Bubalus Bubalis Research Articles

Potential utility of RSAD2 transcript and protein in early detection of pregnancy in buffaloes.

This study investigates a novel early pregnancy marker in water buffaloes, focusing on RSAD2 mRNA expression, known to be upregulated by interferon-tau (IFNT) during pregnancy. While RSAD2 is primarily recognized for its antiviral effect, we hypothesized its role as a conceptus-induced component in regulating pregnancy in buffaloes. Given its differential expression compared to other IFNT-induced genes in cows, RSAD2 may serve as a biomarker for early pregnancy detection in buffaloes. RNA, cDNA, and plasma samples were obtained from archived samples collected before insemination (d0) and at d20, d25 and d40 after insemination. Twelve RNA samples, having optimal optical density and concentration, from six pregnant and six non-pregnant buffaloes were selected. The cDNA was analyzed to measure the abundance of RSAD2 mRNA using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and plasma for protein expression analysis using Western blot. The RT-qPCR analysis showed a transcript of RSAD2 increased significantly by 7-fold and 6-fold on d20 and d25, compared to both d0 and d40 in the pregnant group only. At d20, the sensitivity of RSAD2 was 100% and the specificity was 83.3%, and at d25-d both the sensitivity and specificity was 100%, indicating low incidences of misdiagnosing early pregnancy in buffaloes. In the non-pregnant group, RSAD2 expression remained low and did not change after insemination. Western blot analysis revealed an immunoreactive RSAD2 protein band. Densitometry analysis of the RSAD2-specific protein band, based on gray mean value, showed significantly increased expression of RSAD2 at d25 compared to d0 in the pregnant group. In conclusion, these results indicated that RSAD2 expressions at both the mRNA and protein levels show promising potential for detecting pregnancy at d25 post-insemination.

Seroprevalence and assessment the associated risk factors for Fasciola hepatica infection in water buffaloes in Egypt.

Fasciolosis is a zoonotic neglected parasitic disease that affects a variety of hosts, resulting in substantial economic losses. The epidemiological information about fasciolosis in water buffaloes in Egypt is very scarce. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of F. hepatica in water buffaloes using commercial ELISA kits in three governorates at north of Egypt and to estimate the associated risk factors for F. hepatica infection. The total seroprevalence of F. hepatica in buffaloes was 15.4% (63/410), with a higher seroprevalence in Kafr Elsheikh governorates 17.9% (25/140) than in other areas. Fasciolosis was more likely in older buffaloes (OR = 3.4, 95%CI:1.5-7.8), throughout the winter season (OR = 5.3, 95%CI:1.9-14.7). Moreover, the absence of prophylactic treatment (OR = 2.3, 95%CI:1.2-4.2) increased the risk of F. hepatica infection in buffaloes, particularly in animals suffered from diarrhea (OR = 3.8, 95%CI:1.4-10.6). The present study confirmed the prevalence of F. hepatica in water buffaloes in north of Egypt. Consequently, the implementation of preventive and control for the parasite and its intermediate host are very necessary to decrease the economic losses and public health hazard.

Climatic and environmental risk factors and their role in the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Mexico

Climatic and environmental risk factors and their role in the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Mexico

Love thy neighbour: Feral buffalos show greater space use, resource overlap and encounters during the wet season in the Northern Territory.

Managing feral water buffalo in the Northern Territory is a formidable challenge. As an introduced species, buffalo are associated with a myriad of biosecurity, economic, cultural and environmental issues ranging from overgrazing, decreased water quality, disease vectors to the destruction of cultural assets. Nevertheless, the buffalo are also a harvestable resource that can support economic development of the region. To mitigate some of the biosecurity, economic, cultural and environmental risks they pose and manage buffalo effectively, we need a detailed understanding of their spatial and behavioural ecology. However, several factors make understanding how best to manage the dense populations of wild individuals challenging as buffalo inhabit remote areas with limited infrastructure and accessibility and their large size and often aggressive nature can make them difficult to observe in otherwise inaccessible areas. GPS tracking allows for high-frequency data collection and surveillance of individual buffalo. Here, we investigated how the different seasonal periods of a Northern Territory floodplain area shaped patterns of habitat use for 17 buffalo tracked over 16 months. We found in the dry season, buffalo space use is restricted, and the size of home ranges are significantly smaller than in the wet season. During the wet season, buffalo expand their home range area as well as their social encounter area with other buffalo. These differences in their space use and social patterns suggest that increased disease surveillance may be needed for the wet season when buffalo are more likely to share space and interact. During the dry season, however, buffalo movement is more predictable and restricted, suggesting greater optimisation opportunities for buffalo management. Results from these models can be used by land holders, Traditional Owners and wildlife managers to make evidence-based decisions to improve buffalo management with respect to disease risk, sustainable harvest and damage to environmental and cultural assets.

Comparative time series analysis of Anatolian water buffalo stock in Türkiye

Water buffalo holds an important place in the livestock heritage in Türkiye. In the current study, buffalo numbers between 2023 and 2032 were estimated by using buffalo number data from 1991 to 2022. In the study, FAOSTAT data between 1961 and 2021 and TÜİK data for 2022 were used to obtain the time series. ARIMA modeling method was used in the study conducted in R programming language. ARIMA is a time series model that can make predictions from time series based on explaining univariate data. According to the results of the analysis made in the study, it is seen that the number of buffaloes in Türkiye will continue to decrease. According to the results obtained, it is estimated that the number of buffaloes will be 157,755 heads in 2023, 96,851 heads in 2027 and 19,136 heads in 2032. The disease resistance of buffaloes, their high adaptability, the high demand for water buffalo products, the preference for high-yielding cows for milk production despite government support payments, increasing mechanization, the reduction of buffalo habitats and the increase in input costs have led to a decline in Anatolian water buffalo populations. To prevent the Anatolian water buffalo from being threatened with extinction, the population decline must be halted and improved. To ensure this, the decline of the pastures that form the buffalo’s habitat must be halted, pasture areas must be increased, and existing pastures rehabilitated, government subsidies for buffalo and calf rearing must be increased and market opportunities for buffalo products must be expanded.

Lactational performance of dairy buffaloes affected by replacing soybean meal with an alternative microbial protein source

Thirty dairy buffaloes were used for 90 days to evaluate the impact of a novel protein source (HI-PRO®), a feed alternative rich in protein (made from Saccharomyces and Bacillus), on the productivity of nursing buffaloes. The nursing water buffaloes had an average weight of 550 ± 11.2 kg. The treatments consisted of diets containing two distinct protein sources: (1) soybean meal (44 % as the control group); and (2) HI-PRO® product. Throughout the trial, measurements of nutritional digestibility and blood metabolites (total protein, albumin, urea, and creatinine) were conducted. Quantity and composition of the milk were measured to determine the content of milk proteins, lipids, and lactose. The outcome of the results showed insignificant decrease in the buffaloes receiving HI-PRO® feed versus control group. Furthermore, there was enhancement in the fiber digestibility by approximately 2.5 % in the HI-PRO® group compared to the control group. The levels of protein, albumin, globulin, urea, and creatinine fall within the normal range for animals in good health. Using HI-PRO® resulted in a marginal improvement in milk production, increasing it by approximately 4.8 % compared to soybean meal. Furthermore, the buffaloes fed HI-PRO® showed a slightly elevated 4 % fat-corrected milk output and milk composition. To summarize, nursing buffaloes can utilize HI-PRO® as an efficient protein source in their diets, replacing soybean meal.

The Current Epizootiological Situation of Three Major Viral Infections Affecting Cattle in Egypt.

One of the major factors hindering efficient livestock production is the presence of high-impact infectious animal diseases, such as foot and mouth disease (FMD), lumpy skin disease (LSD), and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), which are notable viral infections affecting cattle in Egypt, leading to significant economic losses. FMD is caused by the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the genus Aphthovirus in the Picornaviridae family. LSD is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of Capripox genus within the Poxviridae family, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. BEF is caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) of genus Ephemerovirus in the Rhabdoviridae family. FMD is a highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild cloven-hooved animals and can spread through the wind. On the other hand, LSD and BEF are arthropod-borne viral diseases that mainly affect domestic cattle and water buffalo. Despite government vaccination efforts, these three viral diseases have become widespread in Egypt, with several reported epidemics. Egypt's importation of large numbers of animals from different countries, combined with unregulated animal movements through trading and borders between African countries and Egypt, facilitates the introduction of new FMDV serotypes and lineages not covered by the current vaccination plans. To establish an effective control program, countries need to assess the real epizootic situation of various infectious animal diseases to develop an efficient early warning system. This review provides information about FMD, LSD, and BEF, including their economic impacts, causative viruses, global burden, the situation in Egypt, and the challenges in controlling these diseases.

Seroprevalence of Schistosoma japonicum Infection Among Dogs and Water Buffaloes Using Recombinant Antigen ELISA in New Corella, Davao del Norte, Philippines.

Animal reservoirs are important targets for controlling and eliminating schistosomiasis. Prevalence studies showed that dogs (Canis familiaris) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are important reservoirs of S. japonicum. Previous studies have validated the use of the recombinant proteins Sj1TR, Sj7TR, and SjTPx-1 in ELISA as diagnostics for dogs and water buffaloes from schistosomiasis-endemic areas. In this study, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence of S. japonicum among dogs and water buffaloes in New Corella, Davao del Norte, Philippines, using the recombinant proteins Sj1TR, Sj7TR, and SjTPx-1 in ELISA format. Fecal and serum samples were collected from dogs (n = 63) and water buffaloes (n = 57). Schistosome-positive samples were detected using formalin-ether concentration technique (FECT), stool polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using soluble egg antigen (SEA), rSj1TR, rSj7TR, and rSjTPx-1. Positivity rates, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, accuracy, and kappa values were calculated. Mean positivity rates for schistosome infection were high for both dogs (x = 15.40%) and water buffaloes (x = 6.32%). On dogs, the sensitivity and specificity of the tests are as follows: 66.67% and 100% for rSj7TR-ELISA, while 100% and 93.33% for rSjTPx-1-ELISA, respectively. rSjTPx-1-ELISA showed the highest agreement with stool PCR among all diagnostic tests, with an overall kappa value of 0.824. On water buffaloes, the sensitivity and specificity of both rSj1TR-ELISA and rSjTPx-1-ELISA are 100.0% and 98.15%. Both tests also had an overall kappa value of 0.84. To ensure elimination and prevention of schistosomiasis in humans, the use of validated serological diagnostics such as recombinant antigen ELISA is preferable for field detection in animals, especially in resource-limited areas.

Identification of transcription factor binding sites of <i>HSP60</i> and <i>HSP90B1</i> Genes’ promoter in Bubalus bubalis

The gene expression determines cellular homeostasis while spatio-temporal nature of gene expression is regulated by several cis regulatory elements, such as promoter regions which bind to transcription factors. The ever-changing global climatic conditions have raised a necessity to scan heat tolerant livestock especially the riverine buffalo in tropics. The study focuses on characterization of the promoter region of HSP60 and HSP90B1 and looking for the binding sites of transcription factors in Bubalus bubalis and comparison with the nearest relative Bos taurus to gauge the interspecies variations. The results indicated no transcription binding factors in HSP90B1 promoter (550 nucleotides) within the region analyzed except for the Elk-1 and COMP1 in the cattle while promoter region of HSP60 gene (971 nucleotides) varied highly. Nine and seven transcription factor binding sites were specifically unique in Bubalus bubalis and in Bos taurus respectively. Occurrence of 1-Oct, BR-C Z4, Hairy, and HSF was higher in buffalo. Overall, this study provided the framework to explore cis regulatory elements and contributes to decipher the transcriptional regulatory elements of HSP60 and HSP90B1 genes in Bubalus bubalis.

The expanding host range of lumpy skin disease virus in wild and domestic animals.

Clinical lumpy skin disease (LSD) predominantly affects cattle and, to lesser extent domestic water buffalos. Whilst earlier work focussed on the disease in Africa, the recent emergence of LSD virus (LSDV) as a major cause of disease in Asia has led to a widening range of susceptible hosts for the virus. This article lists the wild and domestic ungulates in which LSDV infection has been confirmed and considers the significance of the disease for these species in Asia.

Characterization of Cellular Immune System at Different Ages in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in understanding the immune system of the water buffalo due to the increased economic impact of this species. The study aimed to perform an in-depth evaluation of lymphoid and myeloid cells in water buffalo of different ages. We assess three multicolor panels of antibodies to evaluate by flow cytometry the percentage of the CD3+ CD4+, CD8+, and γδ T lymphocytes; CD79+ and CD21+ B lymphocytes; monocytes and cM, intM, and ncMsubsets; NK cells, granulocytes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). Seventy-eight animals from three different farms were divided into three groups by age (26 in each group): 80-100 days old calves, 16-18 months old heifers, and 4-6 years old cows. Significant differences by Kruskal-Wallis test were found between age groups in the percentage of CD4+, CD8+, γδ T lymphocytes, NK cells (P=0.0001), total monocytes (P=0.0008), granulocytes (P=0.0358) and PBMC (P=0.0056). Between the farms, the adult animals showed differences in the percentage ofCD3+ (P=0.0152), CD4+ (P=0.0047), CD8+ (P=0.0019), CD4:CD8 ratio (P=0.0033) and γδ (P=0.0013) T lymphocytes; CD21+ B lymphocytes (P=0.0007);total monocytes (P=0.0100), cM and ncM subsets (P=0.0320;P=0.0252), granulocytes (P=0.0030) and PBMC (P=0.0120). The calves showed significant differences in CD79+ and CD21+ B lymphocytes (P=0.0141; P=0.0049), total monocytes (P=0.0010), cM, intM and ncM subsets (P=0.0335; P=0.0499; P=0.0065). The heifers group in CD21+ B subset (P=0.0439).In summary, this study provides the composition of lymphoid and myeloid cells in this species for the first time, highlighting large differences between age groups and between different herds.

Comparison of Different DNA Sampling and Extraction Protocols for Bacterial and Archaeal Populations Analysis in Water Buffalo

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas, and ruminants are a significant source of agricultural emissions. It has been hypothesized that the host's genome controls rumen microbial communities, but robust results require numerous samples. The feasibility of a research project will depend on the ease and representativeness of the sampling method, as well as the cost-efficiency of large-scale sequencing. This study aimed to compare different protocols to investigate whether non-invasive samples could serve as a substitute for ruminal digesta. DNA recovery was tested in various matrices (whole rumen content, feces, and buccal swabs) from five cannulated buffalo cows. Three types of buccal swabs were tested, as well as feces in different forms (as-is, pelleted, or in a glycerol solution) and the rumen content. The study compared different protocols for DNA extraction, including WUR protocol, Maxwell®, and Quick Extract™, and two sampling times. Saliva was a challenging matrix to process, obtaining unsatisfactory DNA yield. Feces showed higher yields when pelleted but lower than rumen. The highest amount of DNA was obtained from whole rumen content using all three DNA extraction methods. Quick Extract was the easiest method to perform, while WUR resulted in the highest yield of DNA, swabs excluded. The Maxwell® method gave satisfactory results with all three matrices. However, further metagenomic analysis is required to verify if the species composition is comparable.

Mother-Offspring Bonding after Calving in Water Buffalo and Other Ruminants: Sensory Pathways and Neuroendocrine Aspects.

The cow-calf bonding is a process that must be developed within the first six hours after calving. Both the buffalo dam and the newborn calf receive a series of sensory cues during calving, including olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. These inputs are processed in the brain to develop an exclusive bond where the dam provides selective care to the filial newborn. The limbic system, sensory cortices, and maternal-related hormones such as oxytocin mediate this process. Due to the complex integration of the maternal response towards the newborn, this paper aims to review the development of the cow-calf bonding process in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) via the olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. It will also discuss the neuroendocrine factors motivating buffalo cows to care for the calf using examples in other ruminant species where dam-newborn bonding has been extensively studied.

Analysis of miRNAs in milk of four livestock species

BackgroundMilk is essential for mammalian nutrition because it provides vital nutrients for growth and development. Milk composition, which is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, supports lactation, a complex process crucial for milk production and quality. Recent research has focused on noncoding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), which are present in body fluids and regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. This study comprehensively characterizes miRNAs in milk of four livestock species, namely Bubalus bubalis, Capra hircus, Equus asinus, and Ovis aries and identifies potential target genes.ResultsHigh-throughput sequencing of milk RNA resulted in distinct read counts across species: B. bubalis (8,790,441 reads), C. hircus (12,976,275 reads), E. asinus (9,385,067 reads), and O. aries (7,295,297 reads). E. asinus had the highest RNA mapping rate (94.6%) and O. aries the lowest (84.8%). A substantially greater proportion of miRNAs over other small RNAs was observed for the donkey milk sample (7.74%) compared to buffalo (0.87%), goat (1.57%), and sheep (1.12%). Shared miRNAs, which included miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, and miR-23a among others, showed varying expression levels across species, confirmed by qPCR analysis. Functional annotation of predicted miRNA target genes highlighted diverse roles, with an enrichment in functions linked to metabolism and immunity. Pathway analysis identified immune response pathways as significant, with several miRNAs targeting specific genes across species, suggesting their regulatory function in milk.ConclusionsBoth conserved and species-specific miRNAs were detected in milk of the investigated species. The identified target genes of these miRNAs have important roles in neonatal development, adaptation, growth, and immune response. Furthermore, they influence milk and meat production traits in livestock.

The Effect of Metallic Nanoparticles Supplementation in Semen Extender on Post-thaw Quality and Fertilizing Ability of Egyptian Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Spermatozoa.

Nanomaterials offer several promising prospects in the field of farm animal reproduction, encompassing a broad range of applications such as transgenesis and the precise delivery of substances to sperm cells, antimicrobial, antioxidants properties as well as their potent role in improving cryopreservation methods. The aim of the present study is to explore the effect of supplementing the semen extender with 10µg/mL nano gold (Au-NPs10), 10µg/mL nano silver (Ag-NPs10), 1µg/mL nano selenium (Se-NPs1), and 100µg/mL nano zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs100) on sperm characteristics and kinematics parameters, acrosome integrity, oxidative biomarkers, morphological and apoptosis-like changes of frozen-thawed buffalo bull sperm, and, ultimately, their fertilizing capacity. The results revealed that all aforementioned nano materials significantly improved viability, progressive motility, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and kinematic parameters as well as apoptosis-like changes of post-thawed buffalo bull sperm compared to the control (p < 0.05). No discernible effects were observed on sperm ultrastructure morphology measures as a response to the addition of these metallic nanoparticles to the extender. The values of caspase 3 significantly decreased by 64.22, 45.99, 75.59, and 49.39% in Au-NPs10, Ag-NPs10, Se-NPs1, and ZnO-NPs100treated groups, respectively, compared to the control. The addition of 100µg ZnO-NPs to the extender significantly decreased the total count of bacteria, fungi, and yeast compared to the control (p < 0.05). The AuNPs10 and SeNPs1 treated groups showed lower content of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide concentrations and higher values of total antioxidant capacity of post-thawed extended semen (p < 0.05). Pregnancy rates increased by 17.5, 20, and 30% in buffalo cows inseminated with sperm treated with ZnO-NPs100, Se-NPs1, and Au-NPs10, respectively, compared to the control group. The present results indicate that the freezing extender supplemented with metallic nanoparticles can be an effective strategy to enhance the cryotolerance and fertility potential of buffalo bull sperm.

RNA-Seq analysis reveals the different mechanisms triggered by bovine and equine after infection with FMDV.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important pathogen of the MicroRNA virus family. Infection of livestock can cause physical weakness, weight loss, reduced milk production, and a significant reduction in productivity for an extended period. It also causes a high mortality rate in young animals, seriously affecting livestock production. The host range of FMDV is mainly limited to cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle and sheep, while odd-toed ungulates such as horses and donkeys have natural resistance to FMDV. The mechanism underlying this resistance in odd-toed ungulates remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the differences between FMDV-infected cattle and horses to provide valuable insights into the host-FMDV interaction mechanisms, thereby contributing to the control of foot-and-mouth disease and promoting the development of the livestock industry. We observed the distribution of integrins, which help FMDV enter host cells, in the nasopharyngeal tissues of cattle and horses using immunohistochemistry. Then, we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to study the changes in host gene expression in the nasopharyngeal epithelial tissues of cattle and horses after FMDV infection. We performed enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG pathways after FMDV infection and validated related genes through qPCR. The immunohistochemical results showed that both cattle and horses had four integrin receptors that could assist FMDV entry into host cells. The transcriptome analysis revealed that after FMDV infection, pro-apoptotic genes such as caspase-3 (CASP3) and cytochrome C (CYCS) were upregulated in cattle, while apoptosis-inhibiting genes such as NAIP and BCL2A1 were downregulated. In contrast, the expression trend of related genes in horses was opposite to that in cattle. Additionally, autophagy-related genes such as beclin 1, ATG101, ATG4B, ATG4A, ATG13, and BCL2A1 were downregulated in cattle after FMDV infection, indicating that cattle did not clear the virus through autophagy. However, key autophagy genes including ATG1, ATG3, ATG9, ATG12, and ATG16L1 were significantly upregulated in horses after viral infection. Both water buffaloes and Mongolian horses express integrin receptors that allow FMDV entry into cells. Therefore, the resistance of Mongolian horses to FMDV may result from more changes in intracellular mechanisms, including processes such as autophagy and apoptosis. Significant differences were observed between water buffaloes and Mongolian horses in these processes, suggesting that these processes influence FMDV replication and synthesis.

Invasive Bubalus bubalis may reduce by half the flooded area in a western Amazonian Ramsar site

Invasive Bubalus bubalis may reduce by half the flooded area in a western Amazonian Ramsar site

Identification and molecular characterization of a novel Babesia orientalis rhoptry neck protein 4 (BoRON4).

Babesia orientalis, a protozoan parasite transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, holds significant economic importance along the Yangtze River. Key factors in the host invasion process include rhoptry neck proteins (RON2, RON4, and RON5) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). However, the intricacies of the interaction between AMA1 and RONs remain incompletely elucidated in B. orientalis. To better understand these crucial invasion components, the RON4 gene of B. orientalis (BoRON4) was cloned and sequenced. RON4 is 3468 base pairs long, encodes 1155 amino acids, and has a predicted molecular weight of 130kDa. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a unique region (amino acid residues 109-452) in BoRON4, which demonstrates higher sensitivity to epitope activity. The BoRON4 gene was strategically truncated, amplified, and cloned into the pGEX-6p-1 vector for fusion expression. We successfully used the mouse polyclonal antibody to identify native BoRON4 in B. orientalis lysates. Furthermore, the corresponding BoRON4 protein band was detected in the water buffalo serum infected with B. orientalis, while no such band was observed in the control. Additionally, I-TASSER and Discovery Studio software were used to predict the tertiary structures of BoRON4 and its ligands, CH-PKA and CH-complex. These ligands can serve as lead compounds for the development of anti-babesiosis drugs. In conclusion, BoRON4 emerges as a promising candidate antigen for distinguishing water buffalo infected with B. orientalis from their normal counterparts. This study positions BoRON4 as a potential diagnostic antigen for babesiosis in water buffalo, contributing valuable insights to the field of parasitology.

Genetic Diversity of GPAM, DGAT1, and SCD1 Lipogenic Candidate Genes In Egyptian and Indian Buffalo

Genetic Diversity of GPAM, DGAT1, and SCD1 Lipogenic Candidate Genes In Egyptian and Indian Buffalo

Reproduction and In Vitro Technologies of Swamp Buffalo; Past, Present, and Future

Reproduction and In Vitro Technologies of Swamp Buffalo; Past, Present, and Future