Limited Budget Research Articles

The Impact of Digital Marketing on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh

In the rapidly evolving digital era, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies like Bangladesh increasingly adopt digital marketing strategies to enhance their competitive edge and drive business growth. This study explores how digital marketing practices have been integrated into the business models of SMEs in Bangladesh and evaluates their effectiveness in achieving key business objectives such as customer acquisition, brand visibility, and revenue growth. Through a mixed-method research approach, including surveys and case studies, this article comprehensively analyses the adoption patterns, challenges faced, and outcomes experienced by Bangladeshi SMEs using digital marketing tools. The findings reveal that while digital marketing has significantly improved many SMEs’ market reach and sales performance, challenges such as limited technological expertise, budget constraints, and inadequate infrastructure continue to hinder its full potential. The study concludes with practical recommendations for SMEs to optimise their digital marketing efforts and suggests areas for future research to understand further the long-term impact of digital strategies on SME growth in Bangladesh.

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS VIA MULTI-FIDELITY SURROGATES AND STATISTICAL SENSITIVITY MEASURES

Parameter estimation and optimal experimental design problems have been widely studied across science and engineering. The two are inextricably linked, with optimally designed experiments leading to better-estimated parameters. This link becomes even more crucial when available experiments produce minimal data due to practical constraints of limited experimental budgets. This work presents a novel framework that allows for the identification of optimal experimental arrangement, from a finite set of possibilities, for precise parameter estimation. The proposed framework relies on two pillars. First, we use multi-fidelity modeling to create reliable surrogates that relate unknown parameters to a measurable quantity of interest for a multitude of available choices defined through a set of candidate control vectors. Secondly, we quantify the "estimation potential" of an arrangement from the set of control vectors through the examination of statistical sensitivity measures calculated from the constructed surrogates. The measures of sensitivity are defined using analysis of variance as well as directional statistics. Two numerical examples are provided, where we demonstrate how the correlation between the estimation potential and the frequency of precise parameter estimation can inform the choice of optimal arrangement.

Designing and Evaluating a VR Lobby for a Socially Enriching Remote Opera Watching Experience.

The latest social VR technologies have enabled users to attend traditional media and arts performances together while being geographically removed, making such experiences accessible despite budget, distance, and other restrictions. In this work, we aim at improving the way remote performances are shared by designing and evaluating a VR theatre lobby which serves as a space for users to gather, interact, and relive the common experience of watching a virtual opera. We conducted an initial test with experts ($\mathrm{N}=10$, i.e., designers and opera enthusiasts) in pairs using our VR lobby prototype, developed based on the theoretical lobby design concept. A unique aspect of our experience is its highly realistic representation of users in the virtual space. The test results guided refinements to the VR lobby structure and implementation, aiming to improve the user experience and align it more closely with the social VR lobby's intended purpose. With the enhanced prototype, we ran a between-subject controlled study ($\mathrm{N}=40$) to compare the user experience in the social VR lobby between individuals and paired participants. To do so, we designed and validated a questionnaire to measure the user experience in the VR lobby. Results of our mixed-methods analysis, including interviews, questionnaire results, and user behavior, reveal the strength of our social VR lobby in connecting with other users, consuming the opera in a deeper manner, and exploring new possibilities beyond what is common in real life. All supplemental materials are available at https://github.com/cwi-dis/IEEEVR2024-VRLobby.

MorphBungee: A 65-nm 7.2-mm2 27-μJ/image Digital Edge Neuromorphic Chip with On-Chip 802-frame/s Multi-Layer Spiking Neural Network Learning.

This paper presents a digital edge neuromorphic spiking neural network (SNN) processor chip for a variety of edge intelligent cognitive applications. This processor allows high-speed, high-accuracy and fully on-chip spike-timing-based multi-layer SNN learning. It is characteristic of hierarchical multi-core architecture, event-driven processing paradigm, meta-crossbar for efficient spike communication, and hybrid and reconfigurable parallelism. A prototype chip occupying an active silicon area of 7.2 mm2 was fabricated using a 65-nm 1P9M CMOS process. when running a 256-256-256-256-200 4-layer fully-connected SNN on downscaled 16 × 16 MNIST images. it typically achieved a high-speed throughput of 802 and 2270 frames/s for on-chip learning and inference, respectively, with a relatively low power dissipation of around 61 mW at a 100 MHz clock rate under a 1.0V core power supply, Our on-chip learning results in comparably high visual recognition accuracies of 96.06%, 83.38%, 84.53%, 99.22% and 100% on the MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, ETH-80, Yale-10 and ORL-10 datasets, respectively. In addition, we have successfully applied our neuromorphic chip to demonstrate high-resolution satellite cloud image segmentation and non-visual tasks including olfactory classification and textural news categorization. These results indicate that our neuromorphic chip is suitable for various intelligent edge systems under restricted cost, energy and latency budgets while requiring in-situ self-adaptative learning capability.

Rapid, in-field speciation of Cr(VI) in aqueous samples using photoluminescent MoS2 quantum dots and portable fluorimetry with digital image analysis.

This study explores a novel approach for in-field speciation of Cr(VI) in various aqueous samples employing nontoxic, MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) as a fluorescent probe. The proposed fluorimetric method, compatible with commercial instruments, utilizes a portable custom-built fluorimeter equipped with a multi-wavelength LED array. The method seamlessly incorporates digital image analysis, with fluorescence signals recorded by a smartphone for detection and signal analysis. Digital image analysis decomposes fluorescence intensity into RGB components, enabling rapid analysis and instantaneous sharing of results. The optimized method yielded a linear calibration graph ranging from 50 to 5000 μg L-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The relative standard deviation for determination of 500 μg L-1 Cr(VI) was 0.52% for five replicate measurements. Successfully applied to wastewater and river water samples, this method combines efficiency, portability, and versatility for in-field Cr(VI) speciation and provides an accessible environmental monitoring tool for less developed countries facing budget and skilled workforce limitations.

Analysis of the information flux model among all the actors involved in the use of a Bridge Management System according to Italian Guidelines: the BMS as a collaborative workplace

Bridges are critical elements in an infrastructural system for the resilience of the transportation network. It is important to guarantee proper maintenance of these structures since they are strategic for the economic and social welfare and support access to emergency services.The adoption of Italian Guidelines for the classification, risk management, safety and monitoring of existing bridges primarily introduces common instructions in periodic bridge inspections. At the same time, they suggest the use of digital instruments to collect data derived by the application of the guidelines.Bridge Management Systems (BMS) can absolve to this requirement and represent an additional value compared to a mere digital archive. From one hand, they are a tool for bridge owners to manage information to guarantee a proper maintenance while complying with budget and founding limitations defined by the Ministry. On the other hand, technicians can exploit them for data collection during bridge inspections and in-depth structural assessment.Thus, the creation of a collaborative workplace is one of the main requirements in the construction of a valid BMS. However, the information fluxes among the subjects can be complex inside a BMS from a management point of view. For instance, BMS must be a place where technicians can insert and receive information accordingly to their task and expertise. For this reason, it is important to ensure the possibility to differentiate data access levels and associate data property and responsibility.After briefly discussing the roles of each actor - technicians, bridge owners, Ministry - involved in the use of a BMS, this paper describes the interaction among all these figures and provides the flux model that has been implemented in INBEE, a new BMS that applies the latest version of the Italian Guidelines.

ФОРМУВАННЯ МАРКЕТИНГОВИХ МОЖЛИВОСТЕЙ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА МАЛОГО БІЗНЕСУ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

The article explores the challenges and opportunities in shaping marketing strategies for small enterprises in the context of today’s dynamic market environment. Characterized by intense competition, rapid technological advancements, and evolving consumer expectations, the modern marketplace demands that small businesses adopt innovative approaches to remain competitive. Traditional marketing methods are increasingly inadequate, necessitating the integration of new digital marketing tools and strategies. The study emphasizes the importance of leveraging digital platforms, including social media, e-commerce platforms, and mobile applications, to effectively reach and engage with target audiences. A significant focus is placed on the constraints posed by limited financial resources, which often hinder small businesses from executing large-scale marketing campaigns. The article discusses the need for cost-effective marketing solutions and the strategic use of available resources to maximize impact. It also highlights the critical role of personalization in marketing communications, where tailored messages and offers can significantly enhance customer engagement and loyalty. Furthermore, the research examines the potential of niche markets, where competition may be less intense, allowing small businesses to establish a unique market position. The study provides practical recommendations for optimizing marketing strategies within the confines of limited budgets and rapidly changing market conditions. By adopting innovative approaches and focusing on targeted marketing efforts, small enterprises can achieve sustainable growth and long-term success. Overall, the article offers insights into how small businesses can navigate the complexities of the modern market by effectively utilizing digital tools, personalizing their marketing efforts, and strategically exploring niche opportunities to enhance their competitiveness and achieve their business objectives. The article also underscores the importance of continuous market research and adaptation to emerging trends as crucial factors for maintaining a competitive edge. By staying informed about industry developments and consumer preferences, small businesses can better anticipate changes and proactively adjust their strategies to capitalize on new opportunities.

Organization of territorial development management in the context of eurointegration processes and war in Ukraine

The onset of hostilities coincided with an acceleration of Eurointegration processes in Ukraine. The emergence of new challenges and opportunities for organizing local territorial development management requires a new quality of work, primarily in terms of preparing and implementing planning documents for local development. In the process of studying the current legislative norms regarding the preparation of planning documents for local development, it was found that today in Ukraine there are three main types of planning documents: spatial, strategic, and budgetary, which are developed in parallel and are not interconnected. This interconnection should be ensured at the national level through annual budget allocations for the practical implementation of strategic and spatial plans. However, in practice, this has not been achieved due to the ongoing process of reforming various spheres of life in our country, which requires updating planning documents, as well as due to the limited budget resources, which have increased in recent years due to the need to finance military expenses. The state strategy for regional development for 2021–2027 requires further refinement and updating in the context of Eurointegration processes and ongoing hostilities, with the proposed measures requiring additional prioritization considering the urgent need to meet military needs and the limitations of state budget resources. The development of comprehensive spatial development plans for community territories in the new approved composition is at the initial stage of formation and is complicated by ongoing hostilities in Ukraine. Further study is needed to explore the possibilities for implementing measures for territorial development management, taking into account the reduction of budget financing and simultaneous prospects for attracting additional resources through the development of civil society, implementation of new projects and initiatives, cooperation between Ukrainian and European territorial communities, and the prompt implementation of new digital opportunities in all spheres of society's life, considering the needs of inclusive and smart development.

Optimizing the Placement of Fighter Aircraft Squadrons Using the Set Covering Problem (SCP) Method in Indonesia

Layout and facility planning are analysis activities, forming concepts, designing systems, and realizing systems for producing goods, services, or military. Indonesia, which has direct borders with three countries, means that Indonesia is often infiltrated. Apart from Indonesia having a limited budget for implementing its work processes, its main problem is determining the location of fighter aircraft squadrons in the national defence system. If the layout of facilities can be planned well, it will determine work efficiency and survival or work success. This research applies mathematical model programming (set covering problem) to overcome this problem with the F-16 Fighting Falcon and Sukhoi SU 27/30 fighter aircraft. Then, the results of the SCP maximize covering capabilities by minimizing the average distance between air bases with the P-Median Problem (PMP). This research shows that the Indonesian Air Force needs an additional seven operational air bases to optimize the covering capabilities of fighter aircraft squadrons. In this study, the total distance travelled by the F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft was 4,479 km, with an average distance of 497.67 km. The total distance travelled by the Sukhoi SU 27/30 fighter aircraft was 11,398 km, with an average distance of 542.76 km. The average time to reach the target was 15.79 minutes. This research can be used to optimize the defence equipment in the National Air Defense System.

Prioritizing the indicators of energy performance management: a novel fuzzy decision-making approach for G7 service industries

Ensuring energy performance management is important in many ways, such improvement of energy efficiency and decrease of energy costs are reduced. There are various indicators of the effectiveness of energy performance management of buildings. Due to this situation, businesses need to make the necessary improvements for the development of these factors. Nonetheless, these actions cause an increase in the costs of the companies. Hence, among these actions, the more important ones need to be identified. Owing to this issue, businesses can use their limited budgets for more priority indicators. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the main indicators of energy performance management systems. In this way, a new model is proposed to make a priority analysis for the hospitals. Firstly, five indicators of energy performance management systems are selected by considering ISO 50006 standards. Furthermore, these indicators are weighted by using Spherical fuzzy CRITIC. Secondly, G7 countries are examined with fuzzy RATGOS technique. Identification of the most significant indicators of the energy performance systems is an important novelty of this study. The most significant methodological novelty of this study is proposing a new technique to the literature named RATGOS. It is understood that energy efficiency is the most crucial indicator of energy performance management. Furthermore, it is also identified that France is the most successful G7 economy with respect to the energy performance management. Japan and United States have also high performance in this respect. It is recommended that necessary actions should be taken to increase energy efficiency. By conducting an energy audit, energy consumption data is analyzed so that energy losses and inefficiencies can be detected. This assessment provides opportunities for energy efficiency and helps identify improvement strategies.

Оптимизация мероприятий технической эксплуатации оросительных систем методами искусственного интеллекта

The purpose of the study is to develop a constructive solution for choosing priority objects of repair and restoration works using artificial intelligence methods in conditions of limited budget financing of operational measures of irrigation systems. The paper uses methods of system analysis and mathematical modeling, including binary variables for discrete optimization using evolutionary genetic programming methods. Based on the analysis of management decision support by means of mathematical support, the use of optimization methods for predicted impacts is justified, including the choice of discrete options to increase the functionality and effectiveness of planned technical operation measures. The allocation of limited financial resources is carried out on the model of multi-criteria optimization, including minimizing irrigation water losses, while increasing the area of irrigated land and increasing the financial indicators of the water management organization, which improves the quality of management impacts. The practical significance of research is determined by the development of innovative tools to solve the problem of allocating limited resources for carrying out repair and restoration work of the municipal water management complex using artificial intelligence methods. The approbation of the proposed solutions, carried out on the materials of the operation service of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Crimea “Crimean Department of Water Management and Melioration”, proved the expediency of large-scale implementation of methods for quantitative assessment of management decisions. The technical and economic indicators of the planned activities correspond to the expected values and ensure the fulfillment of the following requirements: completeness, ensuring that they provide the necessary and sufficient information for decision-making; availability of reliable sources of reliable and accessible data for the information content of indicators and criteria.

Determination of Development Policy Based on the Aggregation of thoughts of Legislative Members

As one of the regional government administrators, the position of DPRD (Provincial Legislatives Council) members is very strategic and critical in their relationship with the people and communities they represent. DPRD members accommodate and follow up on aspirations in the form of DPRD main ideas from voters (constituents) through a recess mechanism. From observations and interviews, the Malang Regency DPRD has carried out primary input from 3 elements of the Public Works Department: Highways, Human Settlements and Water Resources Public Works. Communication related to primary idea input has generally gone well. Using a qualitative approach, this research examines the process of aggregating DPRD main ideas in determining the direction of development policyin Malang Regency based on the public policy implementation model proposed by Grindle (1980: 7), namely the process of successful policy implementation, the results of which depend on the program activities that have been designed and adequate funding, apart from being influenced by Content of Policy (the content of the policy) and Context of Implementation (context of implementation). This research shows that the process of aggregating the main ideas in the Malang Regency DPRD has gone well. However, according to several respondents, there are still inhibiting factors, such as the council's human resources from educational and professional backgrounds and the limited budget provided

Caracterização molecular e patologia de isolados de campo do vírus da febre aftosa em camundongos albinos suíços

Foot-and-mouth disease is responsible for severe economic losses to the livestock industry of Pakistan. This study aimed to use Swiss albino mice as a cost-effective experimental animal model to study different immunological and histopathological aspects of FMDV instead of natural targeted species like cattle. After isolation of field isolates FMDV on BHK-21 cell line, biological titer of the virus and mice infectious dose50 was calculated. Virus was injected in 45 Swiss albino mice (group A) through intraperitoneal route. The gross, histopathological and immunopathological lesions in heart, trachea and lungs were recorded at different day's intervals. Histopathologically, the heart showed congestion, hemorrhages and necrosis of cardiac muscles. Trachea showed deciliated epithelium and lungs showed hemorrhages, bronchial edema and alveolar emphysema. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the presence of virus in cardiac muscles, tracheal and bronchial epithelium and alveolar lumen. The findings evoked a thought that laboratory animals could be an alternative to large animals to meet budget limitations for further research on foot-and-mouth-disease.

Perceived benefits and challenges of school feeding program in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a qualitative study.

Addis Ababa initiated a universal Home-Grown School Feeding Program (HGSFP) in February 2019 to address hunger and improve the educational outcomes of schoolchildren. This study aimed to document the perceived benefits and challenges of the HGSFP in Addis Ababa, where such information was lacking. In May 2023, a qualitative phenomenological study was conducted to collect data from 20 schools participating in the HGSFP. Data were collected through key informant interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) involving 98 purposively selected participants. The study encompassed 48 student mothers in 5 FGDs, 20 student interviews, 20 school principals, and 10 experts from the Ministry of Education, Sub-cities, and the School Feeding Agency for in-depth interviews. Data collected in the local language were transcribed, translated into English, and thematically analysed using ATLAS-TI software. The study's findings unveiled the transformative impact of the HGSFP in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It demonstrated remarkable improvements in attendance, concentration, academic performance, reduced dropout rates, financial relief, enhanced behaviour, and a safer learning environment. However, urgent measures are imperative to tackle pressing challenges such as underpaid kitchen workers, operational issues, reduced reading time, rising food costs, limited market access, inadequate infrastructure, and growing dependency. To ensure the enduring sustainability of HGSFP, addressing challenges like workload reduction, kitchen infrastructure enhancement, government guideline implementation, promoting self-reliance, overcoming budget limitations, and addressing school gardening obstacles is vital.

Influence of socio-economic factors on risk management strategies among generation Z in India pertaining to health: a post-pandemic analysis

This study aims to examine the factors influencing the adoption of health insurance and buy intention among Generation Z in India during the period after the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the significance of healthcare readiness and fiscal stability, hence emphasizing the crucial role of health insurance in the lives of individuals and households. Generation Z, encompassing individuals born approximately from the mid-1990s to the early 2010s, constitutes a noteworthy demographic cohort characterised by distinct inclinations and conduct. This study investigates the demographic features of individuals, their level of knowledge and awareness regarding health insurance, their attitudes towards risk, and the influence of the pandemic on their perceptions. Preliminary data suggest that the Gen Z population in India understands the significance of health insurance. However, some obstacles impede their adoption of such insurance, including a lack of comprehensive knowledge, budgetary limitations, and a tendency to prioritise immediate financial objectives. Moreover, the ongoing global pandemic has significantly impacted individuals’ perception of healthcare risks and financial planning, potentially affecting their inclination to allocate resources towards health insurance investments. This study enhances our comprehension of the changing patterns of health insurance adoption in India, specifically among the youngest cohort, and offers valuable insights for insurers, policymakers, and healthcare providers to customise their offerings and communication approaches in order to effectively address the requirements of Generation Z in the aftermath of the pandemic. In conclusion, promoting the adoption of health insurance among this particular cohort has the potential to enhance financial resilience and facilitate improved access to healthcare for future generations in India.

Internalization Of SAF Physical Assignment For Environment And Forestry In The Development Planning Of North Sumatera Province

Fiscal balance is intended to ensure balance and fairness in using financial resources between the central and regional governments so that regions have sufficient resources to meet local needs without neglecting national interests. Fiscal balance is also carried out in the environment and forestry sectors. To date, efforts to improve environmental quality and the carrying capacity of watersheds and lakes are still not in line with national expectations. The Special Allocation Fund (SAF) budget for the Environment and Forestry (E&F) Sector is encouraged to support the national priorities contained in the National Medium-Term Development Plan (MNDP) document and detailed in the Government Annual Work Plan (GAWP), with its implementation carried out by the Regional Government. This study aims to evaluate the internalization of the SAF Physical E&F Sector Menu in regional planning and assess the implementation of its utilization in the regions as input for future development planning in the environment and forestry sectors. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to ongoing evaluation through a literature review, questionnaires, and limited discussions (FGD) with regional stakeholders. The literature review used regional planning documents in 34 provinces, with a deep dive into North Sumatra Province. Based on the results of questionnaires, local governments argue that 71 percent of SAF has effectively achieved goals and objectives, while the remaining 29 percent is still not optimal. For the regions, the limited budget also causes low SAF effectiveness. The central and local governments must sit together to formulate the importance of increasing budget allocations in the Environment and Forestry field in the regions, increasing human resources capacity, improving coordination between relevant agencies, engaging relevant parties in conflict resolution, and improving monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.

INFLUENCE OF BROADCASTING OF SPORTS EVENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION INDUSTRY

The industry of sports has become one of the most profitable global industries and live broadcasting of sports events has proved to be the most wanted TV programme. There was a time of linear TV emissions, when the contents used to be available exclusively on TV sets, for free, live and only on official national emitter programmes, while nowadays these contents are followed by the viewers via all available platforms and devices, quite frequently for certain additional fee. Sport broadcasting has become globally available at any moment and at any place, both live and delayed, and licence rights are the mighty instrument in the media game. The development of technology and overall media industry is directly linked to the development of the industry of sports through technological advances regarding content placement, the development of new business models and marketing placement. Due to possible budget limitations, exorbitant prices of licence rights concerning the broadcasting of international sports events and the legislation not protecting our national interest in terms of the contents available free of charge to all the citizens, public media services are rather often likely to lose in this race to specialised sports channels whose baseline business models are founded on none other than live broadcast. The research will be conducted using the methods of induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis, as well as the comparative method.

Financial Support for Information Protection Measures: Problems and Solutions

Aim . Coverage of the problem of ensuring economic security in conditions of insufficient financing of information protection measures both from the state, which establishes requirements for the protection of restricted access information of various types, ranging from state secrets to personal data of citizens, and from organizations that implement these requirements.Tasks. Formation of proposals to overcome difficulties in the implementation of financial measures to ensure the protection of information in organizations in order to implement measures to ensure economic security.Methods. In this paper, using the methods of factor, statistical and quantitative analysis, statistical information in the field of financing information protection measures is considered, the parameters of financing some measures are estimated based on open data presented in the Unified Information System in the field of procurement, as well as the provisions of legal acts of the Russian Federation in the field of information security and public-private partnership and an attempt has been made to prove the existence of problems in the financing of information protection measures.Results . It is proved that ensuring the economic security of nuclear power plants (on the example of the Russian Federation) on the basis of financial support for information protection measures is one of the most pressing problems in the modern digital world. Every year, threats to the security of information systems are becoming more complex and sophisticated, requiring organizations and companies to make additional efforts and resources to effectively counter. Practical ways of solving the problem of financing information protection measures in order to ensure economic security are proposed, using both the possibility of expanding public-private partnership in this area and other measures that organizations can directly use.Conclusions . Despite the need to ensure economic security, many organizations face financial difficulties in implementing information security measures. Limited budget funds, improper allocation of resources, inefficient financing strategy, difficulties in finding and purchasing effective Russian software and technical means of information protection in the conditions of sanctions impact on the Russian Federation – all these are obstacles to the successful provision of economic security.

Gianyar Botanical Garden Development Strategy as a Tourism Attraction Based on Local Wisdom in Kerta Tourism Village, Payangan District, Gianyar Regency

Gianyar Botanical Gardens is one of the natural attractions located in Gianyar Regency. The Gianyar BotanicalGardens has beautiful, cool and still beautiful natural potential that provides comfort for visitors to touristattractions, and has supporting potential such as cultural tourism and local wisdom such as the Bali Agatradition, Bali Age Architecture, and Gelagar Dance where this local wisdom is only owned by Kerta TourismVillage. In the development there are problems that hinder its implementation, including budget limitations forthe cost of facilities and infrastructure for tourist objects such as infrastructure, road conditions and otherfacilities that support the existence of the Gianyar Botanical Gardens tourist attraction. Lack of promotion oftourist objects, the need for empowerment of local communities about tourism and tourism development. Thisstudy aims to analyze the right strategy in the development of the Gianyar Botanical Gardens tourism object.The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. This study uses a theorybased on a SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate that the right strategy to be used in thedevelopment of the Gianyar Botanical Gardens is a strategy for utilizing natural potential, cultural tourism andlocal wisdom to support the existence of the Gianyar Botanical Garden tourism object to increase touristattraction in Gianyar Regency, a strategy for strengthening local community awareness institutions indevelopment of tourism objects and strategies to increase the capacity and role of rural communities throughthe village government in developing tourism objects of the Gianyar Botanical Gardens.Keywords: Strategy, Development, Garden, Local Wisdom

The perspectives of learners at a public medical school on the evaluation of an online learning management system for degree and non-degree courses

ABSTRACT Background There has been a rapid development and adoption of online learning in medical education. However, it is difficult to adopt the currently available online learning management systems (LMS). This study aimed to examine learners’ perspectives on the evaluation of online LMS. Methods An online LMS was developed based on the evidence-based guidelines. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted. A short survey was conducted with 716 learners registered on the LMS to obtain their perspectives on the online participation. A satisfaction survey was conducted with 255 learners enrolled in the courses taught solely online. Data from the LMS monitoring system was used to report the uptake of online courses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Participants reported that the major factor influencing LMS uptake was the ability to be accessed anytime and anywhere (n = 556, 77.7%). The participants had good experience in using the LMS and were satisfied with it (n = 255, mean = 4.53, SD = 0.62). For online degree courses, the course had a high completion rate of 90% provided that a mark was assigned for course attendance. For non-degree courses, irrespective of whether they were free, paid, exam-based, or participation only, the completion rate was considered low (range 4.3–36.7%). Conclusion Under a limited budget, a medical school in a low- to middle-income country could develop an effective online LMS to meet learners’ needs. Our newly developed online LMS is relevant, accepted and to the satisfaction of the learners. Medical schools in the same context are encouraged to develop their own online LMS that serve and support learning in both degree and non-degree courses.