Limited Budget Research Articles

Emulation-based adaptive differential evolution: fast and auto-tunable approach for moderately expensive optimization problems

In the field of expensive optimization, numerous papers have proposed surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms (SAEAs) for a few thousand or even hundreds of function evaluations. However, in reality, low-cost simulations suffice for a lot of real-world problems, in which the number of function evaluations is moderately restricted, e.g., to several thousands. In such moderately restricted scenario, SAEAs become unnecessarily time-consuming and tend to struggle with premature convergence. In addition, tuning the SAEA parameters becomes impractical under the restricted budgets of function evaluations—in some cases, inadequate configuration may degrade performance instead. In this context, this paper presents a fast and auto-tunable evolutionary algorithm for solving moderately restricted expensive optimization problems. The presented algorithm is a variant of adaptive differential evolution (DE) algorithms, and is called emulation-based adaptive DE or EBADE. The primary aim of EBADE is to emulate the principle of sample-efficient optimization, such as that in SAEAs, by adaptively tuning the DE parameter configurations. Specifically, similar to Expected Improvement-based sampling, EBADE identifies parameter configurations that may produce expected-to-improve solutions, without using function evaluations. Further, EBADE incepts a multi-population mechanism and assigns a parameter configuration to each subpopulation to estimate the effectiveness of parameter configurations with multiple samples carefully. This subpopulation-based adaptation can help improve the selection accuracy of promising parameter configurations, even when using an expected-to-improve indicator with high uncertainty, by validating with respect to multiple samples. The experimental results demonstrate that EBADE outperforms modern adaptive DEs and is highly competitive compared to SAEAs with a much shorter runtime.

Enhanced watershed model evaluation incorporating hydrologic signatures and consistency within efficient surrogate multi-objective optimization

This paper presents a new framework for calibrating computationally expensive watershed models with multi-objective optimization methods and hydrological consistency analysis. The analysis evaluates different algorithms' efficiencies for finding watershed model calibration solutions within a limited budget. Two surrogate multi-objective algorithms GOMORS and ParEGO are compared to five evolutionary algorithms without surrogates on two watershed models. We test the algorithms’ performance with two multi-objective formulations (i.e., threshold-based flow separation and decomposition of the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE)). Results indicate that the surrogate-based GOMORS is the most computationally efficient overall. We also propose a framework to select among the calibration solutions obtained from multi-objective optimization using different hydrologic signatures. GOMORS is assessed for its ability to identify hydrologically acceptable calibrations. The decomposition of NSE is the most effective calibration formulation in terms of hydraulic consistency analysis. In addition, hydrologic signatures could be used effectively to filter non-dominated solutions obtained from multi-objective optimization.

An mHealth Application in German Health Care System: Importance of User Participation in the Development Process.

This paper addresses the challenges and solutions in developing a holistic prevention mobile health application (mHealth app) for Germany's healthcare sector. Despite Germany's lag in healthcare digitalization, the app aims to enhance primary prevention in physical activity, nutrition, and stress management. A significant focus is on user participation and usability to counter the prevalent issue of user attrition in mHealth applications, as described by Eysenbach's 'law of attrition'. The development process, conducted in a scientific and university context, faces constraints like limited budgets and external service providers. The study firstly presents the structure and functionality of the app for people with statutory health insurance in Germany and secondly the implementation of user participation through a usability study. User participation is executed via usability tests, particularly the think-aloud method, where users verbalize their thoughts while using the app. This approach has proven effective in identifying and resolving usability issues, although some user feedback could not be implemented due to cost-benefit considerations. The implementation of this study into the development process was able to show that user participation, facilitated by methods like think-aloud, is vital for developing mHealth apps. Especially in health prevention, where long-term engagement is a challenge. The findings highlight the importance of allocating time and resources for user participation in the development of mHealth applications.

Multi-fidelity expected improvement based on multi-level hierarchical kriging model for efficient aerodynamic design optimization

To reduce the computational burden of aerodynamic design optimization, a multi-fidelity expected improvement (MFEI) method is developed, based on the error analysis of a multi-level hierarchical kriging (MHK) model for accelerating optimization convergence. By maximizing the MFEI function, a new sample of arbitrary fidelity level is determined to ameliorate the accuracy of the MHK model, and convergence to the high-fidelity optimum is ensured. The proposed optimization method based on MFEI and MHK is demonstrated by two analytical function cases and verified by two aerodynamic design optimizations: drag minimizations of an RAE2822 aerofoil and an ONERA M6 wing in transonic flows. It is shown that the MFEI method tends to infill more gainful samples of lower fidelities during optimization, so fewer highest-fidelity samples are required. This confirms that the proposed method can obtain optimal results within a limited computational budget and is more efficient than the existing single-fidelity or two-fidelity methods.

Digitalization concepts in academic bioprocess development.

Digitalization with integrated devices, digital and physical assistants, automation, and simulation is setting a new direction for laboratory work. Even with complex research workflows, high staff turnover, and a limited budget some laboratories have already shown that digitalization is indeed possible. However, academic bioprocess laboratories often struggle to follow the trend of digitalization. Due to their diverse research circumstances, high variety of team composition, goals, and limitations the concepts are substantially different. Here, we will provide an overview on different aspects of digitalization and describe how academic laboratories successfully digitalized their working environment. The key aspect is the collaboration and communication between IT-experts and scientific staff. The developed digital infrastructure is only useful if it supports the laboratory worker and does not complicate their work. Thereby, laboratory researchers have to collaborate closely with IT-experts in order for a well-developed and maintainable digitalization concept that fits their individual needs and level of complexity. This review may serve as a starting point or a collection of ideas for the transformation toward a digitalized laboratory.

Analysis of Inhibiting Factors for Resolving Election Disputes Within the Authority of the Election Supervisory Board (Bawaslu)

The Election Supervisory Board (Bawaslu) has an important role in maintaining democracy in Indonesia, one of which is through resolving election disputes. This research aims to analyze the factors that hinder the resolution of election disputes within the authority of Bawaslu. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach. Research data was obtained through in-depth interviews with key informants, namely Bawaslu members, academics and election law practitioners. The research results show that there are several factors that hinder the resolution of election disputes within Bawaslu's authority, namely: Time limitations: Election process disputes must be resolved quickly, so Bawaslu is often pressed for time; Limited human resources: Bawaslu lacks competent human resources in handling disputes, especially at the regional level; Budget limitations: Bawaslu's budget is often insufficient for dispute resolution needs, such as court and witness costs; Lack of coordination: Coordination between institutions regarding election dispute resolution still needs to be improved; Dispute complexity: Election disputes are often complex and involve many parties, so they require a lot of time and effort to resolve.

Dinamika Dakwah Komunitas Te Uti Mongaji

In such a dynamic information era, keeping the younger generation's understanding of religion relevant has become increasingly challenging. This challenge is not only about theoretical understanding of religion, but also about the application of Islamic religious values ​​and teachings in everyday life. This research focuses on the dynamics of the "Te Uti Mongaji" community da'wah in Lopo Village, Batudaa Pantai District, Gorontalo Regency in increasing understanding of religious knowledge among Islamic youth. This research uses a qualitative approach. This research uses interview, observation and documentation study data collection techniques. Research findings reveal that this community is not only a provider of religious education, but also a strong agent in shaping teenagers' religious identity. However, challenges such as budget limitations, invalid legal status, and consistent participant attendance are obstacles that need to be overcome.

Innovative subsidy schemes under a limited budget: how and when do they matter

ABSTRACT Inspired by the global budget concept in health care, we propose an innovative subsidy scheme in which governments do not commit the subsidy amount in advance but determine it by the end of the subsidy period. The performance of the traditional and proposed subsidy schemes is evaluated in an oligopoly without competition, where each manufacturer decides its product quality and production quantity under the diseconomies of scale in production. Both types of schemes can take into account product quality or not. Our results show that compared to the traditional scheme, the proposed scheme drives manufacturers to reduce production quantity but improves product quality and brings them higher profits. Furthermore, the scheme results in greater social welfare when the subsidy budget is large. Finally, we conduct robustness checking by considering the market competition and absence of the diseconomies of scale, respectively. The result shows that the main findings in the basic model continue to hold, while there are additional findings. In the first scenario, as the market competition intensity increases, our proposed scheme becomes more preferable to the manufacturers and the government. In the second scenario, subsidy schemes that take product quality into account are never preferable.

Data-Driven Statewide Prioritization of Corridors for Signal Retiming Projects

While the introduction of emerging technologies has substantially improved the way traffic signals are operated, most agencies still rely on the traditional approach of retiming, which is typically initiated by “trigger” events (e.g., signal retiming occurs due to citizen calls, a major change in land use or roadway geometry, sustained oversaturation, safety concerns). The approach of using triggers can work effectively for small agencies, however, such an approach may not be sustainable for agencies that operate a high number of corridors. Additionally, agencies are often limited in terms of their budget to retime signals. Therefore, strategic selection of corridors is important to effectively utilize existing resources. Recently data-driven methods for prioritization of corridors for retiming were proposed. However, these methods either rely on datasets that are not widely available or only account for corridor performance (e.g., speed) without considering other relevant factors that can be important during prioritization. Further, most prior attempts estimated corridor performance based on the simple average performance of individual intersections. Such an approach may distort the results for corridors with largely dispersed intersection performance. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a novel ranking approach based on data that is available to most agencies and incorporates normalized corridor delay, corridor travel time reliability, annual average daily traffic, and time since last retiming. The proposed method was applied to 120 corridors (consisting of 756 signals) across the State of Ohio in the US. It was found that ranking results are highly aligned with agency representatives’ expectations, as most of the highly ranked corridors have already been identified by agency representatives for future retiming projects. Moreover, the before-and-after analysis from recent retiming studies on highly ranked corridors revealed substantial benefits, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed ranking method. The proposed ranking and prioritization method discussed in this paper could be beneficial for agencies with large number of corridors and limited budget and resources so they can effectively prioritize their corridors for future signal retiming projects.

Learning From Incorrectness: Active Learning With Negative Pre-Training and Curriculum Querying for Histological Tissue Classification.

Patch-level histological tissue classification is an effective pre-processing method for histological slide analysis. However, the classification of tissue with deep learning requires expensive annotation costs. To alleviate the limitations of annotation budgets, the application of active learning (AL) to histological tissue classification is a promising solution. Nevertheless, there is a large imbalance in performance between categories during application, and the tissue corresponding to the categories with relatively insufficient performance are equally important for cancer diagnosis. In this paper, we propose an active learning framework called ICAL, which contains Incorrectness Negative Pre-training (INP) and Category-wise Curriculum Querying (CCQ) to address the above problem from the perspective of category-to-category and from the perspective of categories themselves, respectively. In particular, INP incorporates the unique mechanism of active learning to treat the incorrect prediction results that obtained from CCQ as complementary labels for negative pre-training, in order to better distinguish similar categories during the training process. CCQ adjusts the query weights based on the learning status on each category by the model trained by INP, and utilizes uncertainty to evaluate and compensate for query bias caused by inadequate category performance. Experimental results on two histological tissue classification datasets demonstrate that ICAL achieves performance approaching that of fully supervised learning with less than 16% of the labeled data. In comparison to the state-of-the-art active learning algorithms, ICAL achieved better and more balanced performance in all categories and maintained robustness with extremely low annotation budgets. The source code will be released at https://github.com/LactorHwt/ICAL.

Optimizing Village-Owned Enterprises Management to Enhance Community Welfare in Modong Village, Sidoarjo Regency

This study aims to determine the principles of managing village-owned enterprises to improve people's welfare in the Modong, Sidoarjo Regency village. This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. The authors used data collection techniques through interviews and observations to obtain the informant data needed in this study. Research shows that the management of BUMDes in Modong Village, Sidoarjo Regency, can be seen from three aspects: 1) Good cooperation between BUMDes managers and the village government can be seen in the form of village budgets allocated to business programs, although the amount is still limited. 2) Good accountability can be seen in administrative reports routinely carried out every year and in business forms such as savings and loans and the provision of iron tents or aisles. 3) Business continuity, in general, has been going well because most Modong Village residents are farmers. Therefore, BUMDes managers hope to get capital assistance in the agricultural sector, such as fertilizers, poisons and seeds, to make it easier for the community to access agrarian materials. The role of BUMDes in Modong Village in developing potential and empowering the community, in general, has been going well. However, there are still some things that need to be improved. The supporting factor is the government's commitment to overcoming poverty and empowering villages through BUMDes, which is reflected in the allocation of funds from village funds, district budgets, provincial budgets, and related ministries. However, the still limited village budget for developing larger businesses is the inhibiting factor.

Nation-Wide Variation in Presence of Legislation or Protocols for EMS Care of Operational Canines.

Deployment of law enforcement operational canines (OpK9s) risks injuries to the animals. This study's aim was to assess the current status of states' OpK9 (veterinary Emergency Medical Services [VEMS]) laws and care protocols within the United States. Cross-sectional standardized review of state laws/regulations and OpK9 VEMS treatment protocols was undertaken. For each state and for the District of Columbia (DC), the presence of OpK9 legislation and/or care protocols was ascertained. Information was obtained through governmental records and from stakeholders (eg, state EMS medical directors and state veterinary boards).The main endpoints were proportions of states with OpK9 laws and/or treatment protocols. Proportions are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fisher's exact test (P <.05) assessed whether presence of an OpK9 law in a given jurisdiction was associated with presence of an OpK9 care protocol, and whether there was geographic variation (based on United States Census Bureau regions) in presence of OpK9 laws or protocols. Of 51 jurisdictions, 20 (39.2%) had OpK9 legislation and 23 (45.1%) had state-wide protocols for EMS treatment of OpK9s. There was no association (P = .991) between presence of legislation and presence of protocols. There was no association (P = .144) between presence of legislation and region: Northeast 66.7% (95% CI, 29.9-92.5%), Midwest 50.0% (95% CI, 21.1-78.9%), South 29.4% (95% CI, 10.3-56.0%), and West 23.1% (95% CI, 5.0-53.8%). There was significant (P = .001) regional variation in presence of state-wide OpK9 treatment protocols: Northeast 100.0% (95% CI, 66.4-100.0%), Midwest 16.7% (95% CI, 2.1-48.4%), South 47.1% (95% CI, 23.0-72.2%), and West 30.8% (95% CI, 9.1-61.4%). There is substantial disparity with regard to presence of OpK9 legal and/or clinical guidance. National collaborative guidelines development is advisable to optimize and standardize care of OpK9s. Additional attention should be paid to educational and training programs to best utilize the limited available training budgets.

Effective Knowledge Dissemination Modeling and Regulation in Blended Learning Networks

Blended learning networks (BLNs) based on the integration of online learning networks and offline learning environments provide new opportunities and platforms for people to acquire and update useful knowledge and carry out all kinds of learning activities anytime and anywhere. Effective modeling and regulation of the knowledge dissemination process can accurately grasp its dissemination process, promote knowledge innovation and collaborative sharing among learners, and accelerate the maximization of knowledge dissemination. However, it is a challenge to establish a comprehensive dynamics model and adopt the optimal regulation for the knowledge dissemination process under the constraints of a limited budget in large-scale BLNs with diverse learners. To this end, we first explore the evolution process of knowledge dissemination in BLNs and the blended learning interaction process of learners. Based on the system dynamics modeling theory, a dynamics model of knowledge dissemination is established. Second, two kinds of effective regulation strategies are proposed. We establish an optimal regulation system intending to maximize the dissemination of knowledge and use the optimal control theory to tackle the optimal solution distribution of regulation strategies. Then, we propose a knowledge dissemination regulation task allocation method based on the collaborative participation of users, and the reverse auction theory is used to quickly solve the task allocation scheme while ensuring performance. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed models and methods through extensive simulation experiments based on real datasets.

Predictive Modelling in Underwater Archaeology. A Case Based on Mesolithic Coastal Settlements in Denmark

Abstract Research on underwater archaeological sites has been adversely affected by various socioeconomic (specialized equipment, lack of know-how, legal framework, etc.) and environmental (weather conditions, site formation processes, etc.) challenges. Interdisciplinary approaches, especially technology integration, can help introduce a methodology to evaluate these factors and mitigate limitations to enhance the information retrieved and assist the interpretation process. One such approach may be predictive modelling while developing methodologies based on predictive models can be assets in research. The work presented in this article is based on this approach and assesses the use of predictive models based on six case studies. It is an effort to evaluate whether targeting sub-areas when excavating on limited time and budget can help clarify the interpretation of the information collected from these areas.

해양경찰공무원의 자기효능감과 회복탄력성이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향

Korea Coast Guard officers perform diverse and dangerous tasks in the special environment of the ocean. In order for members to successfully perform their duties in this environment to achieve the organization's purpose of protecting maritime sovereignty and establishing maritime safety and public safety, Korea Coast Guard should deal with organizational commitment, which is considered an important variable representing organizational effectiveness, positively affecting the performance of the organization, such as preventing turnover, absenteeism, and job burnout in organizational management. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the purpose of exploring and verifying the factors influencing the organizational commitment of Korea Coast Guard officers.&#x0D; To achieve the purpose of the study, the study was conducted in the following manner. First, a research model and hypothesis were established through a review of previous research. Specifically, ‘self-efficacy’, which is the belief that an individual will overcome difficulties and challenging tasks, and ‘resilience’, which is the power to withstand stressful or high-risk situations, were set as independent variables, and organizational commitment was set as the dependent variable. Second, for empirical research, survey data verified at home and abroad were reorganized to suit the purpose of the study. The survey questions related to the research problem were structured on a Likert 5-point scale, and the survey questions related to socio-demographic characteristics used nominal, interval, and ratio scales. Third, a survey was conducted using all Korea Coast Guard officers as the population as of October 1, 2022. To ensure representativeness of the sample, The survey was conducted using proportional allocation sampling that comprehensively considered age, gender, class, and affiliation and 957 response sheets were used for analysis. Fourth, statistical analysis was performed to verify the research model. It was confirmed that the main variables could be used as continuous variables through normality review, and SPSS 27.0 was used to perform frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis on the variables.&#x0D; As a result of the analysis, it was found that self-efficacy (β=.351***) and positivity (β=.182***), a sub-factor of resilience, had a statistically significant positive (+) effect on organizational commitment in the integrated model. However, it was found that self-regulation ability and interpersonal ability, other sub-factors of resilience, do not explain organizational commitment well. In addition, as a result of confirming the relative influence of variables, self-efficacy was found to best explain organizational commitment (10.8%), followed by positivity to organizational commitment at 2.3%.&#x0D; Korea Coast Guard, which must ensure the effectiveness of organizational operations with limited resources and budget, should pay attention to self-efficacy and positivity and prepare policies to improve them in order to improve organizational commitment. To this end, the level of self-efficacy and positivity must be continuously measured and managed when constructing health-related cohort data of Korea Coast Guard officers, and it is also proposed to provide psychological support, regular education, and appropriate welfare program support to improve this.

Defense Entrepreneurship a Solution to RI Limited Defense Budget

The vision of a defense budget of 1.5% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2025 is still difficult to realize. Until 2024, the proportion of Indonesia's defense budget will still be below 1 percent. In addition, the distribution of Indonesia's 2018-2025 defense spending is mostly used for personnel spending and operations and maintenance, followed by the procurement budget. Proficiency in defense entrepreneurship requires risk tolerance, innovation and efficient management; These are important factors for facing changes that will occur in the strategic environment. Using qualitative methodology, this research examines the phenomenon of state problems within the limited state budget for the development of its defense industry. Data was obtained through observation and review of previous research literature. State issues must be reformed in various ways so that various interests and responsibilities can be integrated in order to optimize the state's contribution to the growth of defense entrepreneurship in the defense industry.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF MANAGEMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF MARKETING ACTIVITIES OF THE ENTERPRISE IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION AND THE POST-WAR PERIOD

The article defines the main directions of digitization of the management of the effectiveness of marketing activities of the enterprise. The purpose of the article is to justify proposals for improving the digitalization of the document flow system of marketing business processes due to its design in terms of the main directions of the company's marketing activities, to determine the role of digital marketing tools in managing the effectiveness of marketing activities. The components of document flow systems of marketing business processes have been studied. It is shown that digitalization contributes to increasing the effectiveness of marketing research and justification of marketing decisions. It was determined that the combined use of traditional and digital marketing tools allows for a synergistic effect in managing the effectiveness of marketing activities. The expediency of designing a document flow system of marketing business processes in terms of the main directions of the enterprise's marketing activity (development of product, price, sales, communication policies, marketing management), as well as points of interaction of the functional subsystem of marketing management with the functional subsystems of production, personnel, finance and innovation management is shown. It is shown that the digitalization of marketing performance management is an integral part of the company's digitalization strategy. It was determined that the classification of companies depending on the level of innovative activity is more appropriate for the study of innovative marketing strategies of Ukrainian enterprises. It was determined that in the post-war period, the main threats to the enterprise are the destruction of logistics chains, the shortage of own funds of enterprises and the difficulty of obtaining credit funds, the complication of business conditions due to state policy, and a high degree of uncertainty in the business environment. In such conditions, the tools of digital technologies make it possible to increase the effectiveness of managing the effectiveness of marketing activities and more rationally distribute the limited marketing budget.

The Reasons Behind Long-Term Endemicity of Brucellosis in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Challenges and Future Perspectives.

Brucellosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic disease with more than 500,000 new human cases each year. Direct contact with infected animals and consumption of undercooked animal origin foods are the main routes of brucellosis transmission to humans. Although long endeavor has been applied to control and eliminate brucellosis from animal and human populations in developing countries especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the disease is still endemic in these regions. Many common or unique factors including raw milk consumption, unhygienic slaughter of livestock, extensive husbandry, budgetary limitations, misdiagnosis, and other conditions play a role in long-term endemicity of brucellosis in these locations. It has been shown that One Health is the only practical approach to control brucellosis; however, applying such methods is challenging in low-resource areas. In such conditions, brucellosis is continuously maintained in animals and repeatedly spread to human populations. In this article, factors playing a critical role in brucellosis endemicity, and the real conditions challenging the application of One Health approach in control of brucellosis are highlighted.

The Role of the Public Works and Spatial Planning Department in the Spatial Plan Local Regulations of Asahan Regency

This study focuses on the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office's role in the existing Spatial Planning Regional Regulation in Asahan Regency, especially in its amendments. The changes are intended to harmonize, synchronize and harmonize the spatial planning regulations that the Regional Government of North Sumatra Province has issued. The research method used is the empirical method, considering the Settlement of the Formation of the Civil Code, and the empirically symptomatic law. These, namely various legal factors influence it, so the study will lead to the role of organizations and legal institutions when enforcing the law. The results show that changes to the Asahan District Civil Code have been implemented based on the proposals from the PUPR Service so that the role of the PPUPR Office has been achieved, namely planning, informative, and indicative. For implementation, there are also obstacles encountered, such as the limited budget ceiling, the issuance of changes to the Procedure for the Implementation of Strategic Environmental Studies (KLHS), the limited number of employees in the field of spatial planning who have spatial planning legal competence and the lack of financial support for education and training in the field of spatial planning by local governments.

Scoping Review of International Experience of a Dedicated Fund to Support Patient Access to Cancer Drugs: Policy Implications for Thailand

Background: Access to high-cost cancer drugs is an unsolved problem globally. The dedicated drugs fund is attractive and feasible. This study reviewed currently implemented dedicated drugs fund worldwide to inform policy implications for Thailand. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to identify countries currently implementing dedicated funds for cancer drugs. We searched electronic databases, PubMed and Embase, from 2010 to May 2021, Google and Google Scholar in August 2021, and government websites up to April 2022. The structure, management, cost containment strategies, and impact of dedicated funds were summarized and compared across the identified countries and Thailand. Results: Out of 218 nations, Hong Kong, England, and Italy have established dedicated cancer drugs fund, primarily funded by their governments. Funds in England and Italy operate within annual budget limits. Hong Kong relies on an endowment fund. In England and Italy, pharmaceutical companies contribute proportionally to cover overspending as per risk-sharing agreements, while cost-sharing is not required. Hong Kong implements cost-sharing based on a patient's family income. England and Italy employ a parallel pathway, utilizing the same drug selection committee to determine whether innovative drugs belong in the regular pharmaceutical benefits package or the dedicated drugs fund. Hong Kong follows a sequential pathway, allowing drugs to be considered for the dedicated funds after a negative decision. These countries use the fund for 5-11 years, making administrative adjustments to ensure sustainability. Conclusion: The dedicated drugs fund is an effective strategy to improve access to non-reimbursable high-cost drugs in Thailand. Robust evaluation of the fund itself and funded drugs are recommended for policymakers’ better decision-making. Learning from other countries can offer promising solutions. Health insurers need to balance providing cancer treatments with overall system preparedness.