Buddhist Teachings Research Articles

Reception of the Ecological Ethics of Buddhism in the Works of Scientists from Buryatia, Kalmykia, Tuva

The article presents an overview of research on the ecological ethics of Buddhism. The author examines the works of scientists from the main Buddhist regions of Russia (Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva), gives a description of the main methodological directions, and also offers a classification of approaches to the study of environmental ethics of Buddhism. The first scientific approach is historical and philosophical, within which the history of the emergence of Buddhist philosophy is presented, the second scientific approach, social and philosophical, is associated with the basic concepts of the philosophy of Buddhism and the substantiation of solutions to environmental problems offered by Buddhism. This is followed by a sociological one, within the framework of this research vector, an attempt was made to interpret the ritual behavior of the inhabitants of Ulan-Ude within the framework of the ecological ethics of Buddhism. The next research vector can be characterized as historical and literary. Other areas of research are also described. The novelty of the review of studies on environmental ethics in the Buddhist republics of Russia lies in the fact that this is the first attempt to systematize the diversity of the listed scientific approaches, which, in turn, will allow a deeper understanding of the value of Buddhist teaching in the formation of ecological consciousness among the population and identify specific, practical ways to solve the existing environmental problems. The review presents the main names of scientists involved in the environmental ethics of Buddhism, the main works are indicated.

DIALEKTIKA PENCERAHAN BUDDHISME

Buddhism is one of the heterodox schools of Indian philosophy, taught by Siddārtha around the VI century BC. His teachings aim to lead his followers to nirvana, by building universal values ​​that are not compartmentalized, so that they are free from the varna system. However, after the influence of Tantra in the VII century AD, Buddhist philosophy turned to Buddhism. The problem to be analyzed in this article is “what is the dialectic of enlightenment Buddhism?” The theoretical concept used in this article is hermeneutics. This article uses qualitative research methods. The results of the analysis in this article are that the teachings of Buddhist philosophy are universal, outside of certain religions and castes. Meanwhile, Buddhism's teachings are only embraced by its followers (limited in nature). However, what connects the two is the teaching of ethics. Where the goal is to free mankind from suffering. Thus, the relationship between the three forms a dialectic.

Eurasian ideas of Yu. N. Roerich

The article deals with the contribution by Yurii Nikolaevich Roerich (1902–1960) to Eurasianism, the original trend in Russian philosophical thought. In thisregard his contribution to the nomadic studies is of particular importance. Thanks to his efforts, these studies became a separate branch of general history. Like other Eurasianists Roerich considered the world of ancient nomads as a cultural entity. In particular, he stressed its specific features, such as the importance of the animal style art, epic lore and the military culture. He drew the scholars' attention to the Indo-Europeans, the Tocharians who played an important role in the formation of the Eurasian cultural community. The Tocharians became the founders of the Kushan Empire. This happened at the time when the Indian Buddhist teachings came to the North and subsequently spread across the Eurasian continent. Yu. N. Roerich researched the problem of ancient migrations, which he viewed as central and was also interested in the process of creation of empires by nomads. He held the view that the study of the heritage of ancient nomads is pivotal for understanding the ongoing Eurasian integration.

Hoedang and Jingakjong: Esoteric Buddhism in Contemporary Korea

This article discusses the emergence, transformation, and transmission of an esoteric Buddhist movement that Hoedang (孫珪祥, Kyu-shang Sohn [or Sohn, Gyu-sang], 1902–1963) began in the 1940s and 1950s. Starting in the middle of the eighth century, the history of Korean Esoteric Buddhism indicates that the tradition continued to exist (albeit marginally) until the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897). However, this case study, which focuses on the new religious sect of Jingak, explorers Jingak’s reformist characteristics and its efforts toward the renewal of Korean Buddhism in contemporary society. The article argues that the founder was intellectually receptive to other teachings, including the performance of esoteric healing, the prosocial characters of Pragmatic Buddhism, the doctrine of Japanese Shingon, and permitting priests to marry. This article additionally attempts to identify the innovative philosophy (including Simin, 心印, original sinless self) of Korean Esoteric Buddhism, in the combined concepts of Jinho gukga bulsa (鎭護國家佛事, Protecting the nation by the teaching of Buddhism), Iwon Weonri (二元原理, Relative Principle), Simin Bulgyo (心印佛敎, Mind-seal Buddhism), and Silhaengnon (實行論, The Teachings of Hoedang—Practical Theory).

The pattern of buddhist teachers strategies management for religious behavior conflicts in Lombok

The Buddhist teacher's goal of conflict is of course required to use a psychological approach. The less than ideal conditions of the teacher's purposeful behavior in the managed lesson process are not opposite. The importance of the strategy of religious teachers tends to be seen in the character education of the attendees. Descriptive qualitative research method is used on this research. The research instruments were interviews, observations, documentation, and respondents with several related devices. In reality, not all Buddhist teachers deliver material with curriculum. This has an impact on improving the continuity of education, i.e. there are students who are not taught Buddhism. Data analysis is using Iceberg model. The results of the study can be concluded as; the innovation process occurs from the conflict of teacher behavior, the implementation of the innovation pattern of the teacher's strategy, the structure of the advantages and disadvantages of teacher management and the mental model of teacher behavior.

A Revolution in Red Robes: Tibetan Nuns Obtaining the Doctoral Degree in Buddhist Studies (Geshema)

In the past, Tibetan nuns had no access to formal monastic education and thus could not obtain the two main diplomas and titles that are common in Tibetan Buddhism: the khenpo (mkhan po) degree in the more practice-oriented Nyingmapa school and the geshe (dge bshes) degree in the scholastic curriculum of the Gelukpa school; this essay traces the introduction of the Gelukpa study program in different nunneries based in India and Nepal in recent times; it addresses the question of gender asymmetry by showing the different hurdles that had to be overcome and the solutions, which have been found to allow nuns to become geshemas—the female form of geshe. Finally, I propose the first glimpse into the impact that the opening of higher Buddhist education to nuns has had and what this means for the future of the position of women in the religious sphere, as well as for Tibetan monasticism more generally.

The Way of Buddhist Education for the Cultivation of Publicities in De-secularization and Neoliberalism

The Way of Buddhist Education for the Cultivation of Publicities in De-secularization and Neoliberalism - de-secularization;socialization of enlightenment;the difference of Buddha-in-your- pupil;the subject of Buddha-in-your-pupil;compassionate anger

AN EVALUATION ON THE TYPES OF QUOTED MONOLOGUES IN THE OLD UYGHUR MAITRISIMIT

Tarihî olarak yazı dillerindeki edebî ürünler, sözlü dildeki geleneksel anlatım tekniklerini en iyi şekilde kullanmalarının yanı sıra çağdaş anlatı türlerine ait anlatım tekniklerinin de etkili kullanıldığı ürünler olmuşlardır. Türkçenin önemli tarihî dönemlerinden Eski Uygur Türkçesi döneminin dikkat çekici eserlerinden biri olan Maytrısimit adlı eser de anlatım tekniği açsından üst seviye bir edebî eser niteliği göstermektedir. Budist öğretinin kutsal kitabı sayılan eser, çağdaşı olan diğer eserlerden farklı olarak “ülüş” şeklinde bölümler hâlinde yazılarak, her bir bölümün sahne şeklinde kabul edildiği bir dram eseri hüviyetindedir. Eserin bölümlerinde, doğrudan konuşma örgüsü unsurlarının yer almadığı metin bölümlerinde çağdaş anlatı türlerinde kullanılan teknikler dikkat çekmektedir. Çalışmada, eserde yer alan alıntılı monologların çağdaş anlatım tekniği bakımından ele alınması; monolog türlerinin, kullanılan monologların işlevlerinin tespit edilmesi ve eser metninin bu yönünün önemine dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Eserde elde edilen bulgularda, alıntılı monologların tarihî süreçteki örnekleri ile karşılaştırıldığında çağdaş anlatım tekniği olarak benzerlikler gösterdiği tespit edilmiş ve aynı dönemde kendisinden sonra kaleme alınmış eserler içinde model olduğu değerlendirilmiştir.

К истории монастыря Гандантегченлин

Introduction. The article summarizes the history of the Gandantegchinlen Monastery (Mongolia). Goals. It aims at revealing the latter’s place and role in the history of Buddhism nationwide. Insights into the history and functioning structures of the Gandantegchinlen Monastery reveal certain historical links between Buddhist centers of Mongolia and Buryatia. Being a stronghold of Buddhist education, Gandantegchenlin has made (and still does) its essential impacts on the shaping and development of religious and philosophical educational systems among Mongolic peoples — and contributed to the dissemination of Tibetan Buddhist culture. Methods. The study employs tools of factor analysis (characterizing the place and role in historical reality), the historical/genetic and retrospective research methods. Results. The retrospective analysis reveals key stages in the development of the monastery — from its earliest activities, closure, and restoration in the 1940s–1960s to present days witnessing a gradual revival of Buddhist traditions in Russia and Mongolia.

Pemahaman Peserta Didik saat Pembelajaran Daring Selama Pandemi Covid-19

The Covid-19 pandemic changed the learning of Buddhist Education, which was initially carried out by face-to-face then changed into online learning. Learners' understanding is influenced by how teachers convey learning and conditions during the online learning process. This study aims to: (1) find out how much the influence of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic has on learners' level of understanding. (2) to explain the influence of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic on students' level of understanding of Buddhist education subjects. This research is a quantitative study with a type of correlational approach conducted at Semarang Regency Junior High School in AprilJune 2021. The population in this study was 125 learners, while the sample used was 60 learners— sampling using simple random sampling techniques. Data collection techniques and instruments were carried out using questionnaires. Data analysis techniques used simple linear regression analysis with the help of the SPSS 16 program. Based on the research and data analysis results, online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic has influenced students' level of understanding by 0.641. When viewed from the value of R square is 29%. The influence of online learning on learners' level of understanding is positive and significant, with a simple linear regression test showing that the correlation coefficient of 0.540 is positive.

The role of the clergy in the formation of ecological consciousness of the population (on the example of the Republic of Buryatia)

The article examines the influence of Buddhist clergy on the solution of environmental problems of the Republic of Buryatia. In particular, we are talking about one of the most famous and authoritative Buddhist priests in Buryatia – the abbot of the Kurumkan datsan Oleg Namzhilov, better known in the region as Yeshi Namzhil Lama. Buryatia is one of the three main Buddhist regions of Russia, therefore, in our opinion, Buddhism with its ecophilic principles can contribute to overcoming the ecological crisis. The clergy can influence the ecological consciousness of the population through the popularization of Buddhist teachings. Publications in the media are of particular interest. The subject of the article was the publications of the regional online publication "Inform Policy online", duplicating the posts of Yeshi Namzhil Lama in social networks. The aim of the work is to identify the role of the lama on the formation of ecological consciousness. The main method of study is the method of content analysis. Two stages can be defined in the study. At the first stage, the results of the content analysis of the online publication Inform Policy online from 2017 to 2022 are presented. At the second stage of the study, the basic principles of environmental ethics of Buddhism presented in publications about the Yeshi Namjil Lama are considered. The features of his ecological rhetoric are identified, which include a three-part structure of messages, arguments based on the Buddhist picture of the world and practical recommendations for solving environmental problems.

The Relationship between Buddhist education in Sriwijaya and Buddhist education in India

Development Buddhist education on the island of Sumatra, specifically in the Srivijaya Kingdom, began in the seventh century. At the time, there was a city big a Chinese Buddhist monk I'Tsing who came see that Buddhism was very developed in life Public Srivijaya as well as he said many activity students who come to Srivijaya for study. The purpose of writing this is to have a deeper understanding of the entwined relationship between the Srivijaya Kingdom and India, particularly in the sphere of education. This article will not only analyze the relationship between education and Buddhism in South Sumatra, but will also describe Buddhist education, the relationship that exists between Kingdom Srivijaya and other countries in numerous fields, and provide proofactual links of cooperation in the sphere of Buddhist education that were previously connected The introduction of Hindu-Buddhist culture to Indonesia had a significant impact, such as the beginning of the development of religion and culture imported from India. This method of research is used in article writing to gather knowledge and resources in the form of articles, journals, books, and ebooks. As a result of the research, more detailed information about the entry and development of Buddhism in South Sumatra, as well as the types of relationships and physical evidence, is available.

Religion and the imperial body politic of Japan

This article offers a religious history of the Japanese emperor’s body as it was discursively constructed, visually imagined, and ritually reinforced as the larger body politic. It demonstrates that the Shinto-inflected notion of the imperial body politic (J. kokutai) technically only emerged during the early modern period in Japan. It therefore draws attention instead to the important premodern Buddhist precursors that first equated the emperor’s own body with the greater state polity of Japan. Buddhist teachings about the world-body of Buddhahood (dharmakaya), the monumental bronze Buddha body of Birushana in Nara, and Buddhist ritual activity throughout Japan’s provincial temple system all helped to construct Emperor Shomu (r. 710–56) as the all-protecting head of the family-state (kokka). Later esoteric Buddhist teachings about ‘becoming a Buddha in this very body’ (sokushin jobutsu) and elaborate state-protecting rites performed before Kukai’s (744–835) multi-headed and multi-armed figures all helped to protect the body of the emperor (or his clothes), and by extension, the health and wellbeing of the country at large. Finally, modern reformulations such as Kiyozawa Manshi’s (1863–1903) ‘hand metaphor’ and Minobe Tatsukichi’s (1873–1948) ‘organ theory of government’ continued to resonate with these pre-existing Buddhist corporeal tropes, as well as with newly imported Western philosophical constructs. As a result, this premodern Buddhist analysis of the emperor’s rhetorical, artistic, and ceremonial body-state demonstrates the centrality of the human body in imagining religious authority and political power in Japan.

Religion, Media and Peacebuilding

This article aims to examine the role and efforts of Dhamma TV, a Buddhist-based television station in Malang City, in building peace and harmony between religious communities. The study also shows the normative-theological construction that underlies these efforts. Because religion and media have great potential for peacebuilding. However, both can also be an obstacle to peace. Thus, religion-based media that consistently strives for harmony and peace become a significant aspect of a pluralistic society. This study found that Dhamma TV is a religion-based media that consistently broadcasts programs that contain the values of togetherness, tolerance, and peace. Television avoids programs that contain violence and have the potential to break the unity and harmony of society. Dhamma TV commonly presents cultural programs and social activities from various religions, so it is considered a medium for interfaith adhesives. The effort to build peace and harmony between religious communities is an expression and implementation of Buddhist teachings. Buddhism emphasizes mutual love and kindness to all living beings. In addition, Buddha emphasizes valuing and respecting the lives of others as his own as well.

Женщина в контексте буддийского учения «Зерцало мудрости» ламы-просветителя Э.-Х. Галшиева

Introduction. The image of woman in Buryat literature had been created under the influence of Buddhist patriarchal views which led to discrimination against the former and humiliation of female nature in religious and social life. The article deals with the status of Buryat woman in The Mirror of Wisdom, a Buddhist composition authored by Ven. E.-Kh. Galshiev (1855–1915). It describes women’s spiritual paths in pre-revolutionary Buryat society and demonstrates how Buddhist values had been incorporated into their daily life to determine spiritual and social foundations. Goals. The study seeks to examine the impacts and role of women in religious and social life of Buryat society, identify the causes of prejudice against women and somewhat contradictory interpretation of female essence. Materials and methods. The work analyzes Lama Galshiev’s Mirror of Wisdom and fundamental treatises by outstanding Buddhist teachers. The main research methods are historical/philosophical and comparative analyses. The article proves topical enough due to the growing interest in gender studies as well as the need for a holistic understanding of the essence and role of woman not only in traditional but also in modern society. Results. Despite the influence of Buddhist teachings on interpretations of Buryat woman’s status is obvious, Lama Galshiev’s text contains no clear confirmation of discrimination against women or signs of oppression. There is a persistent opinion that Buryat women had been experiencing extremely difficult and rightless conditions in pre-revolutionary times, but Lama Galshiev tends to narrate a somewhat different image of woman — enjoying a certain degree of freedom and respectful enough. Conclusion. Though submissive in the Buddhist tradition, woman’s status was never questioned in traditional religious and family life. Actual conditions of a Buryat woman in pre-revolutionary society were rather determined by her personal spiritual level, marriage, childbearing functions, household keeping skills. In Buryat family not only woman sought to satisfy the needs of her husband but the latter also set himself a goal of meeting his wife’s wishes in accordance with her expectations and values.

A DETAILED LEGACY OF BUDDHISM IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Both the Nilamata Purana and Kalhana's Rajatarangini show the significance of Buddhism in classical Kashmiri culture. According to Buddhist history, Buddhism was introduced to Kashmir by a Varanasi monk named Majjhantika, a student of Ananda. During his administration of Srinagar in the 13th and 14th centuries, Mauryan ruler Ashoka introduced Buddhism to Kashmir. The Kushans, who ruled across Pakistan and Afghanistan in the first century, are supposed to have dominated this region. So far, there hasn't been much of a distinction in the history of Buddhism in Kashmir and the rest of the country. Before the arrival of the Aryans, the valley was inhabited by Naga, Pishacha, and Yakshas. Nagas, for example, are revered for their historical and cultural value. Both the proponent of Sankhya Darshana, Kapil, and the author of Patanjali are thought to be local Nagans. Two of the most famous Buddhist philosophers and intellectuals, Nagarjun and Naga Budhi, are also supposed to be Nagas. Following the entrance of the Aryans, these Kashmiri aborigines appear to have converted to the Vedic faith and eventually to Buddhism. The teachings of Buddhism have tremendously improved India's mentality, culture, religion, and civilization. The aim of the study is to explain the foundation and culture of Buddhism in Jammu and Kashmir.

Sources of Japanese Buddhist Philosophy of Education: Saichō (最澄, 766/7–822) on Study, Reflection, and Cultivation

Recent studies on the Buddhist threefold wisdom model and its suggested potentialities have warranted a rediscovery of the model in different historical and cultural contexts. Saichō (最澄, 766/7–822), founder of Japanese Tendai Buddhism, references the three wisdoms in his documents outlining the Tendai monastic education curriculum. Through modification of translation and analysis of related original texts by Saichō, and an interview with the current dean of the Tendai monastic education institution, this paper aims to (1) uncover Sino-Japanese history of expressions of threefold wisdom and Buddhist education, (2) clarify the content of Saichō’s curriculum, and (3) examine the role of compassion in said curriculum. This paper argues that the threefold wisdom served as a foundational framework of Saichō’s education; he envisioned that his graduates would develop into religious leaders of the nation who would benefit all sentient beings through their own training, preaching the Dharma, and contributing to social work. At the same time, it became clear that compassionate attitudes were considered to be fundamental to all practices of the three wisdoms at Mount Hiei, which makes Saichō’s curriculum a captivating case of a theological application of the threefold wisdom.

Buddhist Economic: For Student Creativity Program in Entrepreneurship by Catera Zebuart Product

Several sources of primary Buddhist scriptures, secondary literature, and scientific articles were examined to find out what economic system was derived from the teachings of Buddhism described by Gautama Buddha. The principles of Buddhist economics are investigated from the personal and social ethics of the Buddhists that underlie the system. An economic system that adheres to Buddhist moral norms, and attitudes towards property and wealth that inspire in economic endeavors in particular entrepreneurial behavior. The method used is systematic content analysis. Entrepreneurship based on Buddhist values ​​is also analyzed to be applied in the Student Creativity program in the field of Entrepreneurship. Generosity which is the principle of Buddhist economics in this study is also applied. Through an institution approved by the Directorate General of Buddhist Community Guidance together with the Directorate of Taxes, the Ministry of Finance, six formal institutions similar to the Amil Zakat Agency in Islamic Religious Institutions were obtained. Meanwhile, the selected product is based on the creative economy in the form of a conscious work of art called Catera Zebuart.

Meditation Practices by Chinese Buddhists During COVID-19 Pandemic: Motivations, Activities, and Health Benefits

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to examine the meditation practices of Chinese Buddhists during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on their motivation and activities, and the health benefits derived from meditation. Initially, the article delves into the motivations driving Chinese Buddhists to practise meditation. Subsequently, it explores the meditation-related activities undertaken by Chinese Buddhists. The article also investigates the role of faith in fostering resilience within the Chinese Buddhist community by exploring the medical benefits of meditation, with special emphasis on its effectiveness in alleviating health issues stemming from the COVID-19 outbreak. This article reveals that the motivation for practising meditation arises from the aspiration to attain enlightenment in accordance with Buddhist teachings and that the meditation-related activities not only spread across major Chinese Buddhist communities worldwide but also serve as a source of solace for followers grappling with the challenges posed by the pandemic. Additionally, the article provides strong evidence to support that meditation-based interventions have positive effects on mental and physical health problems caused by the pandemic.

Forgiveness American-Style: Origins and Status of Forgiveness in North American Buddhism

ABSTRACT Many Buddhist teachers in North America teach forgiveness: an attitude of non-anger not conditional on wrongdoers repairing their wrongs. Classical Buddhist texts and premodern Buddhist cultures also taught forgiveness: the act of reconciling after wrongdoers repaired wrongs. This article describes traditional Buddhist forgiveness processes, analyses how new processes to forgive arose in North America, and outlines the current state of Buddhist forgiveness teachings there. It shows that the predominant way North American Buddhists now teach forgiveness is new. It developed in the 1970–1990 period and incorporates non-Buddhist discourses. In addition to clarifying what forgiveness has long been in Buddhism and how, in North America, changes to that occurred, the article notes the frequent absence, among academic scholars and Buddhists alike, of awareness concerning (a) the replacement of longstanding Buddhist teachings on forgiveness by new teachings; (b) the predominantly non-Buddhist sources of the new teachings; and (c) the impact on victims, wrongdoers, relationships, and communities of the new teachings. The article contributes to scholarship on Buddhist ethics, forgiveness in Buddhism, and the development and hybridisation of Buddhism in North America.