Bucket Of Water Research Articles

A supersolid rotation

Quantum Gases When a bucket of water is rotated, the water rotates with the vessel, contributing to the total moment of inertia. If such an experiment were done with a superfluid, it would decouple from the vessel and would not contribute to rotation. Tanzi et al. studied an intermediate case, a supersolid, which is predicted to only partially decouple, resulting in a moment of inertia smaller than the classical value. Whereas previous such experiments were done with helium, the authors used a gas of highly magnetic dysprosium atoms in an optical trapping potential that was suddenly changed, causing the gas to oscillate. Measuring the frequency of these oscillations provides evidence for a reduced moment of inertia. Science , this issue p. [1162][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aba4309

Evidence of superfluidity in a dipolar supersolid from nonclassical rotational inertia.

A key manifestation of superfluidity in liquids and gases is a reduction of the moment of inertia under slow rotations. Nonclassical rotational effects have also been considered in the context of the elusive supersolid phase of matter, in which superfluidity coexists with a lattice structure. Here, we show that the recently discovered supersolid phase in dipolar quantum gases features a reduced moment of inertia. Using a dipolar gas of dysprosium atoms, we studied a peculiar rotational oscillation mode in a harmonic potential, the scissors mode, previously investigated in ordinary superfluids. From the measured moment of inertia, we deduced a superfluid fraction that is different from zero and of order of unity, providing direct evidence of the superfluid nature of the dipolar supersolid.

The Effect of Water Flavor on Voluntary Water Intake in Hospitalized Horses

Hospitalized horses are at risk for colic due to several factors, all of which may reduce voluntary water intake (VWI) further contributing to the development of colic during hospitalization. Our objectives were to determine if using flavored water (sweet feed, peppermint, or apple-flavored electrolyte) increases VWI of hospitalized horses and to determine if horses consumed more flavored water versus plain water. We hypothesized that (1) in hospitalized horses the availability of flavored water results in more VWI than the availability of unflavored water and that (2) average intake of flavored water is larger for flavored versus unflavored within the experimental (flavored) group. Four groups of hospitalized horses (n = 10/group) were recruited. All horses were provided two buckets of water. Control horses were provided two buckets of plain water. The other three groups were provided one bucket of plain water and one bucket of flavored water (sweet feed, peppermint, or a commercial apple-flavored electrolyte). The total and the flavor-specific water consumed was recorded during a 72-hour period. There was weak evidence to suggest that the use of flavored water increases median total water intake of hospitalized horses by a factor of 1.76 [95% CI: 0.98 to 3.11] for sweet feed (P = .05) and 1.85 [95% CI: 1.03 to 3.33] for peppermint (P = .04). The results strongly supported that horses consumed more sweet feed–flavored water (27.0 mL/kg/day [95% CI: 14.6 to 39.3] more water) compared with plain water (P = .0001).

The Typology of Christ the Good Shepherd iconography in the Early Christian and West European art of the 15-17th centuries

The purpose of the article is to trace the peculiarities of the development of Christ the Good Shepherd iconography from the samples of the Early Christian Era (3-4th centuries) to later interpretations in the West European art of 15-17th centuries. Scientific novelty. the article is the first attempt to unify and comprehend the iconography of Christ the Good Shepherd at all stages of its development, including an allegorical image originated from the ancient prototype and symbolical depiction of Jesus Christ with a lamb on his back popular in the West European art of 15-17th centuries. Methodology. The work on the article was studied with the use of the method of formal art analysis. The symbolism of the works in terms of their sacral meaning was studied with the use of the iconographic method. The hermeneutical method was used for outlining the origin and development of the iconography of Christ the Good Shepherd from the viewpoint of the controversy between Christianity and Paganism, Catholicism, and Protestantism. Conclusions: Based on the images of the early Christian period and West European art of the 15-17th centuries, four types of images were singled out: 1. A Good Shepherd as a barefaced young man with the lamb on his back; 2. The barefaced young shepherd with a crook, harp, or bucket of water standing next to the flock of sheep; 3. Jesus Christ as the Pantocrator, an adult man with the lamb on his back; 4. Jesus resurrected, often bare, with the wounds on his legs and arms, with the lamb on his shoulders.

Service constraints and willingness to pay in community-managed water supply services in Ghana

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to support the development of effective strategies that enhance community water supply systems. The study examined service constraints and willingness to pay for better services in community-managed water supply services using empirical evidence from beneficiaries of a small-town water supply system in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachA survey design of both descriptive and exploratory research is adopted, the descriptive survey handles the quantitative aspect, while the exploratory survey handles the qualitative aspect. The authors collected data using a structured survey questionnaire from 387 beneficiaries who were public standpipe and domestic users. Descriptive statistics, Kendall's coefficient of concordance and Cragg's two-step model were the methods of analysis employed.FindingsThe respondents ranked lack of capacity (managerial) as the topmost constraint of the community-managed water system. The findings indicate that 57% of the beneficiaries were not willing to pay, whiles 43% were willing to pay. Also, results from Cragg's two-step regression model indicate that different sets of factors affect willingness-to-pay and amount-to-pay decisions. The study revealed that while a willingness-to-pay decision is influenced by income, education, marital status and customer service, the estimated-amount-to-pay decision is more influenced by income and education.Originality/valueBuilding on the empirical evidence, the findings indicated that the water and sanitation management team can increase the current fee of GH¢ 5.00/1 m3 (≈US$ 0.87) by increasing beneficiaries charge for a bucket of water from GH¢ 0.10p (≈US$ 0.017) to GH¢ 0.21p (≈US$ 0.036) for better services within the community. Importantly, the additional charge should take into consideration income and education which were noted to significantly influence the beneficiary's amount-to-pay decision for better services in the community-managed water supply system.

A simple demonstration of shear-flow instability

We describe a simple classroom demonstration of a fluid-dynamic instability. The demonstration requires only a bucket of water, a piece of string, and some used tealeaves or coffee grounds. We argue that the mechanism for the instability, at least in its later stages, is two-dimensional barotropic (shear-flow) instability and we present evidence in support of this. We show results of an equivalent basic two-dimensional numerical non-linear model, which simulates behavior comparable to that observed in the bucket demonstration. Modified simulations show that the instability does not depend on the curvature of the domain, but rather on the velocity profile.

Flooding-induced mortality of loggerhead sea turtle eggs

Abstract ContextMarine turtle eggs incubate in dynamic beaches, where they are vulnerable to both saltwater and freshwater flooding. Understanding the capacity for marine turtle eggs to tolerate flooding will aid management efforts to predict and mitigate the impacts of climate change, including sea-level rise and increases in coastal flooding. AimsEvaluate the interactive effects of flooding duration and incubation stage on the hatching success of loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) eggs. MethodsGroups of 20 eggs from multiple clutches were incubated in plastic containers in a beach hatchery. Eggs at six stages of incubation (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7 weeks post-oviposition) were excavated from the hatchery and exposed to saltwater or freshwater flooding for seven durations of time (0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 24 or 48h). Containers of eggs were either submerged in a bucket of water or left outside of the bucket (control; no flooding) for their designated duration, allowed to drain, then reburied in the hatchery. Following hatchling emergence, the hatching success of each group of eggs was evaluated. Key resultsFreshly laid eggs and eggs on the verge of hatching exposed to any flooding and all eggs exposed to extended periods of flooding (24 and 48h) suffered complete mortality. Eggs at 20–80% development exposed to short periods of flooding (1–6h) maintained high hatching success that was statistically equivalent to control eggs, while eggs at <20% and >80% development exhibited significant decreases in hatching success. ConclusionsMarine turtle eggs in the middle of incubation can tolerate saltwater and freshwater flooding for up to 6h. Outside of this period or when flooding is longer, disruption of gas concentrations and osmotic gradients in the egg chamber can lead to embryonic mortality. These findings have reinforced concerns regarding the capacity for marine turtle populations to continue to function as rising sea levels and increases in coastal flooding alter the hydrology of nesting beaches. ImplicationsAs current and predicted climate change threatens the suitability of the incubation environment used by marine turtles, corrective actions to maximise hatching success need to be taken before the eggs are flooded.

A Survey on Drinking Water Contamination to Indicator Bacteria in Dairy Farms of Mashhad Suburb

BACKGROUND: Microbial quality of drinking water is very important in animal health. OBJECTIVES: The present survey was conducted to evaluate the microbial quality of cows' drinking water in dairy farms in Mashhad suburb, Iran, to find out defects in this field. METHODS: Water samples were taken from 30 farms and 4 sites including: Water tanks, inlet and outlet of bovine drinking troughs and calves’ water buckets in fall, 2018. The samples were put in sterile falcons, with keeping of the cold chain and immediately sent to the microbiological laboratory. Counting of fecal Streptococcus and Coliform in the specimens were performed by using pour plate and most probable number (MPN) methods, respectively.The contamination frequency of the samples to fecal Coliform and Escherichia coli were determined by using specific biochemical tests. The positive specimens in terms of E. coli were also detected for the presence of serotype O157: H7 by using PCR technique. RESULTS: According to the sampling sites, the contamination frequency with fecal Coliform and Strepto- coccus were recorded 30-100% and 20- 96.67%, respectively. The most frequency of contamination were observed in outlet of bovine drinking troughs. In 3.33% of samples, serotype O157 : H7 and in 6.67% of samples, undefined H7 serotype were diagnosed. There was no statistical significant difference in the level of bacterial contamination of drinking water due to the geographical location of farms (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:It was concluded that except for a limited number of farms, water tanks are relatively safe, while it is necessary to pay particular attention to the high contamination of outlet of bovine drinking troughs and water buckets of calves.

Norma: Participant 1,001 and the Value of Clinical Research.

Norma: Participant 1,001 and the Value of Clinical Research.

Water bucket colour preferences in horses

There is a general agreement that horses have dichromatic colour vision with similar capabilities to those of human beings with red-green colour deficiencies. However, whether colour perception has an impact on equine preference for drinking water and how pronounced the colour stimulus might be for horses is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the preference of horses for different coloured buckets (red, light green, yellow, green, light blue, turquoise) with different tones, in terms of lightness and darkness, measured by the amount of water consumed from each of them in an outdoor arena. Three Thoroughbred and 3 Haflinger horses were used in the study, and data were collected between 09:00 - 16:00 h. The results showed that the average water consumption during this period can reach up to 25.74 L (at an average environmental temperature of 27.35 °C), and significantly more water had been consumed from the turquoise-coloured bucket than from the other colours. It was also observed that the light toned colours (turquoise, light blue) were preferred to dark ones (green, yellow, red). It is suggested to use water buckets that are turquoise and light blue. Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between water consumption and colour vision.

Determination of water application rates required for communities to suppress post‐flashover informal settlement fires based on numerical modelling and experimental tests

SummaryFires originating in informal settlements (ie, slums, ghettos, shantytowns, squatter camps) spread rapidly, due to the presence of densely packed, highly combustible dwellings, thereby making these communities inherently susceptible to large conflagrations. By the time, the fire brigades are notified and can get to the scene of the fire, the resulting conflagrations can be large. Thus, it is necessary to equip communities with the ability to combat smaller fires, although it is acknowledged that this is not ideal. Previous full‐scale testing and firefighter experience have shown that water application through ‘bucket brigades’ can be very effective at suppressing fires. In this article, a model is developed for approximately quantifying the amount of water, and discharge rate, that is, required for communities to suppress fires of various sizes using bucket brigades. This is done to answer the question: based on the water supply infrastructure in an area could a community put out post‐flashover fires of certain sizes? If this is not feasible, it would highlight the importance of communities having readily available pre‐filled water buckets at homes. The model presented is developed in fire dynamics simulator and is calibrated based on full‐scale experiments utilizing the bucket brigade technique. It is shown that standpipe discharge rates of 23 to 40 lpm are suitable for fire sizes of around 3.85 MW, based on a dwelling size of 2.4 x 3.6 x 2.4 m. This means that in communities with a single stand‐pipe (water supply point) with flow rates less than 23 lpm, that fires greater than 3.85 MW (as produced by a home of 2.4 x 3.6 m with a timber fuel load of 25 kg/m2) cannot be suppressed in time without resulting in substantial fire spread to adjacent dwellings.

Unique 3D heterostructures assembled by quasi-2D Ni-MOF and CNTs for ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing of bisphenol A

Heterostructured materials constructed from different dimension of building blocks have drawn extensive interest for the integrated structural advantages of each individuals. In recent years, though various of carbon-based MOFs composites have been reported, novel hierarchical hybrids with unique morphology, structure and superior performance are still highly expected. In this study, quasi-2D Ni-based organic frames (Ni-MOF) nanosheets were easily obtained for the confinement effect of the cross-linked CNTs networks, and the Ni-MOF@CNTs hybrids with unique 3D heterostructures was then facilely in-situ prepared at room temperature. Benefiting from the large specific surface area of Ni-MOF, excellent conductivity of CNTs and the synergistic effect, the as-synthesized 3D Ni-MOF@CNTs hybrids showed superior electrochemical activity toward the oxidation and sensing of highly toxic environmental contaminant bisphenol A (BPA). Ultra-low detection limit of 0.35 nM and high sensitivity of 284.64 μA μM−1 cm-2 for BPA was achieved at the 3D Ni-MOF@CNTs sensing interface, and a practical electrochemical sensing platform was then successfully developed for the detection of BPA in various of real samples, including receipts, movie tickets, and polycarbonate water buckets, and showed satisfied result with chromatographic analysis.

Effectiveness of Tephrosia vogelii and Tephrosia candida Extracts against Common Bean Aphid (Aphis fabae) in Malawi

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) remain an important dietary protein source in Malawi. However, its production is highly hindered by insect pest and disease attack. The study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of Tephrosia vogelii and Tephrosia candida extracts against bean aphid (Aphis fabae). The evaluation involved two botanical extracts at three different concentrations (0.5%, 2%, and 5% w/v) against bean aphid. Plant extracts (leaves) were air-dried and milled. Powders were then soaked in a 2-litre plastic bucket of cold water. Results indicated that there was significant difference (P<0.05) among treatments. The effectiveness of the treatments was based on reduction in aphid population per plant, pod length, and bean yield. Pod length and bean yield were higher in T. vogelii and Karate as compared to untreated and T. candida. There was a high mortality rate of aphid on the plots treated with T. vogelii compared to plots treated with T. candida at the same concentration. Though these two plant extracts were not as effective as the synthetic insecticide in reducing aphid population, they were considerably and significantly found to be effective; hence, its use by poor-resource farmers is recommended in the protection of bean against aphid.

Accidental Drowning of Child or Maternal Filicide by Strangulation: A Case Report

Introduction: Filicide, defined as the deliberate act of a parent killing their own child, is not uncommon in India and usually occurs if the child is female. Females are killed off even before they are born, as they are considered to be a burden to the parents and family. The risk of a child being killed is highest during the first year of life. The child may be killed by the perpetrator by using knives, blunt objects, manual strangulation, poisoning and drowning. Case Details: A body of a seven months female was brought for autopsy with the alleged history of accidental fall in a bucket of water and subsequent drowning. On external examination multiple abraded dermal contusions were found on the neck along with one crescentic shaped abrasion. On dissection hematoma was present over the underlying muscles. Pulmonary findings were within normal limits. The mother declared that she was alone in the house with the child at the time of alleged drowning. Later after exhaustive police investigation, she confessed to murdering her daughter. She clarified that she was suffering from depression, marital discord and was apprehensive that the female child was only a financial burden to their family. Conclusion: The article discusses about the reasons that prompt a mother to kill her own child and if a female child is that much a burden to the family that she does not deserve even an iota of chance to live. Further research is needed to improve identification of children and mothers at risk. Suggestions for prevention are made based on current literature and the authors’ experience.

Climbing the water ladder in poor urban areas: Preferences for ‘limited’ and ‘basic’ water services in Accra, Ghana

While providing drinking water on premises to all citizens in urban areas may be desirable, economic and institutional challenges coupled with poverty, insecure tenure, and other barriers prevent many water utilities from providing private taps to all households. To meet growing water demand and fill gaps in service delivery, alternative forms of public water service provision are critical. We implemented a choice experiment in Nima-Maamobi, a poor, underserved urban settlement in Accra, Ghana, to investigate household preferences for public standpipes based on the basic and limited water service categories under the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme's new water ladder. We also elicited local preferences for potential service administrators of the standpipes. Choice responses provided by 344 respondents were analyzed using a generalized multinomial logit model. Households were willing to pay up to US$1.25 for a 20-liter bucket of safe drinkable water, which is consistent with the average household water expenditure in the study site. Households spend at least 22% of their monthly income on water. Households' willingness to pay varied according to alternative levels of accessibility, availability, and quality of water services. Households showed strong preferences for community-based committees and nongovernmental organizations over the current water utility and the municipal assembly. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.

The effect of fish meal and milkfish offal meal combination in different artificial feeds on growth and survival rate of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

The cost which spent for feed is about 50 – 70% of total component production. The method to reduce tiger shrimp production cost is using milkfish offal waste utilization as an alternative for feed substitution. This study used laboratory experimental method using completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications for each treatment. Each treatment used different milkfish offal meal (%) and fish meal (%) ratio, they were: 0%:60% (A), 20%:40% (B), 40%:20% (C), and 60%:0% (D). Feed was given four times a day at 08.00, 13.00, 17.00, and 23.00 about 8% of the shrimp biomass weight. The material used was juvenile tiger shrimp with 0.75 – 1.29 g of average biomass weight. Tiger shrimp maintained at 30 individuals of stock density in a bucket of water with 30 L volume and 30 ppt salinity. The results showed that crumble-shaped artificial feed with a different substitution percentage of milkfish offal meal had high significant effect (P<0.01) on Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Feed Utilization Efficiency, and had significant effect (P<0.05) on Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), but it had no significant effect (P>0.05) on survival rate (SR). The highest value of RGR was 4.90%/day in treatment B. The best PER and feed efficiency were 1.69 and 56.96% in treatment B. Survival rate of tiger shrimp ranged between 83.33 – 87.78%. The water quality was in decent condition for shrimp cultivation media. The conclusion is 20% milkfish offal meal substitution in the artificial feed provides the best growth and survival rate of shrimp.

A five-year review on death of 1-59 month children due to drowning in Hormozgan province

Background: Prevention of injury and incident should be recognized as an important means in the life of children. All communities are responsible for preventing child injuries. Safe and sustainable environment is a prerequisite for a healthy community. Children should be provided with highest levels of health. They should live in a safe environment. They are close to water as soon as they begin to live. But, despite the great benefits of water for the health and survival of children, it can be dangerous. Considering that drowning in Hormozgan province is one of the major causes of death due to unintentional injuries, we decided to study the five-year mortality rate of 1- to 59-month children due to drowning in order to resolve this matter with a proper planning. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive-analytic study performed to investigate the death of children aged 1-59 months due to drowning in Hormozgan province during 2013-2017. The data were collected by interviewingto answer to questionnaires’ items. The questionnaires were completed by a team after death in hospital ( intrahospital death) or at home (extrahospital death), questioning the family of the dead child. The data were analyzed by SPSS software and t-test. Results: Over the past five years, drowning after traffic incidents has been the most common cause of death due to unintentional accidents. Of 63 deaths due to drowning, 19 cases happened in pools (30.1%), 14 in natural water resources (22.2%), 10 in the water buckets (15.9%), 7 in the agricultural water ponds (11.1%), 6 in tub (9.5%), 3 in wastewater wells (4.8%), 3 in yard's water storage (4.8%), and 1 in gasoline reservoirs at home (1.6%). Conclusions: Sensitizing families, NGOs and policymakers seems to be very effective in preventing drowning in children. Therefore, it should be considered as a health priority in the country.

Simulation of improper food hygiene practices: A quantitative assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus distribution

Kitchen mishandling practices contribute to a large number of foodborne illnesses. In this study, the transfer and cross-contamination potential of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from bloody clams to ready-to-eat food (lettuce) was assessed. Three scenarios were investigated: 1) direct cross-contamination, the transfer of V. parahaemolyticus from bloody clams to non-food contact surfaces (hands and kitchen utensils) to lettuce (via slicing), was evaluated; 2) perfunctory decontamination, the efficacy of two superficial cleaning treatments: a) rinsing in a pail of water, and b) wiping with a kitchen towel, were determined; and 3) secondary cross-contamination, the microbial transfer from cleaning residuals (wash water or stained kitchen towel) to lettuce was assessed. The mean of percent transfer rates through direct contact was 3.6%, and an average of 3.5% of total V. parahaemolyticus was recovered from sliced lettuce. The attempted treatments reduced the transferred population by 99.0% (rinsing) and 94.5% (wiping), and the relative amount of V. parahaemolyticus on sliced lettuce was reduced to 0.008%. V. parahaemolyticus exposure via secondary cross-contamination was marginal. The relative amount of V. parahaemolyticus recovered from washed lettuce was 0.07%, and the transfers from stained kitchen towel to lettuce were insubstantial. Our study highlights that V. parahaemolyticus was readily spread in the kitchen, potentially through sharing of non-food contact surfaces. Results from this study can be used to better understand and potentially raising the awareness of proper handling practices to avert the spread of foodborne pathogens.

The relational emergence of community and technology through the politics of water use

ABSTRACTIncreasing water scarcity intensifies research interest in water-saving practices afforded by different water technologies. In community gardens, socio-technical water assemblages are visible and therefore they make insightful how water use norms and expectations materialise through technology. This article discusses how water use is shaped through the emergence of technologies and community relationships. It draws on participant observation and 25 walking interviews conducted at three community gardens in Sydney, Australia. In these gardens, different technologies – such as water tanks, taps and buckets – are in place for water collection, distribution and use. The study shows that water practices emerge in relation to various technological, community and environmental conditions. Water use entangles with circumstances such as the changing availability of water, time and technologies, and the proximity of gardeners’ homes to the garden. The research shows that people express community relationships through their use of private and communal water technologies, and that they are guided in this by feelings of guilt over wastefulness and their commitment to different gardening objectives. Together these circumstances and relationships shape water-saving practices that allow gardeners to express community mindedness by sharing water with others, while also working towards their individual gardening goals.

Termination of the ice bucket challenge

ABSTRACTThe ice bucket challenge is a social game aimed at encouraging donations to the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis association. The rules imply that each participant challenges each recruited follower to dump a bucket of ice water on his or her head. The network of who has nominated whom has a tree structure. The short duration of the ice bucket challenge is explained by using the reproduction number , under the assumption that the capacity to recruit followers varies with the participant. The epidemic lasts until the interruption of the transmission tree occurring well before the depletion of susceptible followers. Such a tree is reconstructed from publicly available contact data and the interest in this game.