Bubble Devices Research Articles

Designing and Constructing a Skyrmion Diode Device via Antiferromagnetic Exchange Bias Engineering

AbstractMagnetic skyrmions are topologically protected spin textures with nanoscale dimensions. They hold great promises as the building blocks for new generations of racetrack memories and computing devices due to their prominent properties. However, skyrmionic devices fabricated within the framework of conventional lithography usually suffer from magnetic disorders at material boundaries where spin disorders can easily pin and destroy magnetic skyrmions. In the present work, a new paradigm is demonstrated that enables the precise patterning and control of micro‐scale skyrmion bubble devices using the domain walls rather than the physical boundaries of the material. Such a paradigm patterns the background magnetic domain to stage the skyrmion motion, which is precise, reconfigurable, nondestructive, and can resolve the conventional issues introduced by disorders. This paradigm is demonstrated by implementing a skyrmion diode using a precisely patterned asymmetric racetrack defined by magnetic domains. The interaction between a moving skyrmion and the staging domain walls is well understood by both skyrmion motion experiments and micromagnetic simulations. Such a new paradigm serves as a crucial foundation for device applications of magnetic skyrmions in general.

РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ ПНЕВМАТИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРЕМЕШИВАЮЩЕГО УСТРОЙСТВА

The article analyzes the features of the use of pneumatic mixing in the chemical industry, the ad-vantages and disadvantages of this method. The basic designs of equipment for pneumatic mix-ing and its calculation are considered. A variant of reconstruction of a pneumatic mixing device in a reactor for bitumen production is being considered to improve the quality of mixing and re-duce energy and material costs. Instead of a tubular bubbling device, it is proposed to use a gas-lift type device

Development of Monitoring Parameters of Oxygen Concentration, Oxygen Flow Rate, Temperature and Humidity in IoT-Based CPAP Bubble (Oxygen and Humidity Concentration)

Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is a device to maintain positive pressure in the neonate's airway as long as it can breathe spontaneously. FiO2 percentage, flowmeter, humidifier mode, PEEP depth are parameters that must be set for oxygen therapy using a cpap bubble device, but this tool has minimal monitoring. It has been developed by several previous researchers but has several shortcomings, namely there is no digital result display, no measurement of oxygen rate, oxygen concentration, temperature and humidity. The purpose of this research is to design a parameter monitoring tool on the cpap bubble so that it can monitor the baby's condition in real time and can be used as an indicator of achieving the desired concentration setting. The contribution in this study is a monitoring system or remote monitoring so that nurses and doctors can monitor the baby's condition even though they are not accompanying him. In order to facilitate the process of monitoring and diagnosing patients, a parameter monitoring tool on the cpap bubble based on the Internet of Things is made with notifications on telegrams so that patients can be treated quickly. The design of this tool uses OCS-3f as a sensor for detecting oxygen concentration and DHT22 as a sensor for detecting humidity. The output of oxygen and humidity concentrations is then processed by the ESP32 microcontroller into the ADC pin. Data that has been processed from analog sensor data into digital data on the ESP32 is then sent to the https://thinger.io site using the internet network via the wifi module contained in the ESP32 module build-in. In measuring positioned in the settings of 21% to 95%. The largest error value obtained is 4.6% and the smallest is 0.04%.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПНЕВМАТИЧЕСКИХ ПЕРЕМЕШИВАЮЩИХ УСТРОЙСТВ

A variant of reconstruction of a pneumatic mixing device in a reactor for bitumen production is being considered to improve the quality of mixing and reduce energy and material costs. Instead of a tubular bubbling device, it is proposed to use a gas-lift type device

Bubble devices versus other pressure sources for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants.

Several types of pressure sources, including underwater bubble devices, mechanical ventilators, and the Infant Flow Driver, are used for providing continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to preterm infants with respiratory distress. It is unclear whether the use of bubble CPAP versus other pressure sources is associated with lower rates of CPAP treatment failure, or mortality and other morbidity. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and harms of bubble CPAP versus other pressure sources (mechanical ventilators or Infant Flow Driver) for reducing treatment failure and associated morbidity and mortality in newborn preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2023, Issue 1); MEDLINE (1946 to 6 January 2023), Embase (1974 to 6 January 2023), Maternity & Infant Care Database (1971 to 6 January 2023), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (1982 to 6 January 2023). We searched clinical trials databases and the reference lists of retrieved articles. We included randomised controlled trials comparing bubble CPAP with other pressure sources (mechanical ventilators or Infant Flow Driver) for the delivery of nasal CPAP to preterm infants. We used standard Cochrane methods. Two review authors separately evaluated trial quality, extracted data, and synthesised effect estimates using risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD), and mean difference. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence for effects on treatment failure, all-cause mortality, neurodevelopmental impairment, pneumothorax, moderate-severe nasal trauma, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We included 15 trials involving a total of 1437 infants. All trials were small (median number of participants 88). The methods used to generate the randomisation sequence and ensure allocation concealment were unclear in about half of the trial reports. Lack of measures to blind caregivers or investigators was a potential source of bias in all of the included trials. The trials took place during the past 25 years in care facilities internationally, predominantly in India (five trials) and Iran (four trials). The studied pressure sources were commercially available bubble CPAP devices versus a variety of mechanical ventilator (11 trials) or Infant Flow Driver (4 trials) devices. Meta-analyses suggest that the use of bubble CPAP compared with mechanical ventilator or Infant Flow Driver CPAP may reduce the rate of treatment failure (RR 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60 to 0.95; (I² = 31%); RD -0.05, 95% CI -0.10 to -0.01; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome 20, 95% CI 10 to 100; 13 trials, 1230 infants; low certainty evidence). The type of pressure source may not affect mortality prior to hospital discharge (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.36 (I² = 0%); RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.02; 10 trials, 1189 infants; low certainty evidence). No data were available on neurodevelopmental impairment. Meta-analysis suggests that the pressure source may not affect the risk of pneumothorax (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.34 (I² = 0%); RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.01; 14 trials, 1340 infants; low certainty evidence). Bubble CPAP likely increases the risk of moderate-severe nasal injury (RR 2.29, 95% CI 1.37 to 3.82 (I² = 17%); RD 0.07, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.11; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome 14, 95% CI 9 to 33; 8 trials, 753 infants; moderate certainty evidence). The pressure source may not affect the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.10 (I² = 0%); RD -0.04, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.01; 7 trials, 603 infants; low certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Given the low level of certainty about the effects of bubble CPAP versus other pressure sources on the risk of treatment failure and most associated morbidity and mortality for preterm infants, further large, high-quality trials are needed to provide evidence of sufficient validity and applicability to inform context- and setting-relevant policy and practice.

Anisotropic Optical and Mechanical Properties in Few‐Layer GaPS4

AbstractLow‐symmetry 2D materials have received tremendous attention due to their anisotropic optical, electrical, and mechanical properties and viable candidates for polarized photodetectors, anisotropic field‐effect transistors, and nanomechanical systems. Here, an interesting low‐symmetry 2D material (GaPS4) is reported and its in‐plane anisotropic structure, optical, and mechanical properties are investigated. The polarized Raman and absorption spectra prove the sensitivity of GaPS4 to crystalline orientation and linear dichroism. The experimental results of azimuth‐dependent reflectance difference microscopy can visually reveal the in‐plane optical anisotropy of GaPS4 flakes. Moreover, an interesting pressurized bubble method is designed to verify the anisotropic mechanical properties of GaPS4 flakes and saddle‐like bubble devices of GaPS4 are successfully fabricated. The saddle‐like bubble devices exhibit visual anisotropic deflection variations along the orthogonal direction. Kelvin probe force microscope enables the direct identifying of the surface potential distribution of bubble devices under strain. Interest would be excited in the anisotropic optical and mechanical properties and relevant device applications of low‐symmetry 2D materials.

Efficiency of liquid cooling in a turbulent bubbling layer on strainer plates

THE PURPOSE. Consider and solve the problem of determining the heat and mass exchange efficiency and design characteristics of bubble strainer plates during liquid phase cooling and gas heating. Simulate the process of contact evaporative cooling of water with air in turbulent bubble layer under foam mode.METHODS. The approach is used using heat and mass exchange numbers of transfer units, where coefficients of heat and mass transfer are calculated by criteria expressions or mathematical model. A differential equation for heat exchange in the liquid phase with an inter-phase heat source and a balance equation is written.RESULTS. There are known assumptions about the ideal displacement of the gas phase by the height of the gas-liquid layer. The article considers specific cases of recording of heat exchange equation in the form of cell model of liquid phase flow structure. The algorithm of determination of thermodynamic parameters at cooling water by air with calculation of profiles of water and air temperatures along the length of strained plate is given. Examples of calculation of temperature of cooled water and heated air with different flow structure and comparison with the similar process on the cooling tower model with regular mesh nozzle are shown. The conclusions about the effectiveness of bubble and nozzle devices are made. The presented mathematical model and calculation algorithm can be used in the design or modernization of barbotage devices in various industries and energy.

Effects of micro‐nano bubble aerated irrigation and levels of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen accumulation and metabolism in super rice

AbstractMicro‐nano bubble aerated irrigation (MNBI) is an innovative technology that generates nano‐diameter bubbles in irrigation water via a micro‐nano bubble device. In this study, pot experiments with three different nitrogen level treatments under conventional irrigation and MNBI were conducted to investigate the effects of MNBI and nitrogen application levels on rice yield, nitrogen accumulation and utilization. The results showed that MNBI promoted rice yields by increasing the seed setting rate compared to conventional irrigation, and nitrogen accumulation was positively correlated with nitrogen application but significantly increased by MNBI due to the increased root growth and activity. Furthermore, the activity of key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase, significantly increased under MNBI at a nitrogen level of 225 kg ha−1. In conclusion, with the elevation of nitrogen application, MNBI improved rice yields and nitrogen accumulation and utilization, indicating that nitrogen and MNBI synergistically enhanced rice yields. Thus, the results provide the basis for efficient and high‐yielding super rice cultivation.

Comparison of the Effects of Ultrasonic and Ball Milling on Red Mud Desulfurization

Red mud desulfurization is an environmentally friendly desulfurization technology. After desulfurization, the acidity of red mud slurry continues to be neutralized for processing new red mud, and no waste acid is generated. At present, there is a lack of research on desulfurization intensification in external fields, etc. To further enhance red mud desulfurization, this paper used an SO2 detector, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to compare and analyze red mud desulfurization under the action of ball mill and ultrasonic external fields. In this study, experiments were conducted using a bubbling and stirring reactor device. The results showed that the suitable red mud slurry concentration was 10 g/L. The raw red mud desulfurization (without external field condition) could reach 100% absorption in the first 25 min, and the desulfurization rate dropped to 81.3% at 80 min. The mechanism of red mud desulfurization was investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), XRF, and infrared spectroscopy. Under the action of the external field of the ball mill, the red mud particles could be refined to prolong the desulfurization time. The red mud after ball milling could reach 100% absorption within 33 min. Under the thermal effect of the ultrasound, 100% absorption could only be achieved within 23 min. From the desulfurization effect and XRF results, it was found that the ball mill was more suitable for promoting red mud desulfurization in the bubbling and stirring reactor.

A Brief Analysis of a New Device to Prevent Early Intubation in Hypoxemic Patients: An Observational Study

The need for mechanical ventilation is one of the main concerns related to the care of patients with COVID-19. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a bubble device for oxygen supplementation. This device was implemented for the selected patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 pneumonia with persistent low oxygen saturation. Patients were selected in three major COVID-19 hospitals of Bahia state in Brazil from July to November 2020, where they remained with the device for seven days and were monitored for different factors, such as vital signs, oximetry evaluation, and arterial blood gasometry. Among the 51 patients included in the study, 68.63% successfully overcame hypoxemia without the necessity to be transferred to mechanical ventilation, whereas 31.37% required tracheal intubation (p value < 0.05). There was no difference of note on the analysis of the clinical data, chemistry, and hematological evaluation, with the exception of the SpO2 on follow-up days. Multivariate analysis revealed that the independent variable, male sex, SpO2, and non-inhaled mask, was associated with the necessity of requiring early mechanical ventilation. We concluded that this bubble device should be a prior step to be utilized before indication of mechanical ventilation in patients with persistent hypoxemia of severe COVID-19 pneumonia.

Analysis of Changes in Flow Setting Against Rise Time Using Gas Board 7500E Sensor on Bubble CPAP

Respiratory distress in neonates is one of the biggest problems encountered on a daily basis. Respiratory distress looks like rapid breathing in a newborn. CPAP Bubble is the right treatment in this case. Rise time is the time for airway pressure to reach the maximum standard value. A fast time value can make it possible to bring the breath pressure to a standard level. This study aims to analyze changes in setting flow to rise time using a gasboard sensor 7500E on a CPAP bubble device. The main advantage of this proposed method is that the results are displayed in the form of graphics, portable and there is data storage. This design uses a Gasboard 7500E sensor as a detector of oxygen concentration, a TFT LCD as a graphic display and an SD Card as data storage. The data collection is in the form of the average rise time of oxygen concentration followed by changes in its rate. Data were taken five times with three different CPAPs. The results showed that the increase in the rate affect the rise time of the CPAP oxygen concentration.

Failure Analysis of Asphalt Foaming Device Based on FEMA and FTA

The FMEA method is a bottom-up method, and the FTA method is a top-down method. This paper proposes to combine the two methods, using the complementarity of the FMEA method and the FTA method, and targeting the innovative product- The six subsystems of the bubble device perform fault analysis, grasp the key parts of the fault, and propose corresponding solutions based on a comprehensive analysis of the fault. The analysis results show that the failures of the asphalt foaming device mainly occur before and during the asphalt foaming. The FMEA table reflects that the RPN value of the two failure factors of the blockage of the asphalt pipeline and the blockage of the water nozzle is the largest. The three failure factors with the highest severity level (SER) are heater damage, motor damage and PLC control device failure.

Design and optimization of bioreactor to boost carbon dioxide assimilation in RuBisCo-equipped Escherichia coli

Global warming is a surging issue that has provoked the demand of green process to mitigate carbon dioxide. In this context, RuBisCo-equipped Escherichia coli has first developed and evaluated the CO2-assimiliable capability based on the mass balance in three devices: Flask-based in CO2 incubator (FIC), two-layered device (TLD) and CO2 bubbling device (CBD) systematically. With the forced diffusion of 5% CO2 in CBD, which confers an efficient attack of CO2 to RuBisCo, the CO2 assimilation increased from −5.03 to −2.63 g-CO2/g-DCW. Furthermore, boosted CO2 assimilation ability was observed by co-expression of GroELS chaperone with 71% reduction on CO2 release. By DNA sequencing and tandem MS/MS analysis, the toxicity of RuBisCo and PRK was identified to interfere the sugar metabolism and energy producing, while the cell morphology was changed and observed in RuBisCo-equipped E. coli. Our study provides a new perspective of higher CO2 assimilation for sustainable to eco-friendly green bioprocess.

Optimization Design of Electrically-Induced Bubble Device for Intraocular Treatment

Optimization Design of Electrically-Induced Bubble Device for Intraocular Treatment

A Mathematical Model and Design Calculation of a Thermal Deaerator with a Bubbling Storage Tank

A mathematical model of mass transfer in an atmospheric bubbling deaerator storage tank at thermal power stations (TPS) to calculate the removal efficiency of dissolved gases from water is considered. For mathematical simulation and calculation of the deaerator efficiency, a system of differential equations of mass and heat transfer is written in a local form for the liquid phase of the layer with volume interphase sources of mass and heat. Mass transfer of the dissolved gases from water to the vapor phase is taken into account using volume interphase sources and the balance equations. Parameters of the interphase sources and correlations for calculating the eddy viscosity of the liquid phase depending on bubbling conditions are given. Results from the system of equations' numerical solution are presented and compared with the available experimental data on the final concentration of dissolved oxygen at the deaerator outlet. Curves of the efficiency of dissolved oxygen removal depending on the operating conditions and design characteristics of the bubbling process are presented, and scientific-and-engineering solutions have been developed to upgrade the bubbling storage tank. It has been found that an increase in gas velocity sharply raises the deaeration efficiency to a certain value (depending on the specified initial parameters), and the efficiency growth is then retarded. Similarly, increasing the length of a bubbling device improves the efficiency in removal of dissolved oxygen from water. One of the causes of a decrease in the water deaeration efficiency is likely to be back mixing of the flow. Upgrading of the deaerator tank is in the installation of perforated baffles across the flow to considerably reduce back mixing of the liquid phase. This increases the driving force of mass transfer, and its efficiency improves by five to 20% depending on the steam velocity. The presented mathematical model can be generalized to a wide range of bubbling apparatuses with a high two-phase layer.

The bioreactor with use of impeller mixers for cultivation of biomass of microalgas

Cultivation of microalgas gains popularity in the different countries in recent years. As a result of such intensive development of production the extensive experience in constructioning of various types of bioreactors was gained. The bioreactor for cultivation of microalgas having the cylindrical housing divided by horizontal partitions into sections for input and output of cultural liquid and additional section with an internal specular surface, the bubble device and gate stirrers fixed on blades, the rigidly bound to shaft is developed. Planetary rotation of gate stirrers concerning a shaft creates additional turbulization of the environment, provides alignment of concentration of cells of biomass, prevents emergence of hold-up spots, a premature deposition of cages of culture on the bottom of the device and increases efficiency of cultivation of microalgas. In the main section suspension of a microalga is exposed to the uniform light energy by means of coaxially established filament lamp of a daylight and to reflection of light from an internal specular surface of a housing. In the course of irradiating the filament lamp distinguishes warmth which is compensated by supply of the cooling air the Main difference from other bioreactors the impeller mixer fixed to a shaft in the bottom of a housing, preventing stratifying of the biomass pulp leaving more heavy is obespechivashchy full circulation of cultural liquid in the bottom of the device as in the horizontal, and vertical planes, at minimum mechanical energy consumptions. This device allows to create additional turbulization of the environment, to provide the uniform aeration, decrease in a power consumption on supply of steam-and-gas mixture in a collector, to prevent formation of "stagnant" zones in the bottom of the device.

Development of electrically-induced bubble device for establishment of a method for direct removal of the blood clots in the eye

Development of electrically-induced bubble device for establishment of a method for direct removal of the blood clots in the eye

Research for Treatment of Retinal vein occlusion by Electrical-induced Bubble Device

Research for Treatment of Retinal vein occlusion by Electrical-induced Bubble Device

Characterization of the underwater welding arc bubble through a visual sensing method

To evaluate the effectiveness of arc bubble, the influences of controllable arc bubble on the process stability and microstructural evolution of welded joint under different welding conditions were investigated. The main welding conditions, including onshore welding, conventional underwater wet welding (UWW) and mechanical constraint assisted UWW (MC-UWW), were characterized and compared. The exerted mechanical constraint resists the arc bubble detachment and keeps the larger arc bubble attached to the weld pool surface for providing better protective effect of welding region. The adverse effect of surrounding water with its higher heat conduction is not negligible compared with onshore welding, and the mechanical coupling between arc bubble and constraint device plays a vital role in affecting the arc stability and joint quality. Microstructure analyses revealed that under the same welding parameters, the proportion of brittle microstructure in weld metal follows the order: UWW > MC-UWW > onshore welding. A more stable wet welding process can be realized by controlling the arc bubble detachment, which provides a new orientation for wet welding technique application.

Phase change behavior and kinetics of CO2 absorption into DMBA/DEEA solution in a wetted-wall column

Coal-fired flue gas is a major source of greenhouse gas CO2. Phase-change absorbents can be used to reduce energy consumption associated with regeneration during CO2 capture. In this study, N,N-dimethylbutylamine (DMBA) and N,N-dimethylbutylamine (DEEA) were mixed to develop phase-change absorbents, and the reaction kinetics of CO2 absorption in the absorbents were examined. A bubbling device was used to prepare phase-change absorbents with different CO2 loading levels. The physico-chemical parameters of the absorbents under different conditions were specified, and the changes in the CO2 loading of the upper and lower layers of the absorption solutions after a liquid–liquid separation were analyzed. A wetted-wall column was subsequently used to investigate the effects of temperature, CO2 loading, gas flow rate, and DMBA/DEEA composition ratio on CO2 absorption rate. This study determined that the flow velocity, reaction temperature, and CO2 loading affected the CO2 absorption rates to a certain extent. In addition, comparing the reactive properties of the 4M DMBA+2M DEEA and 2M DMBA+4M DEEA absorbents under the same experimental conditions revealed that the 4M DMBA+2M DEEA absorbent exhibited higher absorption rate and reaction stability. A kinetics model also indicated that the CO2 absorption of the phase-change absorbents used in this study was mainly affected by the liquid film diffusion process. This study contributes theoretically to the development of CO2 absorption technologies.