Bucket Of Water Research Articles

Cold Pressor Test Induces Significant Changes in Internal Jugular Vein Flow Dynamics in Healthy Young Adults.

BACKGROUND The cold pressor test (CPT), which has long been used to test autonomic functions by causing sympathetic excitation, increases systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate and causes coronary vasodilation within physiological limits in healthy individuals. This study aimed to evaluate internal jugular vein (IJV) flow parameters using the CPT with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in 40 healthy volunteers aged 18-40 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS The volunteers' IJV diameter, blood flow peak velocity, and volumetric flow values were recorded. Then, their right hands were immersed in a bucket of cold water maintained at 1°C up to the wrist level. At the end of the first minute (CPT-1), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rhythm, IJV diameter, peak velocity, and volumetric flow measurements were performed again. RESULTS Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were significantly higher at CPT-1 compared to baseline values (P<0.001, P<0.001). Heart rate and peak velocity values also showed a significant increase at CPT-1 compared to baseline values (P<0.001, P=0.001). While diameter values showed a significant decrease compared to baseline, volumetric flow rate values showed a significant increase at CPT-1 (P=0.003, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Sympathetic nervous system activation triggered by CPT increases IJV volumetric flow and flow velocity in healthy young individuals, and sympathetic nervous system activation causes a venoconstrictive effect in the IJV.

Effects of the Cold Pressor Test on Popliteal Vein Diameter, Flow Velocity, and Blood Flow in the Lower Limb in 60 Healthy Individuals.

BACKGROUND In various situations such as pain, exposure to hot or cold, and mental stress, where physiological stress occurs, the increased excitatory response in the sympathetic efferent neurons leads to an increased return of blood flow from the peripheral veins to the right atrium. The cold pressor test (CPT) is based on the effects of a cold stimulus that activates afferent sensory pathways to trigger a sympathetic response, resulting in an increase in blood pressure. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the cold pressor test on popliteal vein diameter, flow velocity, and blood flow in the lower limbs in 60 healthy individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included 30 men and 30 women age 18-40 years. Baseline vein diameter, flow velocity, and blood flow of the left popliteal vein were measured by Doppler ultrasound, then the left hand was immersed in a bucket of cold water. After immersing the hand in cold water for 1 minute (CPT-1), 3 measurements of vein diameter, flow velocity, and blood flow were taken again, and their averages were calculated. RESULTS In the study, data obtained from the individuals were statistically analyzed. At CPT-1, venous diameter and flow values showed significant increase compared to baseline (P=0.001, P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In healthy volunteers, CPT increases venous flow in the popliteal veins. However, our study did not provide evidence for the hypothesis that the increase in venous return is due to venoconstriction mechanisms.

Technical analysis of seawater desalination

As the population grows and the economy thrives. The amount of edible water has decreased, and this phenomenon is raising awareness about water supply. Dumping salt into a bucket of water may seem like no big deal, but reversing the process is a lot more complicated than people might think. Seawater desalination technology is also a hot topic of research. There are two major techniques for desalting. One is distillation, and the other is reverse osmosis filtration. This essay mainly discusses how the two techniques work and what benefits human beings can possibly obtain from the future development of such technology based on existing literature and statistical data, namely prosperity. The result shows that the reverse osmosis process uses less energy in comparison to thermal distillation. However, desalination is not as easy as we expected. Regarding energy consumption and cost efficiency, scientists have to maintain high productivity while reducing the impact on the environment.

Thrombus discrimination with electron density: potential implications for non-contrast computed tomography imaging.

The potential clinical usefulness of electron density (ED) imaging, that can be directly estimated using dual-layer spectral computed tomography (CT), has been poorly investigated. We explored whether ED imaging might improve thrombus identification compared to conventional imaging in vitro. We evaluated mechanical thrombectomy material obtained from patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated in a tertiary level stroke center and immediately fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and stored in polystyrene test tubes. The test tubes were immersed in a bucket of water for evaluation by spectral CT, along with scattered control tubes. All images were obtained using a dual-layer detector CT scanner. Each tube was assessed using multiparametric side-by-side view of conventional CT (120 kVp), low monoenergetic imaging (40 keV), and ED images. Fifty-eight polystyrene tubes were analyzed, comprising 52 tubes with thrombectomy material of at least 1 mm2 size obtained from 52 AIS patients, and six control tubes filled with formalin. ED imaging identified accurately the presence of material in all tubes, whereas 2 (3%) of the tubes containing thrombus were not identified by conventional CT, leading to a very good agreement between observers for the presence of material using conventional CT and ED imaging (kappa =0.84, P<0.001). Using ED imaging, thrombus material showed a mean density of 108.8±2.9 percent ED relative to water (%EDW), water had a mean density of 100.0±0.3 %EDW, and formalin a mean density of 103.5±1.2 %EDW. Compared to conventional imaging and 40 keV monoenergetic, ED imaging had a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio (conventional 10.4±7.0, vs. 40 keV 11.5±8.4, vs. ED 490.0±304.5, P<0.001) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) (conventional 4.3±4.3, vs. 40 keV 5.7±11.2, vs. ED 37.8±29.1, P<0.001). In this in-vitro study, we demonstrated improved visualization of thrombus with ED imaging compared to conventional imaging and low monoenergetic imaging, with a significant increase in CNR.

The role of continuous moderate-intensity exercise on increasing collagen density after tooth extraction

Background: The wound healing process post-extraction is expected to be quick, which can reduce the risk of complications and restore normal tissue function. A minimum oxygen supply needs to be met so that acceleration of the wound healing process can occur. Wound healing can be accelerated by continuous moderate-intensity exercise with increasing tissue oxygenation. Collagen requires oxygen in the procollagen formation process to support wound healing. Purpose: This study aimed to prove the role of continuous moderate-intensity exercise in increasing collagen density in the dental sockets of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) after tooth extraction. Methods: Four groups of Wistar rats were created: control groups K1 (on day 3) and K2 (on day 7), and treatment groups K3 (on day 3) and K4 (on day 7). K1 and K2 were submerged in a bucket of water, and K3 and K4 received daily moderate-intensity exercise for a duration of two weeks. The rats’ incisors were extracted on the day 15. Post-extraction collagen density was measured on day 3 (K1 and K3) and on day 7 (K2 and K4). The one-way ANOVA test and post-hoc Tukey test were used in the statistical analysis of the data. Results: There was a significant difference between all groups (p: 0.0001; p&lt;0.05). Group K4 had a higher collagen density than the other groups. Conclusion: Continuous moderate-intensity exercise played a role in increasing the density of collagen in the rat tooth socket after tooth extraction.

수차 모양에 따른 수력발전 효율

We designed and conducted experiments to convert potential energy stored in a bucket of water positioned at a height of 0.8 m into electrical energy using a home-built hydropower generation setup. We quantitatively compared the amounts of stored energy with the energy obtained. The results of the first experiment showed a surprisingly low energy conversion efficiency, approximately 0.8% using the setup. To increase the efficiency of the conversion, we adopted several shapes for the water wheels and compared the resulting conversion efficiencies. This project will contribute to the understanding of energy conversion and preservation in physics for the research participants.

Food avoidance learning based on swimming in laboratory mice (Mus musculus)

Although it is now well documented that laboratory rats learn to avoid the flavored substance consumed immediately before running in activity wheels or swimming in water buckets, research on this activity-based flavor avoidance learning in other species is limited. Recently, running-based flavor avoidance learning has been demonstrated in laboratory mice by employing a method of resistance-to-habituation of neophobic reaction to novel food; mice that repeatedly experience running after encountering a novel food have a prolonged tendency to reject that food compared to control mice without paired running. The present article reports a series of attempts to obtain evidence of flavor avoidance learning based on swimming rather than running using this resistance-to-habituation method. Swimming-based flavor avoidance was clearly demonstrated in a differential conditioning paradigm; however, its demonstration in a simple conditioning paradigm requires a post-training choice test of the target food and another type of food. These results are likely due to the short swimming time (20 min) and the formation of weak flavor aversion.

Exploratory analysis of 5 supervised machine learning models for predicting the efficacy of the endogenous pain inhibitory pathway in patients with musculoskeletal pain

ObjectivesThe identification of factors that influence the efficacy of endogenous pain inhibitory pathways remains challenging due to different protocols and populations. We explored five machine learning (ML) models to estimate the Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) efficacy. DesignExploratory, cross-sectional design. Setting and ParticipantsThis study was conducted in an outpatient setting and included 311 patients with musculoskeletal pain. MethodsData collection included sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics. CPM efficacy was calculated by comparing the pressure pain thresholds before and after patients submerged their non-dominant hand in a bucket of cold water (cold-pressure test) (1–4 °C). We developed five ML models: decision tree, random forest, gradient-boosted trees, logistic regression, and support vector machine. Main outcome measuresModel performance were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, F1-score, and the Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC). To interpret and explain the predictions, we used SHapley Additive explanation values and Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations. ResultsThe XGBoost model presented the highest performance with an accuracy of 0.81 (95% CI = 0.73 to 0.89), F1 score of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.74 to 0.87), AUC of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.74 to 0.88), MCC of 0.61, and Kappa of 0.61. The model was influenced by duration of pain, fatigue, physical activity, and the number of painful areas. ConclusionsXGBoost showed potential in predicting the CPM efficacy in patients with musculoskeletal pain on our dataset. Further research is needed to ensure the external validity and clinical utility of this model.

Carrying children, groceries, and water across varying terrain: Changes in gait and comfortable walking speed

BackgroundCarrying items of substantial weight and value in one’s arms while traversing challenging terrain is a common task that requires considerable care. Carrying valuable (e.g., child) or variable (e.g., water) items, compared to stable ones (e.g., groceries) demands increased coordination, and is likely to lead to slower comfortable walking speed (CWS) and altered gait mechanics, especially on difficult terrain. Research questionHow are gait parameters altered by carrying items of substantial weight and varying value and dynamics across more and less demanding terrain? MethodsIn two experiments, participants carried their child, an equally weighted sack of groceries, or an open bucket of water in the same manner across level floor and across uneven stairs of varying heights with gaps between them. Kinematics were assessed for both terrains; kinetics were measured for one step up and one step down on stairs. ResultsMixed models ANOVAs with repeated measures revealed that CWS on uneven stairs was approximately 65 % of CWS for level floor, regardless of the item carried. Step-to-step coefficients of variation for step length and CWS were also greater. Water was carried most slowly, with shorter steps on level floor and reduced accelerations on uneven stairs. CWS with children and groceries did not differ. SignificanceCarrying items of weight and worth with varying dynamics across more and less challenging terrain illustrates the ecological complexity of walking. Terrain requiring greater flexibility, strength, and coordination reduced CWS substantially, a complexity-speed tradeoff. More variable, difficult to control items altered CWS and other gait patterns regardless of terrain difficulty, suggesting terrain and item dynamics contributed independently to gait adjustments. More valuable items were not carried more slowly than less valuable ones. Carrying tasks deserve greater attention in research and clinical assessment.

Washed Clean

Washed Clean Ann Leamon (bio) Springtime on the Maine farm where I grew up meant melting. The smell of manure and mud mixed with the tang of smoke as maple sap boiled off to syrup. It meant lambing, too; my mother waking at two in the morning to check on the ewes. Most of them, dirty white skeins of unspun wool on skinny black legs, birthed their twins without trouble, even in the dirt-floored lean-to, but Granny, the matriarch—a scruffy, stubborn blend of unknown breeds—had triplets year after year. Sometimes the three could manage; alternatively, we bottle-fed the smallest, keeping it in a box behind the kitchen woodstove. In the dark March nights, often with snow or freezing rain, my mother pulled on her boots and jacket and checked on the sheep. Granny always lambed between the checks. One night during a fierce snowstorm, Granny lambed. In the harsh light of the two a.m. flashlight, Mom found two tiny figures, snuggled against the old ewe just as they should be. Maybe, this time, she’d only had the two. But at the morning feeding, under a drift of snow, we found the third, a cold scrap of pure white fluff. Oh, lamb of God. All creatures great and small. Remembering James Herriot, Mom put the small body in a bucket of warm water. It floated like a bar of Ivory soap. After five minutes, the lamb opened his eyes. [End Page 25] Ann Leamon Ann Leamon’s world includes venture capital research and creative writing. The sheep are gone, although she loves to watch them in the spring. In addition to writing a textbook and 150 cases for Harvard Business School, she has published in The Lyric, Hole in the Head Review, Live Nudes, Microlit Almanac, They Call Us…, and The Boston Globe. She holds degrees in German, Economics, and Poetry from Dalhousie, the University of Montana, and the Bennington Writing Seminars, respectively. She lives on the coast of Maine with her husband and a Corgi-Lab mix. Copyright © 2023 River Teeth

“Wood-Bark Sign” in Dermoscopy of Aquagenic Syringeal Acrokeratoderma

“Wood-Bark Sign” in Dermoscopy of Aquagenic Syringeal Acrokeratoderma

Larval survey of the dengue-endemic area in Samarinda: guide to determine risk containers

Dengue has been reported in Indonesia since1968; the cases tend to increase and spread every year. From 2015-2019 almost all districts in Indonesia had dengue cases. This study aimed to determine the value of the entomological index and its relationship with the treatment of various types of containers and spatial epidemiology. A larval survey was conducted to determine the presence of larvae in water containers. Logistic regression and spatial data analysis were performed to see the distribution and make a buffer area map of &lt;em&gt;Aedes&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;sp&lt;/em&gt;. spreading risk. The types of containers observed in this study were water tubs, drums, buckets, refrigerator containers, dispenser containers, and other categories. There were 221 containers found containing &lt;em&gt;Aedes sp.&lt;/em&gt; larvae. Container types affected the presence of larvae with adjusted ORs of 2.779 (95% CI: 1.441-5.360) on buckets, 9.812 (95% CI: 1.249-77.051) on refrigerator holders, and 0.301 (95% CI: 0.147-0.617) on dispenser holders, while the other variables were constant. The spatial analysis found that many houses are at risk of dengue transmission within a radius of 100 m. The discovery of containers as potential breeding sites for &lt;em&gt;Aedes sp.&lt;/em&gt; provides a chance for an increase in dengue cases in Samarinda.

Two in One Electronic Energy and Water Saving Device

Abstract: Friends you must be knowing that each drop of water is essential for our life. As you know that the level of water is falling down day by day. Our teacher as well as friends advised to use water according to need, to wash the car we should use less water use bucket of water instead of using shower while bathing. These days we use R.O systems in our homes instead of throwing away the waste water we must use it for watering the plants. Friends as you know that there are many type of air coolers in the market. They are cheaper than Air conditioners and gives clean air. With the help of this device our Ozone layer does not get affected. And our government also asked the citizens to use electricity carefully. To solve this problem, I have prepared this project Two in One Electronic - Energy and Water saving device

Wilder on Teaching

Wilder on Teaching

Design and analysis of Analytical Model of an Archimedes Screw Turbine

For centuries, Archimedean screws have been used to pump water, but mainly for that purpose. In recent decades, there has looked to be an increase in interest in using them as hydro turbines to produce electricity. While Archimedean screws are highly adapted that are used as pumps, research is currently being conducted to determine the characteristics that provide the highest performance when used as turbines. This study provides a simple but effective method for designing an Archimedean screw that may be used as a turbine. The methods for estimating the screw's outer diameter and efficiency are the most essential ones implemented in this study. The optimum of the power produced is the requirement applied for determining diameter. The diameter must be calculated by estimating the volume of the water buckets that develop between the screw blades. Although an analytical formula for this volume is nearly hard to discover, a rough approximation may be easily found. This preliminary estimate is then corrected using regression of data from turbines that are already operating at high efficiency. Finally, the rotational speed is then calculated depending on whether the rated discharge can pass through the turbine at the specified speed.

Community Behavior Patterns That Influence The Causes of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in The Pondok Petir Elementary Region

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the bite of the Aedes Aegypti mosquito infected with one of the four types of dengue virus with clinical manifestations of fever, muscle aches, and/or joint pain accompanied by leukopenia, rash, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia and hemorrhagic diathesis. In dengue hemorrhagic fever, plasma leakage occurs which is characterized by hemoconcentration (increased hematocrit) or fluid accumulation in body cavities (World Health Organization). Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Penyakit (DHF) is still one of the main public health problems in Indonesia. The number of sufferers and the area of ​​spread of DHF is increasing along with the increase in mobility and population density, especially in tropical and sub-tropical areas (Kemenkes RI, 2010). At the beginning of 2019, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) again increased in several areas, even becoming an Extraordinary Event (KLB) status. In January 2019 there were 15,132 DHF sufferers with 145 people dying in 34 provinces. This figure is twice as high as the figure at the end of January 2018 which recorded 6,167 DHF sufferers with 43 people dying. To find out the behavioral factors of DHF disease in the community in the Pondok Petir sub-district area in 2020. Research Setting: According to data in 2019, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has increased again in several areas, even becoming an Extraordinary Event (KLB) status. In January 2019 there were 15,132 DHF sufferers with 145 people dying in 34 provinces. This figure is twice as high as the figure at the end of January 2018 which recorded 6,167 DHF sufferers with 43 people dying. East Java, West Java, and DKI Jakarta are the three provinces that experienced an increase in the number of dengue cases compared to the previous year. This research uses the Simple Random Sampling technique. This study studied the incidence of dengue in children to adults (dependent variable), with respondent characteristics (age, history of dengue disease), counseling (knowledge), attitudes (family attitudes), and behavioral patterns (behavior of health workers, rarely monitoring larvae). mosquitoes, distribution of abate powder, fogging activities), and increasing community participation in dengue prevention (independent variable). To obtain the data, an in-depth interview and document review approach was conducted with the community at Pondok Petir. This research was conducted at Pondok Petir, South Tangerang in June 2021. The sub-categories in this study were DHF, Age, History of DHF, Knowledge, Family Attitude, Behavioral Patterns, Behavioral Patterns of Health Workers, Rarely Monitoring Mosquito Larvae, Distribution of Abate Powder, Fogging Activities, Facilities, Facilities, Increased Participation Society in Dengue Prevention. It takes a lot of education to the people of Pondok Petir to make people aware of the importance of knowing about DHF. The most effective and efficient prevention of dengue fever to date is the Mosquito Nest Eradication (PSN) activity using 3M Plus, namely: 1) Draining, is cleaning places that are often used as water reservoirs such as bathtubs, water buckets, water reservoirs drinking water, water reservoirs, refrigerators, etc. 2) Closing, namely closing water reservoirs such as drums, jugs, water towers, and so on; and 3) Reusing or recycling used goods that have the potential to become breeding grounds for dengue-transmitting mosquitoes.

Exploring the Face Validity of the Pain Numeric Rating Scale Among Healthcare Providers.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare providers (HCPs) use the numeric rating scale (NRS) under the assumption that it provides reliable information from which to make decisions regarding analgesic administration. METHODS: We explored the face validity of the NRS using a prospective single-blinded observational design. Pre and post NRS scores were obtained from HCPs who submerged their hand in a bucket of ice water (pain stimulus). RESULTS: Despite a consistent similar pain source, individual HCPs rated their pain very differently (range, 2-10), and there was a significant difference in self-estimated pain tolerance (μ = 7.06 [SD, 1.43]) and actual pain scores (μ = 6.35 [SD, 2.2]; t = 4.08, P < .001). CONCLUSION: The findings indicate a limitation in the face validity of the NRS. The high variance in NRS scores reaffirms the subjectivity of pain perception and brings into question the utility of using NRS scores when determining analgesic dosages.

A Valuable Bucket of Cold Water

Watching Anderson, Broderick, and Stoddard’s (2020) American Association of Geographers plenary was like taking a bucket of cold water in the face in the morning: a shock to the system, but a great...

Design considerations for an Archimedean screw hydro turbine

Archimedean screws have been used for centuries, but only for pumping water. In the last decades, a growing interest appeared to also use them as hydro turbines for electricity generation. While Archimedean screws are already well optimized for working as pumps, studies are still carried out to identify those parameters that assure the best performances when they operate as turbines. This paper proposes a simple yet efficient procedure for the design of an Archimedean screw operating as a turbine. The most important formulas proposed in the paper are those for calculating the outer diameter and the rotational speed of the screw. The condition imposed for finding the diameter is the maximization of the torque produced. The calculation of the diameter requires to estimate the volume of the water buckets that form between the blades of the screw. It is practically impossible to find an analytical formula for this volume, but a rough estimate can be found easily. This rough estimate is corrected afterwards based on regression of data available for turbines that already operate with good efficiencies. The rotational speed is then determined based on the condition that the rated discharge can run through the turbine operating at the rated speed.

Taming the Bubble

Taming the Bubble