performance Gaps

Literature on punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) explains the reasons organizations undergo incremental and punctuated policy changes. This study examines PET within the budgeting process. Alongside disproportionate information processing and institutional friction, recent innovations in PET have incorporated organizational history and theories from public administration to explain budgetary fluctuations. Part of the work merging PET with public administration has demonstrated how policy feedback (measured as the absolute level of performance) influences budgetary changes. Building upon this work, this study adds to the literature by examining another measure of policy feedback–organization performance gaps. This is a theoretically interesting question in how managers respond to performance growth and decline over time. It addresses performance budgeting and evidence based policymaking. Results show that while incremental budgetary changes are the most prevalent no matter the performance change, the probability of negative and positive budgetary changes differ across the spectrum of positive and negative performance gaps.

Consumption and hysteresis: the new, the old, and the challenge

Consumers are reluctant to change immediately their consumption patterns when confronted with budgetary changes, in spite of fluctuating economic conditions. Their reluctance evokes the notion of hysteresis used by economists to describe the persistent influence of past economic events. The importance of hysteresis in economic research represents a natural consequence of the development of economic sciences and of the pursuit of understanding economic systems’ evolution by taking into account their ‘memory’, their conscience of the past. The present paper represents an attempt to review some of the most relevant approaches to hysteresis in economics and to emphasise the impact of the phenomenon on macroeconomic consumption in Romania. The paper aims at reviewing the application of hysteresis to economic models, and subsequently at constructing a two-phase research on households’ individual final consumption in Romania during 1990 and 2016, employing both the unit root and the so-called ‘true’ approach to hysteresis. The research results indicated the existence of hysteresis at the macroeconomic consumption level, thus revealing several implications for economic policy, inaccessible through the standard economic models.

National responses to global health targets: exploring policy transfer in the context of the UNAIDS '90-90-90' treatment targets in Ghana and Uganda.

Global health organizations frequently set disease-specific targets with the goal of eliciting adoption at the national-level; consideration of the influence of target setting on national policies, programme and health budgets is of benefit to those setting targets and those intended to respond. In 2014, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS set ‘ambitious’ treatment targets for country adoption: 90% of HIV-positive persons should know their status; 90% of those on treatment; 90% of those achieving viral suppression. Using case studies from Ghana and Uganda, we explore how the target and its associated policy content have been adopted at the national level. That is whether adoption is in rhetoric only or supported by programme, policy or budgetary changes. We review 23 (14 from Ghana, 9 from Uganda) national policy, operational and strategic documents for the HIV response and assess commitments to ‘90–90–90’. In-person semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively sampled key informants (17 in Ghana, 20 in Uganda) involved in programme-planning and resource allocation within HIV to gain insight into factors facilitating adoption of 90–90–90. Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically, inductively and deductively, guided by pre-existing policy theories, including Dolowitz and Marsh’s policy transfer framework to describe features of the transfer and the Global Health Advocacy and Policy Project framework to explain observations. Regardless of notable resource constraints, transfer of the 90–90–90 targets was evident beyond rhetoric with substantial shifts in policy and programme activities. In both countries, there was evidence of attempts to minimize resource constraints by seeking programme efficiencies, prioritization of programme activities and devising domestic financing mechanisms; however, significant resource gaps persist. An effective health network, comprised of global and local actors, mediated the adoption and adaptation, facilitating a shift in the HIV programme from ‘business as usual’ to approaches targeting geographies and populations.

관청형성모형에 기반한 중앙정부 예산점증성 분석

관청형성모형에 기반한 중앙정부 예산점증성 분석